That strange flow of electricity that transmits no real power

Reactive power is the result of out of phase electrical currents and is found in most AC power lines. We looks at this and see how it interacts with real power.
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[@ThriftyToolShed]

The best demonstration of Reactance I have seen. Brings back some memories for sure. Thanks Dr. Peter Jones. This channel deserves well over 100K subscribers! Hopefully it will get there in 2025...

[@ElectromagneticVideos]

Thank you so much Phillip! Hope you had a great American Thanksgiving! Just looked as saw you posted a video a few weeks ago - so glad your back online!

[@ThriftyToolShed]

@ElectromagneticVideos Thanksgiving was great! We got to see many of our loved ones, and the weather ended up being excellent also. Did you celebrate with your family? I know you mentioned you have a sister in Florida.

[@ElectromagneticVideos]

@@ThriftyToolShed Wonderful - so glad to hear - and hope many others in your area did too - after the hurricane it must have been nice to be with family. Well up here in Canada we have thanksgiving in the middle of October, so its over for us. I rarely go down to the US for your Thanksgiving because it is such a congested travel week. Its also one difference between Canadians and Americans - I think (correct me if I am wrong) Thanksgiving is your big travel get together with friends and family holiday. For us, Christmas has more of that role (and yes, have my flights for Christmas booked). So our thanksgiving isn't as big an event for us, more of a simpler have a nice turkey or ham weekend with nearby friends and family.

[@ThriftyToolShed]

​@ElectromagneticVideos I was pretty sure Canada typically celebrates Thanksgiving in mid-October, but I was curious how you worked it out with at least some family in the US. That does make sense about the busyness of and Christmas. I would say for most of us Christmas is by far the biggest holiday for family, Thanksgiving is right behind it. For example a lot of places of employment take off for Thanksgiving and the day after. For Christmas it's Christmas eve and Christmas day. Of course much industrial plants and retail stores will even work through some if not all these days unfortunately.

[@ElectromagneticVideos]

@@ThriftyToolShed Thats interesting - I had actually thought Thanksgiving was bigger than Christmas for you, so I learned something. Thinking a bit more about Canadian Thanksgiving,. it probably is bigger these days in than in the past - with all the media exposure of American Thanksgiving, we are beginning to emulate our friends down south more and more.

[@amazagx]

Congratulations!! You are an excellent communicator!! As per your request… I am Alberto, from Spain. Thanks again!

[@ElectromagneticVideos]

Thank you so much! I really appreciate that! Spain - I have a few viewers from Spain! Greetings from Canada!

[@billant2]

This is similar to those "Power Saver" boxes sold online, but those have been debunked by electric engineers on YT. They do absolutely nothing in most cases.

[@ElectromagneticVideos]

@ I have seen some of those tear-down videos. Some of those boxes even have some electronic components inside that are not connected to anything. I guess the idea is if someone does open them up, it looks like there is a real circuit of some kind doing magical things!

[@billant2]

​@@ElectromagneticVideos - Really easy to understand explanation even for someone with no power electronics background (greetings from the US). :)

[@billant2]

​@ - The idea of those power savers which actually have a large cap wired in, is to cut down on reactive power. The power savings is minimal at best on larger inductive motors.

[@PhotonCortex]

Perfect demonstration and explanation. Thank you so much.

[@ElectromagneticVideos]

Your most welcome! Thanks for commenting!

[@CraneoHR]

greetings from the Dominican Republic, i must say i loved this video as i am studying electrical engineering (hopefully i'll be done by this time next year) and it gave me a good review on things i already knew but from a different perspective from what my teacher taught me, it was really cool to see how ultimately both you and my teacher came to the same conclusions but through different paths and that is what i really love about electricity and engineering in general!

[@ElectromagneticVideos]

EE is great - a wonderful career choice! Glad you found my channel. What I try and do is present things from EE, physics etc in a way that people with an interest but without the usual prerequisite background can understand. What that generally means is "without the math". So hopefully I can help you get a good intuitive/practical understanding of things that may not always be obvious from just grinding though the math/theory as we often do in EE or physics classes. So hopefully this will complement the courses you take very nicely. Greetings and bets wishes from Canada!

[@ColtonDavis-t3d]

This is an awesome video. My dad was an Electrician by trade and he tried to teach me about things being out of phase with one another but I never quite understood it until now where I could actually see it on the oscilloscope. Thanks Dr. Peter Jones I love your videos and am recommending them to my friends from here on out.

[@ElectromagneticVideos]

Thank you so much - an recommending my videos means a lot and really helps the channel (ie more subscribers) I'm glad seeing it help - there is nothing like a scope to help visualize and understand whats going in electrical circuits. I'm sure your dad would be thrilled that you no understand it!

[@louco2]

This was great! Thank you for taking the time.

[@ElectromagneticVideos]

That you so much!

[@jerril42]

Thank you. That goes a long way to helping me understand Power Factor. If you wouldn't mind talking about Power Factor, that would probably be a good way to continue this topic. Take care.

[@ElectromagneticVideos]

I was so close to including it but decided it was one to many thing for the video. You may have seen me skip past the power factor display on the power meter. Yes - a future video. But as a minimalist explanation, the just how much of the total current or apparent power (volts times amps) is real power. So a pf of 1 means its all real = resistive. pf=0 all reactive so either a perfect capacitor or inductor. Almost everything other than heaters is somewhere in between.

[@fiveangle]

I’ve often contemplated building a device that would monitor reactive load and dynamically increase or decrease a parallel capacitor bank in order to reduce the imaginary current in order to improve off-grid power storage efficiency. I even started such a project using a PZEM-004. With an I2C multiplexer, a cascade bank could be used to effectively add “power factor correction” to “dumb” inductive loads automagically. But nicely explained demonstration for anybody unfamiliar !

[@ElectromagneticVideos]

Thats of real interest to me because I have been working on something similar but for a different reason: i want to make a similar switched capacitor bank to provide the reactive magnetizing current for a conventional induction motor used as a generator. Induction motors work well as generators, but without the grid you need to carefully regulate leading current supplied by the capacitors to in turn regulate the generators output voltage. Also has to supply the reactive current for any attached inductive loads which would otherwise demagnetize the generator rotor and lower the V. I'm using a switched capacitor banks with capacitance values of each capacitor increasing by a factor of two. I'm guessing the main difference between what we are doing is the controller SW used to determine what regulates the capacitance.

[@Dad-ij2qy]

Thank you for taking time to show using lab equipment that reactive power is just a waste of mains power that is proportional to the power delivered to the AC-connected reactive loads, and that it requires the AC wiring to be larger than it otherwise would need to be.

[@ElectromagneticVideos]

Thats exactly the issue: bigger wires, trandformers, and generators that would be needed for just the real power. Luckily, old style phase shift reactive power is easy to deal with. Less so for the electronic power supply spikes.

[@danilo1782]

Just two words: thank you!

[@ElectromagneticVideos]

2 more words: Your welcome :)

[@mattstvbarn]

I do rather enjoy how a few simple items lying around the workshop combined with an oscilloscope and some thorough diagrams and explanation can always make for such an interesting and informative video :)

[@ElectromagneticVideos]

Thanks Matt! I purposely try and keep the experimental setup and test equipment as simple as possible which I think helps with the understanding core concepts ...

[@button-puncher]

Thank you for the great illustrations, explanation, and demonstrations. This is one of those things that a bit hard to grasp just reading it. First time I ever ran in to it was forever ago when manufacturers started advertising UPS's (battery backups) in VA instead of watts. Picked up an AEMC clamp meter that let me see power factor and the actual power draw. An eye opener seeing something consume a large current but very little power. Like LED light bulbs.

[@ElectromagneticVideos]

Glad you liked them! Now that I think of it, UPSs were probably the first time most people saw the term VA. When I was a kid an we leaved overseas I had seen in on transformers but nobody seemed to know how it was different from watts. It is a bit of an eyeopener - not sure if you saw in the video, but the other amazing thing is how much current thing like induction motors use for the first few seconds of startup - often 5 or 6 time the usual current which a transformer would have to handle. LEDs and electronic powers supplies are often worse in a different way - a high narrow spike in at the peak of the AC voltage,

[@button-puncher]

@@ElectromagneticVideos I haven't watched the previous video but am planning on it. I had always wondered about xfmr's being rated in kVA but had never known about or considered the reactive (imaginary) current flows adding to the system. It's sort of like VSWR. Reflected power in an RF system. I knew of an inductor's effect, buy, yeah, never really experienced it until I got my first air compressor. It'd trip the panel breaker on startup from the massive inrush. I foolishly tried to limit the inrush current using a bunch of paralleled 500W tungsten lamps. I didn't have anything to measure just how much limiting that I needed. Just ended up making a light that came on...then tripped the breaker. LOL! I wish I had know about NTC thermistors back then. That may have actually worked. I learned more a few years later when I started troubleshooting AC compressors. Learned about LRA (locked rotor amperage) and how much and induction motor could pull without a start capacitor. Start cap would go bad and burn the contactor's contacts in the process. Yeah, a lot of switch mode power supplies have no inrush limiting and POP when you plug them in to the wall. I've got a SMD reflow gun that flickers the lights in my shop from the PWM to the heater. I'm planning on adding a NTC thermistor to get those spikes down to a reasonable level. Thanks again!

[@ElectromagneticVideos]

@@button-puncher "It's sort of like VSWR." YES!!! Consider it a very short RF transmission line with a mismatched load that is very reactive (like many antennas!). LRA- did you see current my little grinder when it started - 4 or 6 times the running amps which is typical. The grinder really has no load other than the momentum of rotor and grinding wheel. Compressors often start when there is considerable pressure in the system - terrible for a single phase induction motor which hast it lowest torque at low speed. My reflow gun does thin same thing - though it was just because it was pulling a huge amount of current. Are you saying its noise from the PWM?I never considered that.

[@button-puncher]

@@ElectromagneticVideos Yeah! On my old 2ton unit at home, I was seeing a 118A peak at 240V. Amazing that the compressor's windings didn't melt but i guess it did have the refrigerant to help dissipate the heat. Head pressure too. Bought a manifold gauge set for car stuff but hooked it up to my home AC just for fun. WOW. The short restart pressures were nuts! As for the SMD... I don't think it's noise. It's just that they are using such a low PWM frequency for heat temp control, seems like only a few Hz, that in combination with the units switchmode power supply with no inrush current limiting, causes the terrible flickering on things plugged in to the same circuit. I've never scoped it, just my observations and guesses. My workaround to protect my other bench equipment was to put them on a double conversion UPS that I had laying around. Oder Eaton but it puts out a beautiful sinewave. Future video idea? The usefulness of NTC thermistors to battle power current spikes? BTW, why is your oscilloscope current test box so huge? You have a couple custom wound current transformers in there?

[@ElectromagneticVideos]

@@button-puncher The currents are staggering for those motors! They survive because the max current is only for a few seconds and the thermal mass of the copper and iron means it takes a (short) while to heat up. If the rotors is stuck, they do burn out really fast if the breaker doesn't trip. I will have to think about the NTCs for current spikes - I dont think they would be great for for things like motors - restricting the current flow would drastically lower starting torque. A VFD set to ramp up voltage and frequency might be better - they are so cheap these days! The test box - just has a some low ohm power resistors inside. I repurposed boxes from various past work prototype projects so not ideal sized. Nice thing is though the size acts as a heat sink for the power resistors.

[@bbesser1138]

Great video!!! Thank you very much!!!

[@ElectromagneticVideos]

Your welcome! Glad you liked it!

[@joelsoncdma]

One perfect demostration and explanation...Thanks for share!

[@ElectromagneticVideos]

Thank you so much! I'm thrilled a number of people like yourself have found it useful.

[@migsvensurfing6310]

Nice demnstration and explanation. Thank you.

[@ElectromagneticVideos]

Thanks!!!!! Really appreciate it!

[@DoubleALabs]

11:07 The capacitor current looks so messy because of harmonics on the incoming supply. Since the incoming voltage is not a pure sine wave (flat tops, sharp edges) it contains frequencies at multiples of 60 Hz (120, 180, etc.). Capacitors exhibit lower impedance at these higher frequencies, since Z_c = 1/(jωC). Thus, capacitors will conduct more of these harmonics, creating the ripply current waveform.

[@ElectromagneticVideos]

Yup - thats another way of explaining it. But even with all the math, it still looks amazingly bad!

[@ElectromagneticVideos]

BTW - you have a great channel - Signal Processing and similar stuff in case anyone is interested.

[@DoubleALabs]

@@ElectromagneticVideos Thanks, I appreciate your comment!! You have a great channel as well!

[@ElectromagneticVideos]

@@DoubleALabs Thanks!

[@WOFFY-qc9te]

Oh harmonics now that is fun stuff especially the 5th & 7th , VFD capacitors love that, best have a fire extinguisher handy.

[@WOFFY-qc9te]

Nice clear demonstration, In a Flour mill power house and noticed a Power correction unit. I cant remember the kVAR but the cables were 16 mm. The controller was having a bad day throwing in all the capacitance causing a massive lead in the system, then over correcting and back to o.4. I called this in and advises immediate action. Returning the next day to a mess of cables that had pulled such a high instantaneous current they had bent the trays and were tangled in the chard remains of some very large capacitors. Best wishes.

[@ElectromagneticVideos]

Wow - that must have been a wild mess to see! Was the correction unit fixable? Or a write-off after that?

[@WOFFY-qc9te]

@@ElectromagneticVideos Definite right off and so nearly was the guy that investigated it despite my warning to isolated elswhere before opening. Fortunately the blast shield did its job and the arcflash contained blast I expect the techs pants did similar. The fault was the controller which I think someone had incorrectly adjusted delay and it was hunting. The cables were secured with 10mm ties wraps but those were ripped as the cables magnetic field rebelled. Lovely mess and reminder of the power stored in capacitors. I do miss the smell of switchgear.

[@ElectromagneticVideos]

@@WOFFY-qc9te "those were ripped as the cables magnetic field" I have seen videos of that sort of things in fault conditions. Its hard to imaging the forces being so large but only because it outside of our (or maybe my) everyday experience. A bit like I find it hard in imagine a dist particle travelling a very high speed having enough energy to damage windows on the ISS.

[@WOFFY-qc9te]

@@ElectromagneticVideos I did a stress test on a data centre, the old chap with me was old school and not impressed with the Pillar kinetic rotary storage or the digital switches which switched on a quarter cycle but as this UPS could not be turned off for twenty five years we made sure it was sound Anyway with load bank connected we diverted 1 MW through four alternative routes whilst the UPS was on line. The 55mm 480 vdc cables had been left loose on the 10 meter caged trays for a reason and that soon became apparent when they jump up and apart every time we brought the DC on to the inverters. The German engineers were not at all bothered by two Englishmen doing their best to trip the system off line they ended our fun after 30 minutes. Very impressive and noisy test. The old chap was also enjoying himself as he had retired and was called back from his farm in Scotland to do this job with me. The only anomaly was a 1.7 C delta T on a 'Hawker' storage battery terminal and a car some idiot parked in front of a load bank which had melted trim Salvador Darli could have put his name to. Check out Galloping Conductors on YT

[@ElectromagneticVideos]

@@WOFFY-qc9te "melted trim Salvador Darli could have put his name to" I laughed my head off at that one : ) :) :) I have seen some of those Galloping Conductors video - just looked for more - one amazing one shown the cable on some of those really HV towers sawing so much its amazing they didn't break or flashover as some video showed. I have huge respect of the mechanical engineers and techs who design and build those systems to withstand harsh weather (including massive ice accumulation over here in the winter).

[@MichaelCowden]

Thank you for another excellent demonstration and explanation, Dr. Jones! Is there a way to measure reactive power or power factor at a home’s service entrance and calculate an appropriate capacitor value to offset it? I know it’s not measured by residential power meters. I have a lot of reactive loads in my house due to LED lights and LED dimmers, air conditioner window units, the fridge, and all my computers’ switching power supplies. I use a linear supply for my amateur radio gear. I’d like to clean up my mess and have the cleanest power possible for my audio gear and minimize radio noise. Also, does the EMF/RFI filtering on that power strip contribute to reactive power somehow? I would love to see a video explaining signal ground, electrical ground, and how to ground properly to avoid ground loops. Do ground loops affect appliances other than audio equipment? I have grounds for lightning on my antennas that doubles as the signal ground (3 ground rods in series) and I’m sure there are loops somewhere because that ultimately gets combined with the electrical system ground. I also have a separate ground rod for my TV antenna, and the TV does not have a ground conductor on the power cord. Could I be introducing him or noise by having that ground rod separate? Very much looking forward to more excellent videos!

[@ElectromagneticVideos]

I think a big part of the issue is that most of those electronic load only use current at the peaks of the AC voltage. So even though they talk about some of those devices being power factor corrected, its not the same type of power factor as for classical reactive current. The issue is really harmonics. I do think the smart meters could measure it - I have a smart power meter eval kit (video sometime) so it would be interesting to see what a meter can be programmed to measure. The good thing is they are only supposed to measure real power - but not sure how good they are at measuring power on spiky current correctly. A big smoothing capacitor would help smooth out the current spikes (ie suppress the harmonics) but the power co may not like a big leading current reactive load that would be. And enough capacitance could get expensive. I think a better approach would be to make filter or similar to clean up the power to your audio gear. Maybe some small toroids and capacitors on the . If you really want to get fancy, after that first stage you could use a large transformer as an inductor from line to neutral and then a suitable sized capacitor in parallel to provide all the reactive current. This will create tuned circuit that has highest (close to infinite) impedance at power line frequency, and lower impedance for the harmonics and any distortions. So your should get pure 50 or 60Hz out depending on where you are (sorry I have forgotten). Ground loops - yes can be a noise issue thats often hard to find. One issue can be breaking the symmetry between the current in the centre and shield conductors of a coax cable . Loop the cable though a RF torroid to eliminate that. You can also selectively ground at different frequencies to eliminate one or another type pf stray current - put a small cap in the ground path to make it an RF only ground, or a small inductor to make it a DC or audio frequency only ground. I have copied your comment to my list of future video suggestions. If I do a video I may contact you about your ham radio grounds .....

[@adrianmawby9009]

Great demo and explanation , but how does the capacitor correct the phase shift , from memory in my electrical apprenticeship 40 years ago , we discuss how the inductor releases power back to the capacitor, is this correct

[@ElectromagneticVideos]

Good memory! Yes - that would be one way fo describing it. Look the point in the video where I draw the current and power though an inductor. Now if we replaced the inductor with a capacitor, the current would shift to lead the voltage by 90 degrees rather than lag it. It you draw that current on the inductor graph, it would be negative of the inductor current that I drew. So with a correctly chosen capacitor the current will go into the capacitor at exactly the right time to absorb all the current coming out of the inductor, and the half a cycle later, the current coming out of the capacitor will there to provide all the right amount of current that the inductor is now sucking in. If you also plotted the power flow for the capacitor (like I did for the inductor) you would see they are exactly equal and opposite in polarity. So power comes out of one, goes into the other, and the back and forth. Hope that clears it up a bit!

[@xaviergonzalez5828]

Thank you, Sir! Your video rocks!

[@ElectromagneticVideos]

Thanks you so much! I'm amazed and trilled to hear a technical video like this "rocks!" :)

[@zxcv835]

Greetings from Poland and thank you for amazing explanation. It would be interesting to see what is happening when we have second AC source in the system, for example a solar inverter, some people claim that solar inverters can "absorb" ar "create" reactive power, are they correct? How is it possible if reactive power only oscillates between load and source.

[@ElectromagneticVideos]

Multiple AC sources does add some complications. In the case of things connected to the power grid, we actually consider it an infinite bus meaning its voltage and frequency and phase cannot be changed by a smaller source. So your inverter connected to a few thousand watts of panels on your home can change the voltage and frequency and phase of the grid - it has to match itself to the grid. If there are two similar sized power sources in a system, they may fight to determine what the voltage, frequency and phase is. Inverters - how they create/absorb or handle reactive power can vary based on inverter design. Its generally harder to make one that handles reactive power well because it has to have power going in and out of the inverter every cycle and when it is in the inverter it has to be stored. Its a huge problem for solar farms and for large ones they install "synchronous condensers" to manage/create the reactive power flow for motors etc that are running on the solar power. A synchronous condenser is actually just a large AC synchronous motor that can have its rotor's magnetic field adjusted which in term determines if it draws a leading or lagging reactive current. Future video! And many greeting back to you from Canada!

[@zxcv835]

@@ElectromagneticVideos thanks for the anwer, I just imagine that current sinewave coming out from my inverter is flipped or shifted by 180deg so the power is negative and flows back to the grid, but if there is for example an inductive load working in my home at the same time I'm starting to be little confused, hope to understand it in future.

[@ElectromagneticVideos]

@@zxcv835 To get power to flow into the grid, the inverter output sine wave is made almost identical in phase and voltage to the grid - but with the voltage from the inverter just slightly higher than the grid. That will cause power to flow into the grid. Think of two batteries of the same V connected together + to plus and - to -. If there voltages are identical, no current will flow. Now imagine one battery was charged just before connecting to the other battery (which is slightly discharged). The Charged battery will have a very slightly higher voltage, so when connected to the discharged battery current (and power) will from from the charged to the discharged battery. Same thing for AC. Hope that helps!

[@zxcv835]

@@ElectromagneticVideos I get it but I meant current measurmet, with clamp meter for example and once the inverter starts to export energy how the current sinewave will change.

[@JonGreer-s7e]

Very nice video, thanks! Where do you get the quick-test AC interface disconnect box?

[@ElectromagneticVideos]

I got it from Newark canada.newark.com/cliff-electronic-components/cl1857/qt1-usa-canada-13a-fuse-quicktest/dp/08AC2593 Also appear on ebay and various European sites. Make sure you get the right one - comes in both US and European colored connector levers (Black and White or Blue and Brown) and also 3 phase versions. If you ordering on, order a bunch of fuses a the same time - the fuses are the fuses the UK use in their plugs - easily available in UK, less so in North America. Newark has them too.

[@freedomisfromtruth]

There was a device sold some time ago or maybe still is, that you plugin in appliances that use motors and was suppose to save power useage based that that lag from running motors.

[@KarldorisLambley]

reactive power is free for homes. so such a device would be pointless.

[@ElectromagneticVideos]

Besides the point @KarldorisLambley made below, may of those devices were equipped with capacitors that were way to small to make any difference. I think some just had a LED indicator to show they were "working". Bigclive took some apart as I recall. So sadly, most of those devices are scams :(

[@michpich6319]

You have an incredible gift for explaining complex concepts in E Z to understand terms. A question does arise though as to who exactly benefits if a device is "out of step' with the power company's power system. Does the power company gain by not telling the end user his gear is using 'more ' juice than it's really as you just demonstrated by adding the capacitor or taking it out and watching the current 'rise' or is this just a nuisance to the power company since this 'apparent power' isn't really doing any real work but simply heating the circuits? Wondering.

[@ElectromagneticVideos]

Well thank you so much! Your analysis/question really goes to the core of the issue: The out of phase current/reactive power is only detrimental to the power co since all it does for them is increase power losses by heating the power lines, and requires bigger generators and transformers to handle the extra current. For homes, the extra reactive current is so small on a individual basis that the power co only meters and charges for real power. For factories with huge induction motors that dull huge amounts of reactive current, they do meter for both the real and reactive power and charge for the reactive part as well. So factories will often have capacitor banks or free running synchronous motors (synchronous condensers) with a higher than normal magnetic filed in the rotor to supply a leading current to cancel the lagging current. Power co also have similar setups thought their system to reduce reactive currents - and also compensate for reactive properties of long distance power lines. So my little video just scraped the surface of the topic

[@michpich6319]

@@ElectromagneticVideos Thank you Sir. We're truly blessed to have your incisive intellect analyse and break down these 'weird' artefacts happening right under our noses. These 'anomalies' fit in with what Alice would call "curiouser and curiouser" category, but we have you to lift the arcane veils and reveal what's really behind the trick - it's magic.al !! Much, much appreciated, Sir.

[@ElectromagneticVideos]

@@michpich6319 Well thanks so much again! I'm thrilled the response these last few videos have gotten - wasn't expecting a topic like this to gets a fair amount of interest. More to come!

[@jamestregler1584]

AHH a true craftsman ; nuts bolts and screws in old jars 😎

[@ElectromagneticVideos]

:) People laugh - but the number of times I have needed one of those and just happen to find the right size has saved me countless trips to the hardware store!

[@George.___]

What causes the misshapen current sine wave from the inductor or capacitor being connected without another load? Does it smooth out if a load is connected? It would’ve been interesting to see how it looked on the Oscilloscope when the grinder and capacitor were connected together.

[@ElectromagneticVideos]

Its two difference causes. In the inductor, the current peaks are from the core operating where the magentic properties of the core start going in saturation. It could be prevented by more turns on the winding so many small transformers operate close the saturation region to same manufacturing costs. The amount of current flowing though a capacitor depends on how fast the voltage applied to it is changing. So in effect it amplifies the differences and the amplification increases as the frequencies/sharpness of the changes gets higher. So we are seeing an amplified version of all the noise on the power line, probably originating from the gazillions of electronic power supplies in use today. Even after all the theory, the amount of distortion is shocking!

[@George.___]

@@ElectromagneticVideosThank you for your insightful reply. I think this helps me understand how different components introduce undesirable distortion in passive audio crossovers. I wonder how the “faster” polypropylene film capacitors vs the supposed “slower” electrolytic non-polarized capacitors actually handle the signal if measured in this way… I would think some frequencies would be handled better than others by appropriately sized equally valued uF capacitors of the 2 types mentioned above. Also, would air core inductors show similar distortion on top of their expected phase shift since they have no cores to saturate?

[@ElectromagneticVideos]

@@George.___ Glad my answer helped! Yes - electrolytics have lots of internal resistance and even impedance. polypropylene film is better as you described and ceramics are usually the highest frequency ones. As frequencies go up the inductance of the metal inside the capacitor also comes in to play causing weird effect. At GHz we often find capacitors become inductors and and inductors become capacitors. Even for audio and power supplies, you often see an electrolytic in parallel with a much smaller poly or ceramic cap so the smaller one can handle the high frequencies. Air core inductors - without core dont saturate so wouldnt show saturation. But for low frequencies it would be almost impossible to make one that doesnt draw so much magnetization current that it would not be practical as an inductor.

[@George.___]

@ Wow that’s really interesting how at high frequencies the capacitor and inductor switch roles! This seems in a way similar to subsonic and supersonic flows, how converging and diverging sections reverse effects. I’m wondering if polycaps are “faster” responding in audio frequencies because their metal coatings are so thin on the polymer film, like Mylar is sort of. So the inductance is much lower in polycaps vs foil caps and electrolytic capacitors because of their metal cross-sections on the film are very thin since capacitors are designed utilizing surface area and thickness only matters for higher current requirements in a capacitor. And ceramic caps maybe have the least metal so they respond fastest because of the resulting lower inductance effects. (With internal ESR being equal if that’s helpful for the comparison…) Is that concept in the right direction? Whereas, inductors are more efficient in their role if more conductive metal is wrapped closely around a core, or for air core inductors, in a tight radius, where perhaps the field is more rapidly “accelerating” (like more G-force) in a tight radius vs a wider radius core doesn’t require the field to curve as quickly so it is “accelerating” less kind of like less “G-force” for the field in a bigger radius air core inductor. Is this analogy somewhat in the right direction?

[@ElectromagneticVideos]

@@George.___ Your thoughts about poly and ceramics are right - but I'm sure there is a lot of proprietary stuff that goes into optimizing things. The ESRs for all are minimal except electrolytics - I think it is the acidic paste between the sheets of aluminum that contributes most to it. For conductors its really how much flux you can create from a certain current. The fields dont really care about bending - its more number of turns, radius and length - and of course a core if used. The issue with coils is there is capacitance between the windings and resistance in the wire (that gets worse with higher frequencies because of skin depth restricting current flow to near the wire surface. Coils often have a maximum or resonant frequency they can be used at - where at that frequency the capacitance between the windings forms a tuned circuit without the need for a capacitor. Above that the capacitance dominates so the coil looks like a capacitor. The opposite for capacitors - at high frequencies the inductance of the often long, rolled up plates becomes more dominant than the capacitance. For microwave stuff you can often use short length of transmission lines - ie a piece of coax that is other shorted or not at the far end. Depending on the frequency you can make it look like an inductor or capacitor depending how long you make it. Those coax an other transmission lines are really neat things - I did a video on them a while back that you might like : kzbin.info/www/bejne/l16bdJR9hNKKerc

[@rjc9000]

Just had a 441 in the shop. Ran like a dog turd and flopped around everywhere. I put a new top end on it, opened up the muffler a little bit and put the stiff av spring and filled them with silicone. It runs like a beast now and i would like to see how it would do on this this test vs your clapped out 441 no offense. The Jred is also a non strato saw vs the first true strato saw ever made by stihl. Id be more interested to see how a fresh 441 would stack up against a 372xp with build dates that are within a few years of eachother. I watched a video with timed cuts of a 441 vs 372 and the 372 was 5 seconds or so faster in the cut but had a 25" bar vs a 28" bar on the stihl.

[@ON5ALE-Alessio]

19:15 the resistor is "the coil" thus in series with the ideal coil or inductor Not in parallel !!! But my conpliments for your beautiful video. Nice insight is given !

[@ElectromagneticVideos]

Not quite! There are multiple sources of power loss including the resistance of the coil (which could be represented in series as you point out) but by far the biggest source of power loss is the core loss - eddy currents in the core and hysteresis losses from the area inside the BH curve of the core. In this situation, its is generally easiest to lump them together into one parallel resistor are a representation of all losses at a given voltage. If were were using the transformer as a transformer and were expecting it to be subjected to loads varying from 0% to 100%, we might (if we needed more accuracy) separate the out the core losses as a parallel resistor and the copper loss as a series resistor to more accurately represent the losses at different load currents.

[@popescucristian8978]

it actually does, but the power flow goes back and forth so fast that overall no power is transmitted (ignoring the resistance of the wires)

[@ElectromagneticVideos]

Exactly!

[@chopper5371]

Awesome video! I have 2 questions. 1st is about the capacitor on the bench grinder. How did you size the capacitor? Or doesn't the size matter. 2nd is why doesn't the power companies have capacitors hooked to their systems? (Or do they?) 👍. Really liking these videos on motors, inductors, capacitors, ECT...

[@ElectromagneticVideos]

Thanks! 1) It does have to be correctly sized so that the leading current to the capacitor is about the same size as the lagging current to the motor. The current reported by the meter is the combined real and reactive current to the motor. From the power on the meter, we can calculate the real current. So with the total current and the real current can calculate the reactive current. But its not simple subtraction (although we could do that for an inaccurate estimate). The total current T as reported by the meter is the hypotenuse of a right triangle. The real current R is one side and the reactive current J is the other so J = square root of ( TxT - RxR ). So we need to choose a capacitor that will draw about J leading amps. (next video is Ohms law for capacitors, inductors and AC) 2) They do! There are also reactive effects of long power lines they have to manage, but the big problem they have is factories with giant induction motors drawing huge amounts of reactive current. They measure and bill the factories for it, so factories install capacitor banks, and in some cases "synchronous condensers" which are giant free running synchronous motors with the rotor's magnetic field adjusted higher than normal. This creates a huge adjustable source of leading current to offset the lagging current from the induction motors. I do have an old 3 phase induction motor stashed away. One summer I will have to see if it still works and demo a synchronous condenser!

[@chopper5371]

@ElectromagneticVideos I anxiously await the next video... Thanks for the response! 👍🫡

[@ElectromagneticVideos]

@@chopper5371 I shot the video last night - have to edit it now so hopefully up this weekend.

[@RK-kn1ud]

As I understand it, since utilities are converting everyone to Smart Meters, I'm pretty sure that billing/monitoring of residential customers for Apparent Power is going to be possible now.

[@BjornV78]

Yes, that is possible, they are already doing this here in Belgium at residential customers who have a "Smart meter". On paper (and in my Energy provider customer portal) my energy consumption is raised, while i'm using the same amount of devices/power throughout the years. Grtz

[@ElectromagneticVideos]

@@BjornV78 Your consumption seemed to go up after installing a smart meter? While those meters should be able to monitor and bill for apparent power, as far I I know over here (Canada) we dont do it for homes. Could it be the old meter (or new one) was slightly off?

[@ElectromagneticVideos]

I'm sure they could - I have an electronic meter development board that I want to look at some time in a video so it will be interesting to see what I can measure with it. I'm wondering if measuring the spiky current from from electronic power supplies may be what they start billing extra for in homes. (Maybe they already are and that's Bjorn;s issue below)

[@BjornV78]

@@ElectromagneticVideos the difference with the new one (digital) is that the electric company now can see at which moment of the day the power is consumed. With the old one (mechanical type) they couldn't. We get now charged more for our electricity during the peak hours then in the evening or night. But i think they also measure the real power now, so with LED bulbs that use capacitor dropper circuits, the power factor is very bad.

[@RK-kn1ud]

@@ElectromagneticVideos I'm sure smart meters tick a lot of boxes for the utility companies. They can reduce staffing for manual meter reading, reduced staffing for call centers, more efficient response to outages, different billing rates for peak hours/seasons, and I'm sure they'll start charging for all the SMPS we all have plugged into our walls.

[@danblankenship5744]

Your tests are an awesome way to explain this behavior. In the no power examples, your power meter measured 1.4W with the open transformer with a current of 0.034A. Is this power reading coming from the losses in the transformer other than the pure inductance? Capacitors have fewer losses, explaining why your power meter measured 0.0W even with the higher current of 0.46A. I wonder how the waveform changes if you add the transformer and capacitor together.

[@ElectromagneticVideos]

Small transformers are notorious for being lossy. The loss is from the current though the copper wire in the primary winding ("copper loss") and the heating of the core from the changing magnetic field (eddy currents, hysteresis etc) ("core loss"). The bulk of the 1.4W will be core loss, and it will remain unchanged as the load goes up to full load. In transformer design, there is a compromise as to what power level will be most efficient- generally thicker windings is lower copper loss, but that takes up more space = larger core = more core loss. Usually the losses are approximated as one resistor in parallel with the primary or secondary, or for more accuracy, a resistor in series with the primary (copper loss) and one in parallel (core loss). Yes - capacitors are often close to lossless but not always. They do have a series resistance that can be significant. Starter capacitors for motors are like that - in fact they cant stand power applied for a long time or they heat up and fail. The running capacitor I had seemed to be a good one with almost unmeasurably small losses. so it wont heat heat up under extended use. Yes - I'm sure the combination of that capacitor and transformer would have a current thats a mess! Not clear to me if we could notice a cancellation taking place. I really should have used a better transformer with a more sinusoidal current!

[@guybaot]

Interesting. The official meters at home show kWh so would they be cheated by the reactive power and show less power than what is really used?

[@ElectromagneticVideos]

No - they simply ignore it. The idea is you are only paying for real power delivered to the loads in your house, and the assumption is that the reactive power flowing into most homes is small compared to the real power. It can be the opposite for large factories with giant induction motors. The power meters from those types of facilities record reactive power as well and the power co bill for it.

[@bobair2]

I remember from high school this: ELI the ICE man and it still resonates 44 years since I graduated high school. AC was to me more interesting than DC because of reactance as frequency when varied causes load variance in a form of complex wave forms that still bring imagenary numbers to mind. Electronics and electrics rock!

[@ElectromagneticVideos]

Yes - it really is interesting - both from a math and practical standpoint, and its really cool how complex numbers perfectly represent AC in the same equations used for DC. One even neater extension is to do the math for multiple/all frequencies at once using Laplace or Fourier transforms, which makes it possible to predict things in DC circuits such as the transient response when a switch is open or closed and current flows in to inductors and capacitors.

[@AllTheFasteners]

Lovely video. In countries that follow EU rules, a device that consumes more than about 70W is normally required to have some kind of power factor correction to get the current and voltage to align. Domestically I'm not sure this has much impact as many devices are less than 70W, so we can still end up with ugly sine waves - although I have to say, every time I look, they're not as ugly as the ones you measured.

[@ElectromagneticVideos]

So thats interesting and one can sure see of millions of devices how that could drastically reduce the additional currents that the power companies need to deal with. Question: is that rule for reactive loads only, or does it also apply to the current peaks from electronic power supplies? I think(?) over here (Canada, US) we now are seeing regulations targeting those peaks (= lots of harmonics and the cause the the flattened AC sine wave seen on my hope power lines) - and those peaks are even worse than reactive power consumption.

[@AllTheFasteners]

@@ElectromagneticVideos I think the peak currents behaviour typically seen due to the post-rectifier capacitor in switching power supplies is normally constrained by the requirements of IEC 61000-3-2 (adopted as EN 61000-3-2) - unfortunately, such documents are not normally freely available, but as I recall it defines different classes of devices and different harmonic content limitations for each. Edit: the Wikipedia page looks quite useful.

[@ElectromagneticVideos]

@@AllTheFasteners Interesting - I'll take a look. I hate it when standards documents aren't freely available. Interestingly, I saw a video on Lehto's Law a few days ago that one of the US states supreme courts ruled that when standard documents are used in laws or state regulations, they do become public. Hope that will happen in more jurisdictions.

[@WOFFY-qc9te]

@@AllTheFasteners The Chinese are not interested in regulation to them CE stands for China Export ? IEC and IEEE regs are not applicable to them or any other laws. Their needs to be better import control on power supplies especially the cheap laptop and phone chargers which have 240 v path through the device some just a series capacitor and a cheap half wave rectifier with 5v regulator no filter. Regrettably people have been electrocuted using their phones in the bath. One laptop I fixed by just changing out the cheap Chinese PSU which was putting out 100Hz screwing up the mouse.

[@sebastian19745]

Why you used Rloss in parallel with the coil? If you assume that the coil is ideal (R=0) then Rloss is not influencing the circuit. I would draw Rloss in series with the coil. What I am missing? I have a question, more of a curiosity to see the waveforms and the explanation. The trasformer draws 0.03A. If you connect in series with it an capacitor that draw by itself 0.03A, what are the voltages on the capacitor, the transformer and the waveforms? Also, what happens if you connect a load in the secondary of the transformer, how the capacitor in series with the transformator affect the secondary voltage? Assume the load is a light bulb.

[@ElectromagneticVideos]

Your reasoning is right! Let me explain why I did it: So in an elaborate model of a transformer we would have an appropriate R in series with each of the coils, and one in parallel representing the core loss. In many situations we just lump them together into one resistor (as I did) chosen to be a good enough representation of the losses a particular load value. That is often quite effective if the load is fairly constant. In this case, it was simplest to represent all losses with one resistor, which would cover both the core losses and the resistive losses in the primary due to the no load current flow. So that was "good enough" for the video since we did not use a load. If we did want to have our circuit include how the voltage drops with/without a load - a resistor in series with the primary or secondary as you describe would have been a good way to do that (while still having the parallel one for core loss). So its really all about what degree of simplification is appropriate for what we are doing. Make sense?

[@sebastian19745]

@@ElectromagneticVideos Yes, I got it. Thanks. And how about my other question? That idea can make an interesting video? I once connecterd in series an inductor and a capacitor to mains, and the voltage on inductor and capacitor was measured as 220V on each. The mains was 220V. Sadly, I did not had the means to see the waveforms at the time.

[@ElectromagneticVideos]

@@sebastian19745 Oh - sorry - I completely missed the second question. Actually the next video on this sort of topic will answer your question. It will be how to use Ohms Law and for AC circuits that include resistors, inductors and capacitors. It actually is almost the same as for DC circuits, you just have to include the phase of the voltages, currents, and circuit elements. So that should be up soon!

[@sebastian19745]

@@ElectromagneticVideos Thanks!

[@ElectromagneticVideos]

@@sebastian19745 Your most welcome!

[@thinkIndependent2024]

Yes Power Factor Correction is very Important. The Edison/Tesla argument Direct Current vs Alternating Current. AC Easy to Produce consumer's get stuck with the inefficient process .

[@ElectromagneticVideos]

Well I think what really caused the widespread adoption of AC was the ease that voltages could be increased for transmission with transformers which could easily be built back then. DC isn't without its faults in other ways either - the worst being how much harder it is to extinguish arcs and make reliable switches. So there are pros and cons of each.

[@thinkIndependent2024]

​@@ElectromagneticVideos PFC= "ENERGY STAR" I love your Presentation. Currently converting my HiFi Gear to correct the phase problem I personally ignored these conversations during the 90s-2000s because I didn't understand the problem! But is a BIG PROBLEM

[@ElectromagneticVideos]

@@thinkIndependent2024 Well I think we really didnt have that problem back then with so few electronic loads. I assume you hifi stuff is from the pre-switching power supply era? So transformer feeding rectifier feeding huge capacitors. How are you modifying it? I would think the biggest issue is depressed unregulated DC due to the flattening of the AC voltage waveform?

[@thinkIndependent2024]

​@@ElectromagneticVideosEnergy Star was early mitigation for high use devices like TVs and Refrigerators. Even SMPS need Correction, large transformer devices just need a different type of PFC. I live near a plant where the design and manufacturer PFC modules for new and old devices when that's not available I use passive correct.

[@ElectromagneticVideos]

@@thinkIndependent2024 Interesting - I had though energy star was more about power efficiency - ie a refrigerator that uses less power. Had no idea it included PFC.

[@vaakdemandante8772]

Even though this system does not use up this power, the user is charged for the positive part of it and if the user is a commercial entity he is charged for all of it - crazy if you ask me, because the power is being borrowed and then immediately "repaid back" 50/60 times a second, depending on grid's frequency. There should be a completely different rates for borrowing power and using up the power.

[@ElectromagneticVideos]

They do it at different rates - the meters distinguish between the real and reactive power. I believe (but could be wrong) reactive power is charged at a lower rate than real power, mainly to encourage factories to install equipment to remove reactive power. An electrician friend recently told me in some cases they also charge for peak power.

[@anubisplays1421]

That ac doesn't look very sinusoidal, seems a bit clipped at 10.57.

[@ElectromagneticVideos]

Sad thing is - its often way worse! The flattening is due to many inexpensive electronic power supplies all drawing current only around the + and - peaks of the AC power cycles, so those peaks get pulled down. To be clear - its grid wide and not specific to my home. It actually a huge issue for the power companies to have to deal with.

[@ON5ALE-Alessio]

Wasn't that in the summer this reactive current drawed from all the motors from ac units caused a mayor blackout in Texas?

[@ElectromagneticVideos]

I didn't know that reactive current was the cause of that Texas blackout. It certainly could have been, or if it wasn't the actual cause or the only cause, it could certainly have contributed by pushing the total current draw above what the system could handle. I hadn't thought of that blackout in a while - might be interesting to see if there is something like a final report detailing what the sequence of events that triggered it was.

[@ON5ALE-Alessio]

@ElectromagneticVideos motors can load the grid very easily especially if they are overdesigned , they draw more reactive power that way. Transformers have a hard time with them especially when the Volt x Amp rating is exceeded. Industries are required to have capacitor batteries to keep the drawn reactive power to a minimum but on private households it is not required yet.

[@johnfitzpatrick2469]

G,day from Sydney Australia. Do you have any evidence that reactive current (out of phase) destroys Appliance e.g LCD screen AC DC step down converters? 📺💥

[@ElectromagneticVideos]

Australia! One of my favourite places - spent two months in your wonderful country! Hmm - its should really not be noticeable by other devices on the same circuit - so no. But - if your appliance shares a circuit with an inductor (induction motor, transformer etc) and while the inductor is powered, you flip a switch that is feeding the entire circuit to off, the inductor can generate a significant voltage spike that can can destroy the semiconductors in any electronic device on that circuit. The size of the spike can vary and depend on at what time during the AC cycle the switch is flipped and what else is on that circuit. Modern electronic power supplies should be able to handle significant spikes, but it does depend on how well they were built. You can also have spikes coming in from the outside. I'm not sure about Australia, but over here you can get a house size surge arrester in the shape of a standard circuit breaker so if you haveing such issues it might be worth considering something like that and/or removing inductive devices away from circuit that have electronics on them. Hope that helps!

[@TotalFreedomTTT-pk9st]

I would add - and this is slightly different - is 'low power' or brown outs can cause starting windings to remain 'on' and thus burn out on Furnas motors or refrigerators - so that is why (I think) you should unplug certain appliances if you are on a Grid with 'issues' when the power goes out

[@ElectromagneticVideos]

@@TotalFreedomTTT-pk9st Very good point! And even if the motors appear to be running OK during a brownout with the start winding properly deactivated, the run winding will draw more current and can fail that way.

[@TotalFreedomTTT-pk9st]

@@ElectromagneticVideos My brother told me that and I argued with him until I realized it myself - I've fixed those centrifugal clutch's on motors before - they stay up at like 15 amps if that does not disengage so they might just burn out if you only had 90 volts and not enough current to trip the breaker

[@ElectromagneticVideos]

@@TotalFreedomTTT-pk9st The real culprits are motors like induction motors that try and keep close to synchronized speed with the AC power and in so doing doing draw more current to keep the power up when the voltage drops. Sometime I'll have to demo that. Sort of counter intuitive - one might think lower V would cause lower power and current (as it does for some DC motors)

[@Hellhound604]

When I played around with electricity as a kid these things confused me greatly. Now that I am old and retired it confuses me again, and I have to force myself to see the acronym CIVIL in front of me….capacitive load (C) load, I leads V, V leads I for inductors (L)

[@ElectromagneticVideos]

I had never come across CIVIL! Thanks for sharing!

[@mikejones-vd3fg]

Ahh cool, was just waching a Joel Lagace video on this power and how to recapture it. I thought this video was about real unknown power soources , which is what that Joel guy is looking into , novel reactions and sources of power using resonance to amplify current. I dont understand enough to know if he's onto something or just another free energy quack, but he seems to know electronics at leaste. Would be cool to have a real eletronics guy investigate these things.

[@ElectromagneticVideos]

So I just looked at his video on "Don Smith Reactive Method" - let me know if you were referring to another video. He really goes off the rails at the 6m 50s mark. He seems to think somehow the current in the LC resonant load gets back to the generator and can be bled off close the generator and converted to real power - and (aaaaaah) used to drive a motor to drive the generator to get free power. Unfortunately not - or I would just have cancelled my account with the electric company :) Numerous fundamental flaws: the circulating current in the LC resonant circuit remains in that LC loop and is just power going back and forth between the L and C. The mechanical analog is a pendulum. The only current going from the grid to the :LC circuit is in-phase - and small. A future video suggested by another commenter: the LC circuit will look like a very high value resistor where the restance represents the heat losses of the current flowing in the LC circuit. If it was ideal, it would look like an infinite resistance. Trying to bleed off the "reactive power" close to the generator the way he does just wont work. The bridge rectifier will be like all the bad electronic power supplies we saw on the scope - a spike at the top of the AC cycle. And of course the "feed that power to a motor to drive the generator" is the classic perpetual motion scheme that never quite works. The telling thing is nobody with any of these schemes (which are contrary to all known current physics) demonstrates it in a way that others can verify or duplicate. If they did they would get the next Nobel prize in physics for finding a gap in known theory so large you could drive a Mack truck though. and and properly patented would get riches that make Elon Musk look poor! Sometime it might be a worth doing a video on these types of things ... somehow in a way to not provide extra publicity to people pushing these things - I think many including the presenter of that video are genuine in their beliefs - and others are not ...

[@mikejones-vd3fg]

@@ElectromagneticVideos Great thanks for the clarification.I wouldnt be so quick to lump him in with other free energy quacks. I dont get the vibe he's claiming he's found free energy, more like hes investigating novel interactions and thinks hes onto something and wants others to try (regarding his PEG cell) and bounce ideas off of. Almost like he did find something he doesnt quit understand and looking for others to help basically. He says this alot whichis different from other guys showing their free energy contraption but im not an expert and the more ilearn about stuff like reactive power it does seems possible to recycle it. Who knows maybe no ones ever figured it but its possible? I thought Jeol said himself power companies are starting to do this. Anyway this is pretty cool, hacking the universe, looking for new answers, not settling with what we think we know is everything we need to know. Dont forget Ohm was rejected when he proposed Ohms law by mainstream science. Is Lagace the next Ohm? I dunno but someone will be, theres a lot more to discover and i appreciate the free energy quacks who are actually playing with the universe rather then just rehashing other peoples work.

[@t1d100]

👍👍👍👍👍

[@ElectromagneticVideos]

!

[@firedome8]

I X V X COS THE ANGLE.

[@ElectromagneticVideos]

exactly!!!!!!!

[@LendzuLocuks]

It's really sad that always [Re] about cap. and helix, and basic gr. e. (about literature sch.) ⚡☁

[@JAYDELROSARIO-l5t]

AC HZ60-60+=120VAC NO AMP NO WATT NOW GROUND NUETRAL HAS AMP WATT CAPACITOR ON TRANSFORMER DC DISCHARGED PUSH PULL KILOWATTS VjX

[@atheistaetherist2747]

I would like to see an explanation of why electricity along a threaded rod goes much slower than electricity along a non-threaded plain rod. I allready know. I know everything.

[@hamdaniyusuf_dani]

Can you show the experiment?

[@BjornV78]

If you know everything, why asking these questions then ? Show us these experiments then on your channel instead of playing the "annoying orange".

[@TotalFreedomTTT-pk9st]

Without a really long threaded rod I'm not sure how you would measure the speed difference and what is 'speed' ? if the electrons are not actually 'moving' in space but more oscillating and releasing some type of magnetism - then what is actually moving ? if I make a wave in a pond that rings a bell 50 feet away - what moved ? the water at my hand did not travel 50 feet to the bell

[@ElectromagneticVideos]

Actually I think these weird posts with lots of convoluted jargon may be AI bots. Three other commenters seem to be posing similar stuff. What I cant figure out is the purpose!

[@TotalFreedomTTT-pk9st]

@@ElectromagneticVideos Well could be AI or a normal person who likes to play Riddles - could be high IQ teenager getting into Electro Magnetics and annoying everyone

[@Iowa599]

This is why the electrical grid system should be DC.

[@GrandePunto8V]

Load of BS my "friend". AC is way better and cheaper at long distance.

[@ElectromagneticVideos]

Well I dont think its practical for shorter distances, but I sure could see more of the medium length lines being converted to DC to get a bit more power though them as the DC/AC converters get cheaper.

[@Iowa599]

That was a joke about avoiding the math that doesn't make sense... i forgot the *sarcasm* tag 😝

[@ElectromagneticVideos]

@@Iowa599 Hmm - I dont see that any of your comments - I wonder if KZbin ate it. It seems to be doing that a lot lately.

[@drosphiliamelanogaster3755]

I hope your email address isn't associated with your KZbin channel account. If so!!! 👹👻

[@ElectromagneticVideos]

Thanks for the concern - its not! In fact its used for nothing other interacting with channel viewers.

[@atheistaetherist2747]

I would like to see an explanation of why a capacitor discharges at half voltage & takes double time, compared to theory. I allready know. I know everything. Mac from Ballarat.

[@hamdaniyusuf_dani]

Which theory?

[@atheistaetherist2747]

@@hamdaniyusuf_dani I am especially interested in the physics/science.of electricity. Standard electrical engineering says that electricity along wires is not due to electrons. True. Standard engineering says that a capacitor will discharge in a certain (linear) way over a certain time. Tony Wakefield of Melbourne has shown that capacitor discharge is non-linear, & takes twice the standard theoretical time at half the voltage. Ivor Catt explains. Forrest Bishop also explains some of this stuff. All of this stuff is on google.

[@atheistaetherist2747]

@@hamdaniyusuf_dani I replied here, but my reply is missing? Ok i will try again. Tony Wakefield of Melbourne tested the standard theory of discharge of a capacitor. Ivor Catt provided an explanation of Wakefield's test/experiment. This stuff is on google. Forrest Bishop also explains.

[@atheistaetherist2747]

I would like to see an explanation of why electricity along a well insulated wire goes much slower than electricity along a bare wire. I allready know. I know everything.