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(Single Phase Unidirectional (Half wave) AC voltage Controller):
An AC voltage controller converts a constant ac voltage into variable ac voltage without a change in the frequency. Some of the main applications of ac voltage controllers are for domestic and industrial heating, transformer tap changing, lightening control, speed control of single-phase and three-phase ac drives and starting of induction motors. Earlier, the devices used for these applications were auto-transformers, tap-changing transformers, magnetic amplifiers, saturable reactors etc. but these devices are now replaced by thyristors and triac-based ac voltage controllers because of their high efficiency, flexibility in control, compact size and less maintenance. AC voltage controllers are also adoptable for closed loop control systems. The main disadvantage of ac voltage controllers is the introduction of objectionable harmonics in the supply current and load voltage waveforms, particularly at reduced output voltage levels.
Single phase unidirectional ac voltage controller using one thyristor in antiparallel with one diode. The power flow to the load is controlled by delaying the firing angle α, of thyristor T1 due to the presence of diode D1, the control range is limited and the effective rms output voltage can only be varied between 70.7 and 100%. It is seen from this that positive half cycle is not identical with negative half cycle for both voltage and current waveforms. As a result, dc component is introduced in the supply and load circuits which are undesirable. If there is an input transformer, it may cause saturation problem.
This circuit is a single-phase half wave controller and is suitable only for low power resistive loads, such as heating and lightening. Since power flow is controlled during the positive half-cycle of input voltage, this type of controller is also known as a unidirectional controller