Somaclonal variation: #biotechnology causes, identification (theories) in Urdu or Hindi with notes.

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Somaclonal variation is the variation seen in plants that have been produced by plant tissue culture.
Variation may be
Genetic variation -
Epigenetic variation -
Physiological variation-
Causes
Physiological causes
Exposure of plant to growth regulators and chemicals during PTC
Cultured conditions
#bscbotany #biotechnology #recombinantdnatechnology #biology #1stsemesterexam #botany #biotechnologyanditsapplications #neet
Genetic causes (in the millions of cells, some cells may have genetic disorder and if the explant is derived from the infected cells then leads to ...)
i. Change in chromosome number
Euploidy: whole set change,
Aneuploidy (Polyploidy and Monoploidy)
ii. Change in chromosome structure
Deletions (genes missing, for example 1,2,3,4 now 1,2,4)
Inversions (gene order altered, for example 1,2,3,4 now 1,3,2,4)
Duplications (1,2,3,4 now 1,2,2,3,4)
Translocations (whole chromosomal segments moved to a new location, for
example 1,2,3,4 now 1,2,3,4,A,B,C)
iii. Transposable elements are segments of DNA that are mobile and can insert into coding regions of genes, typically resulting in a lack of expression of the gene. The culture environment may make the transposable elements more likely to excise and move.
iv. Point mutations (the change of a single DNA base), if they take place within a coding region of a gene and result in the alteration of amino acid, can lead to somaclonal variation. Point mutations are often spontaneous and are more difficult to detect.
v. DNA methylation: Most of the mutational events occasioned by tissue culture are directly or indirectly related to alterations in the state of DNA methylation. A decrease in methylation correlates with increased gene activity

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