Sultan Murad II (1421 - 1451) | 6th Sultan Of Ottoman Empire

Sultan Murad II (1421 - 1451) | 6th Sultan Of Ottoman Empire
Murad II was the sultan of the Ottoman Empire from 1421 to 1444 and again from 1446 to 1451.
Murad II's reign was a period of important economic development. Trade increased and Ottoman cities expanded considerably. In 1432, the traveller Bertrandon de la Broquière noted that Ottoman annual revenue had risen to 2,500,000 ducats, and that if Murad II had used all available resources he could easily have invaded Europe.
Murad was born in June 1404 to Sultan Mehmed I. The identity of his mother is disputed. According to 15th century historian Şükrullah, Murad's mother was a concubine. Hüseyin Hüsâmeddin Yasar, an early 20th century historian, wrote in his work Amasya Tarihi, that his mother was Şehzade Hatun, daughter of Divitdar Ahmed Pasha. According to historians İsmail Hami Danişmend, and Heath W. Lowry, his mother was Emine Hatun, daughter of Şaban Suli Bey, ruler of the Dulkadirids.
He spent his early childhood in Amasya. In 1410, Murad came along with his father to the Ottoman capital, Edirne. After his father ascended to the Ottoman throne, he made Murad governor of the Amasya Sanjak. Murad remained at Amasya until the death of Mehmed I in 1421. He was solemnly recognized as sultan of the Ottoman Sultanate at sixteen years of age, girded with the Sword of Osman at Bursa, and the troops and officers of the state willingly paid homage to him as their sovereign.
Murad's reign was troubled by insurrection early on. The Byzantine Emperor, Manuel II, released the 'pretender'Mustafa Çelebi (known as Düzmece Mustafa) from confinement and acknowledged him as the legitimate heir to the throne of Bayezid I (1389-1402). The Byzantine Emperor had first secured a stipulation that Mustafa should, if successful, repay him for his liberation by giving up a large number of important cities. The pretender was landed by the Byzantine galleys in the European dominion of the sultan and for a time made rapid progress. Many Turkish soldiers joined him, and he defeated and killed the veteran general Beyazid Pasha, whom Murad had sent to fight him. Mustafa defeated Murad's army and declared himself Sultan of Adrianople (modern Edirne). He then crossed the Dardanelles to Asia with a large army but Murad out-manoeuvered Mustafa. Mustafa's force passed over in large numbers to Murad II. Mustafa took refuge in the city of Gallipoli, but the sultan, who was greatly aided by a Genoese commander named Adorno, besieged him there and stormed the place. Mustafa was taken and put to death by the sultan, who then turned his arms against the Roman emperor and declared his resolution to punish the Palaiologos for their unprovoked enmity by the capture of Constantinople.
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Sultan Murad 2 made the Ottoman Empire World Super Power by defeating allies in Battle of Varna 1444 and adopting cannons.

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Peace lover, Ottoman Sultan Murad - II. We have already noted that not only the Ottoman but also the Byzantine chroniclers accord the highest praise to the justice and mildness, honesty and forthrightness of Murad II, to mention only the principal traits of his character. Occasionally this emphasis on the bright side of the sultan's nature has been explained as an effort to paint as dark a picture as possible of his successor, destroyer of the remnant of the Byzantine Empire. But when we examine these historians' words more closely, we see that they were meant in all sincerity. "Sultan Murad," observes Chalcocondylas ( Contemporary historian ), for example, "was a man who loved law and justice and had fortune on his side. He waged war only in self-defense. He attacked no one unjustly. But when he was attacked by others he took up arms. If no one provoked him, he took no pleasure in campaigns, but the reason for this is not to be sought in laziness. For when it was necessary to defend his empire, he did not fear to set out even in winter, nor did he measure the dangers and difficulties attending his undertakings." Ducas( contemporary historian ), probably the most reliable of the Byzantine annalists, said to be a man enamored of the truth, gives special emphasis, in his judgment of Murad II, to the loyalty with which the sultan observed his treaties with the Christian powers, and stigmatizes the failure of the Christians always to exhibit the same virtue, as exemplified by their breach of the peace of Szeged. "Murad kept his given word,'' writes Ducas, "and not only to those of his own people and faith, for he never violated the treaties he had concluded with the Christians; when the Christians transgressed against the treaties and broke their given word, this did not escape the eye of God, which sees the truth. His just punishment befell them. But His wrath was not long lived, for the barbarian did not follow up his victories. He did not desire the total destruction of any people. And when the defeated sent envoys to sue for peace, he gave them a friendly reception, granted their plea, laid down the sword, and went the ways of peace. For this reason also the Father of Peace granted him to die in peace and not by the violence of the sword." Book: Mehmet the Conqueror and his time Edited: William C Hickman Translator: Ralph Manheim Edition: 1959 Page: 61,62

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The Ottamans set such a good example as pacific conquerors that they won the confidence of many former Byzantine subjects . For example , when Nicaea fell , Orhan allowed all who wanted to leave the city to depart freely , taking with them their holy relics , but few availed themselves of the chance . No reprisals were taken against those who had resisted , and the city was left to manage its internal affairs under its own municipal government . BOOK : Encyclopaedia of the Ottoman Empire . AUTHOR : Gabor Agoston and Bruce Masters . Edition : 2009 page -109 . And Go through sultan salahuddin ayyubi history . He showed mercy while retake Jerusalem in 1187 AD . AND Recently , Taliban showed mercy towards western Christian club occupied force . Anyone Can show single example from Pope world? " The inhabitants ( of nicaea ) surrendered not from starvation or defeat but from a calculation of their own best interests. They were quickly and willingly incorporated into the growing Osmanli nation. Only eight years after the fall of Nicaea, the Patriarch of Constantinople was shocked to learn that many of the citizens of this once great Christian city had already abjured their Orthodox faith and embraced Islam. In 1339 and 1340 he addressed encyclicals to them for the salvation of their souls, but it was too late. " BOOK : The Last Centuries of Byzantium 1261-1453. page - 171 AUTHOR : Donald M. Nicol So , conversion by Ottomans not forced but the Greek Christian embraced Islam. "The Osmanlis did not therefore slaughter every Christian 'miscreant' in their path. Rather they encouraged the Christian inhabitants of the countryside and the towns to join them. Islamic law and tradition declared that enemies who surrendered on demand should be treated with tolerance. The Christians of Bithynia were obliged to pay the haradj or capitation tax for the privilege of being tolerated, but this was no more burdensome than the taxes they had paid to the Byzantine government which had neglected their interests. Once they had made the decision to surrender or defect the Byzantine population did not find the change of masters too distressing. The inducements were often strong for the Osmanlis wanted to increase their numbers. A band of Catalans even went over to them in 1304. Some Christians went all the way with the conquerors and were converted to Islam. But this was not demanded of them, for all who entered the service of Osman, Turks or Greeks, became part of· the same nation and were collectively known as Osmanlis. It was because they began to look to the future instead of living from day to day that the Osmanlis prospered when the other emirates declined. BOOK : The Last Centuries of Byzantium 1261-1453. page - 146 AUTHOR : Donald M. Nicol EDITION : Second edition ( 1999 )

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Pl read this history ; ( i ). " The main reason for Ottaman success , however , was the development of stable and permanent institutions of government that transformed a tribal polity into a workable state ". ( ii ) " The Ottamans utilized all human resources in their emirate and quickly learned skills in bureaucracy and diplomacy ........ They also did not slaughter every Christian in their path ; rather , they encouraged the Christian inhabitants of the countryside and the towns to join them . Islamic law and tradition declared that enemies who surrendered on demand should be treated with tolerance . ( iii ). " The Christians of Bithynia were obliged to pay the ' harac ' , or capitation tax , for the privilege of being tolerated , but this was no more burdensome than the taxes they had paid to the Byzantine government , which had neglected their interests . Once they had made the decision to surrender or defect , the Byzantine population resigned to their fate ". " Some Christians converted to Islam upon joining the Ottamans ; however, this was not demanded . Many local Christians even participated in Ottaman raids against Byzantium ". BOOK : Encyclopaedia of the Ottoman Empire . AUTHOR : Gabor Agoston and Bruce Masters . Edition : 2009 page -109 . "Existing sources , such as the 25th century Ottoman census records , suggest that the earliest converts to Islam in the Balkans came from the ranks of the Balkan nobility and military elite that could supply the Ottomans with the manpower ............. BOOK : Encyclopaedia of the Ottoman Empire . AUTHOR : Gabor Agoston and Bruce Masters . Edition : 2009 page -146 .

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Orthodox under Murad-II: ( Around 1443 AD under Ottoman Sultan Murad-II period ) " On all sides ( Pope's allies at Northen Balkan, sharing Ottoman border) there were uprisings against the Ottoman overlords and soon the Turkish garrisons were driven from a number of important castles and fortresses. But it should not be supposed that the Balkan peoples joined in common revolt against Ottoman rule. By prompt payment of the ' harac', the tribute always imposed on them, the Christians of the conquered countries purchase the right to live unmolested in their faith and to maintain their customs and many of their institutions.......Those who paid their taxes fully and punctually enjoyed a life scarcely different from that of pre-Ottoman ( Roman or Byzantine) times. Such, at least, was the case in the fifteenth century. It was only much later that bribery, extortion, blackmail, and usury made their appearance in the Ottoman provinces, that the officials, often spurred by insatiable greed, began to suck the blood of the population, and that all life was poisoned by deception and distrust. But this was in the decadence of the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries; conditions were very different under Murad II, who, as we have noted, was respected even among his adversaries for his sense of justice. Thus it was not so much the people who rebelled against the new masters ( muslims) as the would-be rulers, who feared for their lands as well as for those privileges and liberties which they still retained." Book: Mehmed the Conqueror and his time Author: Franz Babinger Edited: William C Hickman Translator: Ralph Manheim Edition: 1959 Page: 26,27

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