Strong Interaction: The Four Fundamental Forces of Physics

[@dejureclaims8214]

Suddenly, a flicker of deep comprehension. It's as if I had completely metabolised this information, taken it into my deepest awareness and so strengthened my emotional connection to the whole universe. Aaaaaaand it's gone.

[@clarkkent6035]

We could rehash it at my place with a bit of strong force

[@dejureclaims8214]

Clark Kent I'm afraid I've formed a bond elsewhere.

[@TzMDx]

BUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUURN Oh my god you have an amazingly huge forehead

[@bobbysmith5262]

***** hahaha!

[@noahevans]

your poetry is bad. and you should feel bad.

[@ajhietanen644]

It finally happened! one of my professors used a scishow video in a class! (this series specifically) I am way too happy about this!

[@toasterstrooder8628]

I actually found out about Scishow through my Physics teacher showing this in class!

[@pigeonlove]

Classroom time is when THE TEACHER is paid to teach. They are not supposed to be paid for time showing videos, they should refer you to watch third party sources at home. And btw, a professor is a teacher at a university not a school.

[@ajhietanen644]

@@pigeonlove ... I was in university... That's why I used the word professor... because they were a professor... in a university. You're obviously trolling but omg dude. And if anyone reading this cares (since Kipper probably doesn't) yeah, teachers are meant to teach, if a video helps them do that then why shouldn't they show it to their class. This has visuals and examples that they can't exactly draw on a chalkboard. My Professor (who was at a university that I went to) showed us the video and then went on to explain some of the finer details. It's a tool to help teachers teach and help people learn.

[@pigeonlove]

@@ajhietanen644 'visuals' you mean the three circles red blue and green! Face it, this isn't degree level, your 'professor' is lazy af and your university is rubbish.

[@ajhietanen644]

@@pigeonlove shh, it's okay, you're allowed to not like things. You don't have to throw a fit about it for people to understand you have feelings and opinions.

[@scientificpeople02]

1) Thank you Hank for uploading these videos, this really helped me out with my revision for my exams. 2) My faith in my physics teacher just went through the floor because I learnt more about the Strong Force, Quarks, and the Nucleus in 6-7 by watching your videos than I did in the year I had with her.

[@terry1919]

When I first studied Physics in 1980... this was considered "fringe" theory and not generally accepted fact... amazing how science has changed in 35 years..

[@rianmh69]

Well now there's only 2 forces strong-weak-electro and gravity

[@MrFlameRad]

@@rianmh69 gravity isn't even a force anymore

[@adityak2629]

@@MrFlameRad really,I don't think so

[@haveaniceday7950]

Aditya khodke since when?

[@pavlova7408]

correction *40years ;)

[@GibsonSGrocka]

I just gotta say, I really appreciate you keeping these videos right around 4 minutes. That is honestly about how long my engaged attention span is, even though I will watch dozens of these videos. So thank you (all the people involved at Scishow) for making these awesome, concise, and informative videos. Nerdfighteria ftw! :D

[@boogieboo2164]

This is a life saver because for a physics assignment I need to summarize the 4 fundamental forces in nature and these videos are the only way I can understand these concepts!

[@SimonClark]

Hank if you're going to cover the EM force then you absolutely have to do a profile of the life of James Clerk Maxwell - the guy was an absolute boss and yet non-scientists have rarely heard of him! Good video though, this is still revising for finals.... right?

[@Ara-ot2yq]

I...i just found a comment that’s a bit older then its been since i discovered your cannel. Just here to remind u about the good old times.

[@benl2140]

I have a few questions. How does the gluon "know" where to go (i.e. where the other quarks are)? Also, when the gluon is travelling between the quarks, wouldn't there be a tiny amount of time when the proton/neutron isn't colour-neutral? Is this allowed and if so, why? Finally, how do gluons relate to the force between the quarks? Do the gluons apply their force when they arrive at the quark? When they leave a quark? When they're travelling between quarks?

[@Drakonya08]

You're too intelligent for me

[@stxnw]

._. You obviously didn't listen to the video carefully. Remember that gluons have no mass? So what do things do when they have no mass? Yes. They move at the speed of light. The speed of light (C) is basically TIME itself. So the quarks would not even realise that anything has happened because anything that moves at C - Time stops. In conclusion, the gluon isn't really "moving" in the perspective of the quarks. They are more like, instantaneously teleporting? I may still be wrong though. Since I didn't Google it up. This is just my own hypothesis from everything I have learnt.

[@benl2140]

***** I'm not an expert, but I'm pretty sure that's not how relativity works. True, when an object is travelling at the speed of light, time would stop, but only for that object. In this case, the gluons move at the speed of light, but the quarks would only move at speeds much slower than that. So, while for the gluon itself, no time would pass (though I'm not sure what time passing for a gluon would be like anyway), but for the quarks, time would continue as normal. It's like light travelling form the Sun to the Earth: for the photons of light themselves, no time passes, but for people on the Earth, it does take time for the light to reach us (about 7 minutes, I think). Anyway, I've heard that one of the big problems in physics is that relativity and quantum mechanics sometimes seem in direct conflict, so I'm not sure it would be correct to apply relativity to this situation, regardless.

[@stxnw]

Ben L Ah. I watched the video again. He said that the gluon is like a rubberband that is spinning. Not really a particle that is flying around. Basically all colours are not left out.

[@HalcyonSerenade]

Remember that, at the quantum level, particles--especially massless ones--aren't strictly "objects" in the sense that we usually think about objects. Photons, for example, are the force-carriers for the Electromagnetic force, and famously act as both a particle and a wave simultaneously. Gluons are similar in that their "motion" doesn't exactly follow conventional ideas of motion and representing them as a small orb floating around between quarks is probably a just a visual convenience. So, basically, I don't really have an answer for "why do these things happen" because there's no rule at the quantum level that they *can't* happen--rather, that these things happening *are* the rules. I don't know the answer and I don't know whether the scientific community has a solid answer at all; but I do know that things are screwy enough at that scale that the best approach to gain an understanding of the current model is to go ahead and assume that "normal" physics doesn't apply at all. And, like with representing gluons as little orbs, a lot of visual representations are just visual conveniences to communicate a general idea rather than actually describe the physical process.

[@dolphinsatsunset1]

The force is strong with this one!

[@unkeptmoss3285]

You just made my day!

[@that_guy_lem1732]

Bloody brilliant mate. Have a like, good sir!

[@thatoneguywholovesthena-4529]

Wow this is so amazing sometimes I wonder how humans actually come up with these stuffs it is just mind blowing

[@BaconSizzle48]

You're so awesome Hank! I was researching particle physics and I couldn't understand this part very well. Now I understand!

[@gianis666]

when I went at school they taught that gravity force between masses is calculated like this F=G*m1*m2/(R^2) and electrostatic force between charges are calculated similarly like F=K*q1*q2/(R^2) but never none mentioned how to calculate , say, weak force and strong force between protons/neutrons, even on wikipedia when trying to find some kind of formula all I see is difficult physicist jargon which is hard to follow without at relative background.. that's frustrating, can you please give me a formula for the strong force..??

[@Kirian42S]

The problem is that there *is* no simple formula for the strong force. The fundamental strong force, which holds quarks together, doesn't change with distance. The residual strong force, which holds protons and neutrons together, decreases extremely rapidly with distance--at distances larger than the size of a nucleus, the electromagnetic force is much, much stronger. So while you can calculate the magnitude of the strong force between particles, it's much more complex than calculating electromagnetic and gravitational forces.

[@muntee33]

Kirian Well instead of insisting that nature follows our strange rules, why doesn’t anyone pay attention to what’s going on and ask nature how it prefers to play? I doubt it likes counting to 10 and resolutely refuses to stack its toys in straight, neat lines. I’m sure it would be more than happy to show us...

[@woah4101]

OK IM ABOUT TO GO TROUGHT THIS WHOLE PLAYLIST AND NOTE EVERY THING YOU SAY HANK. ITS TIME FOR A KNOWLEDGE TRIP.

[@asstrike]

Same 2 me bro !

[@42streetsdown]

SciShow's goal isn't to teach you everything there is to know about science, nor is it their job to keep the science they present at an elementary level. The goal is to show the audience cool things. If a brief mention of something here piques someone's curiosity in an area of science, then SciShow has done its job.

[@burningombre]

Had to watch the video twice. First time I missed too much while laughing at Hank's shirt

[@pinnacleexpress420]

This was exactly what ive been looking for for years. 11/10.

[@7beers]

What's the difference between "holding the nucleus together" and "keeping the protons and neutrons in the nucleus from busting apart" ?

Holding the nucleus together means it keeps protons and neutrons together, as in close proximity to each other. keeping them form busting apart refers to keeping the structural integrity of individual protons and neutrons. At least that's what I got from the video.

[@JasonThomasTaylor]

When he says "keeping the protons and neutrons from busting apart" he doesn't mean from busting apart form each other, i.e. a proton from blasting away from a neutron. He means the protons and neutrons themselves, which are made of smaller particles. An analogy would be that the strong force keeps a couple of balloons stuck together, and keeps the balloons from popping.

[@7beers]

Jason Taylor Thank you. :)

[@daniel8763]

@@JasonThomasTaylor Well said. I got that from the video too.

[@007Saad007]

these concepts is the heart of physics and i would simply love to know about them in detail. thanks for this video!

[@unjoyerplay]

THE most amazing T-Shirt...EVA!

[@novusordoatheos.atheistleo9871]

i like this dude..he does complete crash courses in science.....i've learn a lot from these...thumbs up.

[@SleepinGriffin]

What about the Speed Force?

[@gothicknight5538]

Speed is energy (specifically "kinetic energy"). It is not a force.

[@SleepinGriffin]

Yo, it's a joke. In the Flash comics it says that his powers come from being able to tap into the speed force.

[@olddrunkbastard1825]

+William Lockhart Speed is a rate you dumb shit, it's distance over time

[@gothicknight5538]

+OldDrunkBastard You're right. That was my mistake. Thanks for your humble correction.

[@olddrunkbastard1825]

William Lockhart Well I mean I'm sorry if I came off as salty, it's nothing personal and I don't think less of you as a person for not knowing or anything, it's just it seemed rude to me that you tried to correct Griffin and act like an authority on the matter when you had the wrong information

[@goodbye6967]

I hope you do more of these kind of videos that are substantial and relevant. I enjoy these more than the random topic short entertainment ones.

[@AJ-Channel]

All these forces and I can't force you to go out with me. All these attractions and I can't get you to be attracted to me. All these atoms held together and you don't wanna hold on to me. All.....shit! I ran out.

[@AJ-Channel]

***** what bruh?

[@121Corey121]

+3lectronic f4rts Math!

[@Rando_Shyte]

All these gluons and I can't glue you on to me.

[@toasterstrooder8628]

All these repulsions and I can't get repulsed by you... ? I dunno. That's the best that I have.

[@deezynar]

All these electrons and I can't make you tingle with electricity. All these photons and I fail to be the light of your life. All these Higgs bosuns and I can't get you to return the mass of my affections. Alas, all these neutrons are keeping you completely neutral towards me.

[@Socoolgirl94]

Hank, thank you for this, this shall be a good resource for my Physics project concerning quarks!

[@joebaumgart1146]

what about just "The Force?"

[@christopherlawson7793]

Hah, hah. I get it! Do you like Star Wars?

[@Yellowflop]

Zuckerburg 2.0 here

[@crand20033]

So strong it can hold positively charged protons together which would normally be forced apart.

[@NovaWarrior77]

you're on to something friend.

[@htopherollem649]

when they ran out of lube O'be Wan told Luke to "Use the force" 😂(Frankie Boyle)lol

[@mimikal7548]

THANK YOU for making this video. Watching it is so much easier and quicker than studying Wikipedia for 5 hours.

[@AXERS]

I thought the strong force has nothing to do with the atoms held together... it plays a role only on the scale of the nucleus.

[@Ribbuns]

Bruh, how does this have no comments and only 4 likes?

[@SpotterVideo]

Quantum Entangled Twisted Tubules: When we draw a sine wave on a blackboard, we are representing spatial curvature. Does a photon transfer spatial curvature from one location to another? Wrap a piece of wire around a pencil and it can produce a 3D coil of wire, much like a spring. When viewed from the side it can look like a two-dimensional sine wave. You could coil the wire with either a right-hand twist, or with a left-hand twist. Could Planck's Constant be proportional to the twist cycles. A photon with a higher frequency has more energy. (More spatial curvature). What if gluons are actually made up of these twisted tubes which become entangled with other tubes to produce quarks. (In the same way twisted electrical extension cords can become entangled.) Therefore, the gluons are actually a part of the quarks. Mesons are made up of two entangled tubes (Quarks/Gluons), while protons and neutrons would be made up of three entangled tubes. (Quarks/Gluons) The "Color Force" would be related to the XYZ coordinates (orientation) of entanglement. "Asymptotic Freedom", and "flux tubes" make sense based on this concept. Neutrinos would be made up of a twisted torus (like a twisted donut) within this model. Gravity is a result of a very small curvature imbalance within atoms. (This is why the force of gravity is so small.) Instead of attempting to explain matter as "particles", this concept attempts to explain matter more in the manner of our current understanding of the space-time curvature of gravity. If an electron has qualities of both a particle and a wave, it cannot be either one. It must be something else. Therefore, a "particle" is actually a structure which stores spatial curvature. Can an electron-positron pair (which are made up of opposite directions of twist) annihilate each other by unwinding into each other producing Gamma Ray photons. Alpha decay occurs when the two protons and two neutrons (which are bound together by entangled tubes), become un-entangled from the rest of the nucleons. Beta decay occurs when the tube of a down quark/gluon in a neutron becomes overtwisted and breaks producing a twisted torus (neutrino) and an up quark, and the ejected electron. Gamma photons are produced when a tube unwinds producing electromagnetic waves.

[@izzysillers616]

I cant explain how excited I got when I was scrolling through Hanks tik tok during class and then suddenly heard his voice coming from none other than my google meet

[@pzever]

Why don't you make an episode explaining thw difference between theoretical physics and empirical physics, stressing the importance of the latter in the last years meaning that (and I quote Professor Stephen Hawking's interview on the discovery of the Higg's boson): some discoveries in physics are giving results that scientists didn't expect. This shows that Nature is far more complex to understand and evasive to our rigid equations which put a cage to Her.

[@sarahwest1983]

Absolutely brilliant! Your humour makes this so much easier to digest!

[@AJ-Channel]

Big difference between fundamental and fundamentalist. Fundamental forces hold everything together, while fundamentalists try to blow everything up.

[@idaghani571]

I didn't expect to see Hank here. I have to say, I take a liking to these Green brothers.

[@BattousaiHBr]

wait, so how exactly does the hadron relate to the proton and neutron? how many hadrons make a proton/neutron?

[@TBomb15]

+BattousaiHBr a hadron is a category of particle. Both protons and neutrons are hadrons.

[@BattousaiHBr]

TBomb15 oh ok that makes more sense.

[@Dragrath1]

+BattousaiHBr a hadron along with mesons are the two main categories of quark composed matter (also referred to as baryons by physicists). More specificallyHadrons are defined as particles composed of 3 matter (or anti)quarks that must be color neutral. Conversely, a meson which is the other type of baryon the other normal quark composition is a meson which consists of two particles, a quark and an anti quark the antimatter quark component. in both cases they are able to be stable as the quarks color cancels each other out. You may have seen things in the news about other numbers of quark combinations such as tetra and penta quarks being discovered in particle accelerator experiments but these only fleetingly exist in particle accelerators recreating the conditions of the early universe so can be ignored for the most part as they do not exist under normal conditions. In summary by definition: baryon=all matter made of quarks or anti quarks Hadron=particle made of 3 quarks or anti quarks Meson=particle made up of a quark and an anti quark both protons and neutrons are hadrons meaning they are composed of 3 quarks 2 up quarks and a down quark for a proton, and a up and two down quarks for a neutron.

[@BattousaiHBr]

Dragrath1 that was a very comprehensive explanation. is there any example of mesons or something that has mesons that directly affect our lives?

[@Dragrath1]

yes actually pions would be the example that comes to mind. They are actually shown in the nuclear force part of the strong force however the author(not sure his name) never really explained it but if you notice carefully in his video of the nuclear force the particles that mediate the interaction there are made of a quark and anti quark.If you know that cyan magenta and yellow are the anti primary colors you can note how the mesons cancel anti particles color charge cancels the quarks color similar to how a positron cancels an electrons charge. Honestly these two videos on the strong force should have been better integrated as quite a few things were either briefly mentioned but not explained or simply shown. The series does seem to be fairly good for introductory level. I would link a resource however most of the ones I have require a good amount of background but perhaps hyper physics could be a useful website I often used that when helping me study for exams particularly E&M.

[@Tegeues]

Taking AP Physics my senior year- Thanks for demystifying the basics, scishow.

[@numbah12time]

Jeez that is such an awesome shirt! Now I have something I can yell out after being in a car accident!

[@phenomenalphysics3548]

I've heard that Quarks move very fast in gluons field fluctuation (where did I heard that oh I guess it was the veritasium video) how does that work? How can I relate this with the so called colour changing effect of quarks by gluons?

[@hugokilla007]

I can't finish this video as I keep clicking the Quark song link everytime.

[@deathclawplum]

ikr

[@kumarbk7918]

+Mikey Steele what is our?

[@InfinityChaser]

I have a test on this tomorrow! This is perfect! Thank you so much, Hank!

[@TheiLame]

What if Quarks = Pixels and we live in matrix xD

[@Spicymuffins89]

That's some damn fine resolution!

[@phiguy6473]

and electrons ;)

[@phenomenalphysics3548]

Wow! I feel great

[@JoeSmith-ol5kp]

An Angry Pancake thank you someone understands

[@randomguy263]

@@bror1645 Well, it's really just the smallest length that quantum mechanics work in. Which, I guess, kind of sounds like pixels when I think about it. Oh, and we also live in a 3D world so they're actually voxels.

[@Helanishelina]

One of my favourite scishow videos. Maybe because I love physics. I love it!

[@zezo69]

Don't speak so fast. It makes it hard for non-native english speakers to understand it. Specially when you're talking about quantum stuff.

[@MinooMinou]

English is not my native langage and I can understand all he said. By the way, you should find some documentation of the same stuff in your native langage, should you?

[@zezo69]

Minoo Minou Scientific variety in english language is greater. Plus, you're just playing cocky, for the guy just talks waaay faster than normal people.

[@MinooMinou]

Ok, I agree with that, he speaks quite fast. Maybe you have to get used to his voice. Do you know Yahtzee Croshaw?

[@zezo69]

Minoo Minou No. Who's that?

[@MinooMinou]

A guy who speaks really fast sometimes :)

[@levibauer375]

This would be a cool series to update based on what we’ve learned or what theories we now have experimental evidence to support

[@jy4902]

Insightful video but he talks to fast I had to rewind 3 times to hear him say composed of hadrons.

[@neeeeves]

Wow, I loved this one! almost everything in it was new to me :) thanks! looking forward to the rest of 'em.

[@trueit2160]

Your so quarky..if we cross paths exchange mass I'd become a whole nother element.

[@Yprion]

Man that's beautiful

[@HeyLazyPunk]

Ahh. Particle physics is so awesome. I mean, what can be more badass than knowing how everything in the universe works? And our dear Hank is made of badassery.

[@mryoyoserpico]

I've loved science since I was young! Especially physics!

[@MrBristolian]

I don't think my mind have ever been blown quite so many times in the space of three and a half minutes before.

[@Royals836]

I love this channel.I usually understand everything or watch until I understand everything... but what the hell was I thinking of when I tought of watching this specific episode after 2 beers

[@2k6brandon]

I've been watching videos on this channel for the past 2 hours... Really interesting stuff

[@jordododo]

someone give this guy a medal

[@JohnStHilaire02]

Just a quick question: I thought it was the electromagnetic force that kept your atoms together by keeping the electrons around the protons, is the strong force keeping the atoms together themselves or multiple atoms together?

[@Hannium]

Thanks so much for that video🎉😊 it was really informative, as well as interesting and easy to understand. I just wanted to ask a few questions: could you explain to me how this might relate to the island of stability, or maybe how it might affect the ‘magic numbers’ of protons and electrons? Thank you, again, very much!

[@mattcalza4199]

I love your show! Please continue. 👍

[@talmage_ur]

To the point - clear and concise. Thanks.

[@scottseptember1992]

Hello, The three different quarks each have "FRACTIONAL partial charges" that will add up to a full charge. The three quarks in the proton have their partial charges sum to +1, a neutron to 0, and an electron to -1.

[@scottseptember1992]

Also during EC, the descent of the electron to the nucleus must release photons, specifically in the X-Ray range on the electromagnetic spectrum. There are also neutrinos expelled and gamma photons (b/c the excited nucleus after EC must get to the ground state via gamma decay).

[@potawatomi100]

Great work Hank. Thanks for your passion for knowledge..... and sharing it.

[@joopie99aa]

Really looking forward to this series! Keep it up!

[@Krystalcove]

Wow thank you for explaining something they just skipped over in class! And in a way that makes so much sense!

[@Spellbound7]

YES! the fundamental forces! And very well-explained at that. Great vid :3

[@claramelb7476]

I'm a little lost. He says each proton has 3 quarks and those come in different "colors" so I was wondering if the 3 quarks in one given proton would all be "red" (can be replaced by blue or green) or would they have the 3 different colors to make them colorless? Around 1:40 he talks about a proton having one quark of each color, is it actually one quark or 3 quarks of the same color? That's where I'm a little confused

[@rikko338]

Ohhhhhhh.... I see! "having colour charge means they exist solely inside of other kinds of particles". It now all makes sense. This was genuinely extremely interesting.

[@SulisFidelis]

I am excited about this mini-series

[@meganisturtlecameron]

I could listen to hanks voice all day ! ... totally got a squish here.

[@TilekMamutov]

Many thanks, Hank! At 01:39 you say "protons and neutrons can only contain one quark of each color at any given moment", but color changing shows at 02:11 all three quarks as green and after that most of the time after gluon changes color of one quark two quarks have the same color at the same time while gluon is "in transit" in the animation. Does gluon just change quark colors fast enough or color change happens for all quarks at the same time? Or something else entirely happens? :)

[@deathclawplum]

Tilek Mamutov i think that the animation couldn't show how fast the volors were changing

[@rudreshshukla438]

In your introduction you said that the strong force not only HOLDS THE ATOM'S NUCLEUS togather but Also the hadrons from busting apart... now i know that force that works on individual hadron is colour forces and the one who works on nucleaus is stong force.... so what is the diffrence between strong force and nuclear force?

[@TheDoctorsWifeSexy]

Hank, you have helped me a lot in understanding my current physics work. With this video, other SciShow vids and Strange Charm. It's sweet! You kinda explain things a lot better than my teacher who has a PhD... hehe odd..

[@NormanVsNorman]

Sharing this for sure! Love this channel! Keep on!

[@rosesaredead91]

see the wikipedia entries for primary_color and for the RYB_color_model. If you've ever taken a painting class, film photography class, or digital arts class, you may have learned that cyan, magenta, and yellow are the best choices for subtractive primary colors.

[@charlesmarkgraf5265]

Can we use the Large Hadron Collider as a reactor?

[@ordinarybloke6962]

What I hoped for was the observations that fed the thinking of the people who devised each of the assertions about the properties. I was also curious to know whether the structured atom model, where nuclei have just protons and electrons, could fit those observations. If not, where?

[@Dyslexic-Artist-Theory-on-Time]

Nice video! This is an invitation to see an artist theory on the physics of light and time! This theory is based on two postulates 1. Is that the quantum wave particle function Ψ represents the forward passage of time ∆E ∆t ≥ h/2π itself 2. Is that Heisenberg’s Uncertainty Principle ∆×∆p×≥h/4π that is formed by the w- function is the same uncertainty we have with any future event that we can interact with turning the possible into the actual!

[@psychedelicfruit]

What about the time it takes for the gluon to travel in between quarks and change their colors? For that small increment of time, two quarks share the same color. What gives? And also, what are quarks made of? What are gluons made of? How is it that the sole purpose of the existence of the gluon particle is just to change the colors of the quarks? Does it do anything else? Does it interact with anything else? Why not? Does it only exist on a "strong force plane"? What else happens on this plane?

[@XPimKossibleX]

2:51 with subtitles best thing ever

[@nishantsuresh2009]

Is there like, a mechanism inbuilt in quarks and gluons that enable the occurrence of different colours in the three quarks as the colours are changes?

[@briggsmedia]

Love your shows. Would be cool if you numbered each episode to make it easier to find the next one. Thanks

[@domination06]

you sir deserve all the ad clicks you get! wow

[@jeptongreen7936]

The force is strong with you, amazing one.

[@georgerafa1775]

Could you please explain how the charge of the fundamental particles (quarks) is determined?

[@peterbateman74]

You say that they are yanked back with enormous force. Do we know an equation that describes how much force that is? So, for instance, a rubber band pulls with a force proportional to the distance that it has been stretched (multiplied by some spring constant.)

[@Slizzie209]

That's horrible! And for the record, I understood everything in this video with perfect clarity, which surprised me because I hardly understood the physics I was taught last year. Thank god for hank and his videos! I'm slowly filling some of the gaps in my abysmal high school education.

[@boratsagdiev5707]

If quarks are the smallest most fundamental particles, then what are force carrying particles?

[@elmustaphaelhabzi7328]

you explain very well, keep doing videos like this

[@eisnerloverr1025]

you are legitimately teaching me more physics in 3 minutes and 37 seconds than my teacher has this whole year.

[@JustAnne27]

you should really become a physics professor. you're so much better at explaining (and making it interesting) than mine..

[@mynameismatt2010]

Finally some nuclear physics, we've arrived at the scishow episodes I've been waiting for since day one. :)

[@zeroexea]

Alright as I understand so far it should be possible for say a hydrogen atom to be made up of a nucleus of one quark with two Charming and one weird with an electron shell made also with too weird quarks. Standing result being a four more massive version of hydrogen correct?

[@hannahhlouiseeeee]

I wish this was up last week for my physics a level exam. Daaaaamn

[@bentheiii]

thanks, I didn't really consider different quark types there for a moment, subatomic physics is not easy in the head, nice to finally kinda-understand it

[@DannyCheatTV]

I feel bad when I forget to like one, then i go back to do it and realise i've watched another 30 episodes. Dont worry Hank. I'll get to them all eventually

[@SteffenThole]

Wow... that was a lot of information. But somehow it's still easy to understand, that's why I subscribed to your channel several months ago.

[@JonasUllenius]

If a black hole is like a magnet and has a strong-force and is collecting particles and energy can it multiply the energy put in to it and generate more energy that make it put out more mass then it has taken in and make a new universe? Please complete the question and redefine it if some thing is missing.

[@Creedinger]

Do the Gluons accelerate, when they travel in between the Quarks or have a constant speed?

[@MarsellaFyngold]

Yes! When he said that they were THE fundamental constituent of matter, I was just wondering about that too. I'm not very much into physics, but I've heard about string theory and I've always been under the impression that quirks and quarks were made up of these "strings" which were essentially just vibrations of energy.

[@darceysmyth6384]

Where does the gluon gets its energy from or how does it yank back the quarks

[@supremeon1]

Dear Hank, when describing gluons, you say that "each fundamental force has it's special force carrier that is exchanged between particles that are controlled by that force". Are you sure? If so, please tell me: WHAT IS THE PARTICLE THAT IS EXCHANGED BETWEEN OUR PLANET AND THE ANDROMEDA GALAXY, FOR EXAMPLE? Which particle is the carrier particle for the FUNDAMENTAL FORCE OF GRAVITY. Please answer; thanks in advance.

[@jazz2941]

SUGGESTION: there is this thing called a 'slime mold' it is a single celled organism most of the time but sometimes many can group together and form a slug type organism, when it is time to breed they form a plant like thing with each individual organism specialising like true plant cells do e.g. some form a stem. i think this is amazing and really awesome

[@jaboodi]

"...and quarks are a fundamental constituent of matter." I see what you did there. (Gonna have that song in my head all day now.)

[@alizarinart]

Your voice is unbelievably amazing