The Science of Fungal Toxins

In this video, I discuss several fungal mycotoxins!
www.patreon.com/thatchemist
Community Discord - discord.gg/thatchemist
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Links to articles discussed in this episode:
Gyromitrin - www.doi.org/10.1016/S0041-0101(03)00238-1
Gyromitrin toxicity - www.doi.org/10.1093/jnci/60.1.201
Methyl hydrazine - www.doi.org/10.1002/jat.2550110403
Lolitrem B - www.doi.org/10.3390/toxins8020047
Satratoxin H - www.doi.org/10.1128/AEM.64.10.3620-3625.1998
en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Satratoxin-H
Fusarin C - www.doi.org/10.1021/jf00125a031
Vomitoxin - www.doi.org/10.1007/s00204-010-0579-8
Ergotamine - www.doi.org/10.1046/j.1526-4610.2003.03034.x
Diplonine - www.doi.org/10.1021/jf202735e
Citrinin - www.doi.org/10.2478/10004-1254-60-2009-1992
Gliotoxin - www.doi.org/10.1007/s00253-011-3689-1
Fusarium verticillioides - www.doi.org/10.3390/jof7090694
Moniliformin - www.doi.org/10.4315/0362-028X-64.11.1780
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Acknowledgements:
-mfernflower (Anthony) from the Discord - we had many excellent discussions!

[@cathyqt9911]

I can't believe he did it.

[@squareacid]

That title seems a bit sus

[@Bartschemistry]

Must be the impostor

[@abcd-bo6tn]

Omg did he screwed your mother?! 😱

[@brandondumont7223]

we are talking about the toxic fungus, among us.

[@okay-oliver]

amogus

[@stephenjacks8196]

"Fungus, among us." You're a a poet and don't know it. A real Fun-guy.

[@DanielGBenesScienceShows]

I used to not like mushrooms, but after a while they grew on me.

[@sagoot]

There isn't much-room for imporvement after this one!

[@casualsatanist5808]

That pun was quite polypoor

[@DanielGBenesScienceShows]

@@sagoot Hahaha!

[@DanielGBenesScienceShows]

@@casualsatanist5808 Hahaha!

[@Intelligenthumour]

"Which just means that you're bleeding into your lungs." I'm glad it JUST means that.

[@keisisqrl]

“This is just a mutagen” my brother in christ

[@julian281198]

ඞ

[@Kizunaut]

Ah yes, the false morel. Some people here in Finland are just nuts about that mushroom. Never tried it myself, but it's regarded as one of, if not the most delicious mushroom that grows here. The local way of preparing them involves parboiling them twice for at least five minutes and then rinsing them throughly each time. I guess it works since there's only been two recorded cases of death from the mushroom, both cases where a child ate uncooked false morels. I guess the shitting and puking and eye twitching you get from poorly prepared false morels isn't exactly pleasant either though. For me, anything that has the line "do not inhale the cooking vapors" in it's preparation instructions just isn't worth it.

[@That_Chemist]

I 100% agree with you

[@neillcoetzer9133]

My girlfriend is Finnish and she was actually telling me about how they cook it. Since I forage for mushrooms as a hobby when she first told me about it I was completely shocked since I know how, let's just say, unpleasant they can be

[@TicchuNecchu]

Haha, I picked over 3 kilogram of those a few years back (with gloves on) and my friends parents prepared them. I got to taste them and it was delicious. But this was after they had been prepared and dried for 2 months.

[@justskip4595]

@@TicchuNecchu I have eaten a lot of these. We boiled them 3 times to be sure. Any other occasion I have been offered them, they have been re-poisoned by adding onions so I have declines those.

[@johan790]

I was taught to chop it up and let it dry for several days, then just boiled for 15 minutea to be sure.

[@woodrowwilsonofficial]

came for the among us, stayed for the toxic fungus.

[@That_Chemist]

🤙

[@averyplote7148]

Hello, farmer and semi crop scientist here, vomitoxin is no joke! Depending on the weather conditions, fusarium graminarium can really take over a whole field and cause a pink sheen on the grain. Many farmers choose to spray fungicide a few weeks before their crops start to seed out because this (obviously) greatly reduces the chance of grain being impacted.

[@That_Chemist]

That is crazy - I would love to see more comments about this kind of stuff!!

[@mastershooter64]

thank you for your service👍if it werent for farmers, we wouldn't have food on our plates everyday

[@Nicolas-qk7lt]

Great video! One more toxin I want to add here. Aflatoxins contamination is one of the most common contaminations in many third-world countries. mainly affect peanuts and maize, and can be passed into animal products like egg milk and meat. It has mediocre acute toxicity, but it's pretty much the most carcinogenic substance in the world and cant be broken down by cooking. The liver usually gets rid of toxins by oxidation to make them more hydrophilic. However, in this case, it gets metabolized into epoxide which reacts with DNA by nucleophilic addition.

[@That_Chemist]

You will see it in an upcoming video!

[@crabmansteve6844]

I am a huge mycology nerd, I've been watching your channel a while and I was so happy to see this in your back catalog! Mycotoxins are terrifying and cool as hell.

[@That_Chemist]

Thank you :)

[@olivercharles2930]

@@That_Chemist ඞ

[@viorp5267]

3:20 my grandma always says "all mushrooms are edible, but some only once" and l think thats very wise

[@That_Chemist]

your grandma was wise

[@viorp5267]

@@That_Chemist *is lol

[@wolframyt4494]

My dad says that too

[@internetuser8922]

would you consider taking a look at some of the "good" compounds found in fungus? there are definitely some interesting structures & motifs in those as well.

[@That_Chemist]

feel free to make suggestions in the discord!

[@Ewr42]

Psilocybin is basically serotonin, structurally Muscimol is kinda similar to another natural neurotransmitter that binds to the muscarinic receptors I'd be more interested in their interactions with the receptors and brain activity. The psychedelic molecules tho There's 5-psilocybin which is Bufotenine and cane toads have them, also anandenthera columbrina/pelegrina seeds, and ofc there's Ayahuasca which brings beta carbolines too, then there's LSA, THCv, perretinine, salvinorium... The bigger class is incredibly interesting, but the chemistry of fungal-only psychedelics isn't enough for a whole video, I think Now, there's good GMO molecules too that come from saccharomyces cerevisae (I'm butchering these names, ain't I?) Which include THC(and alcohol, but calling it psychedelic would make an oxymoron), and I'm not really remembering any other good molecules from fungi besides terpenes and flavonoids. Did I not say the ones you were referring to?

[@grouchypotatowolfpack5580]

@@Ewr42 and don't forget lysergamides. Don't have anything clever to say about them chemically, but there's evidence to suggest that their ritual use was prevalent worldwide, with what little we know of the Hindu Soma and the eleucidian mystery cult of Greece indicating a concoction made from ergot infected grain.

[@benb8075]

I'm sure most have seen it before, but, Penicillin. ;)

[@Ewr42]

@@Aaron-zu3xn which one is the 4-HO-DMT? Either way, I'm not sure how to spell them in English and the words always ends up looking wrong and weird, so I go with psilocybin for both bc of my autocorrect lol

[@Sniperboy5551]

I’m glad you included ergotamine, that’s the most interesting fungal toxin IMO. Should’ve mentioned what it’s used to synthesize…

[@That_Chemist]

👀

[@pmathewizard]

When the fungus is sus

[@victordonchenko4837]

When are they not? I still love them though.

[@pmathewizard]

When the chemistry research paper is sus: TC: a new sacrifice for the algorithm gods

[@thor1829]

There's a journal called ChemSusChem 😳😳😳😳😳😳

[@SD-fw9li]

😳😳😳

[@janmelantu7490]

Me watching the start of the video: Fungus naturally creating Hydrazine? I’m not sure anything can get worse. Me, continuing to watch: well I guess a neurotoxin with a cyclopropane ring is worse

[@izarscharf7845]

Theres also bacteria that create hydrazine, rocket fuel bacteria xD

[@andreyv116]

I love how this is a thinly veiled cover for getting the memeing out of the way

[@jacquesfromguat2077]

When the mushroom you buy in the market is sus. In all seriousness great video. I would love to see more of these mycotoxin videos.

[@defenestrated23]

Nobody: ... Fungal metabolism: "have you considered... *epoxides*?" Seriously, I see more epoxides amongst fungus metabolites than anything else. More proof all fungi were created during God's edgy goth phase.

[@thatguy431]

Hands down, best channel on KZbin. Thanks for putting your time into making and sharing all this!

[@That_Chemist]

Thank you!

[@lexinwonderland5741]

can't believe you didn't mention ergotamine as a precursor to a certain family of lysergamides; Hoffman was investigating ergotamine derivatives for bleeding after childbirth when he stumbled upon his miraculous discovery that since changed psychopharmacology!

[@joergmaass]

6:49, if you can't read or listen...

[@genokugel]

I am too stupid to comprehend this comment.

[@alexkaplan6581]

"My heart's a seizin', my lungs are wheezin', the fuckin' walls are melting, I can hear Satan's voice. He's telling me to buy apple... what does that mean, why does he want me to buy apples!?"

[@KanyeTheGayFish69]

@@genokugel acid

[@cyancoyote7366]

@@alexkaplan6581 Sam is a national treasure lol

[@b3dubbs72]

Could you cover Cyanobacteria toxins too? That stuff is terrifying.

[@victordonchenko4837]

What, you mean like oxygen? 😂 That was toxic for a while...

[@b3dubbs72]

@@victordonchenko4837 no, they’re responsible for some efficient neurotoxins

[@victordonchenko4837]

@@b3dubbs72 Ah, I love when the neurotoxin is "efficient." It really makes my job so much easier.

[@b3dubbs72]

@@victordonchenko4837 truly

[@b3dubbs72]

@@victordonchenko4837 also they’ve covered this on the periodic videos channel. I just think that these algae blooms are important to discuss, as they may minimize death

[@torydavis10]

I'm sure many who watch this channel will already know all about hydrazine, but it's still worth noting that MMH is freaking rocket fuel. Not just rocket fuel, but the absolute scariest meanest hypergolic fuel which is arguably reasonable to work with. By far my all-time favorite mushroom fact.

[@That_Chemist]

Mushrooms to the moon baby

[@HaydenX]

I wonder if the explosive nature of monomethylhydrazine has ever gotten anyone to refer to false morels as "mushroom clouds/cloud mushrooms" considering that you could definitely use it as fuel for an ICBM.

[@some_haqr]

As its approaching magic mushroom season I really appreciate these education videos as all too many people have no idea what's dangerous and just think "exotic" looking mushrooms are probably psychedelic. Keep up the awesome you legend and thanks for the great content again!

[@That_Chemist]

They might experience a psycho trip instead of a psychedelic trip

[@한수씨]

I love these more biological chemistry type videos you have been doing recently! Maybe you could consider doing a video on phytochemicals which activate the transient receptor potential channels (e.g. capsaicin, Δ9-THC, CBD, vanillin, cinnamaldehyde, etc). It's a really interesting area of biochemistry/pharmacology. These chemicals are in a lot of spices!

[@goodmusic3679]

This is a really interesting overview. I had heard that MMH was nasty, but I didn't know HOW nasty. (I guess @NileRed won't be making that one.) I imagine that some of these toxins might have medical applications, as penicillin did. So I would second the folks who ask about the beneficial compounds that fungi produce. You often hear about "medicinal" mushrooms (e.g., cordyceps, reishi, chaga, hericium) but it would be interesting to hear about which organic compounds might be involved in those purported benefits and how they work at a molecular level. It is clear that we are constantly ingesting and breathing a diverse fungal miasma that can affect our bodies in a variety of ways, many of them scary.

[@abcdefggg5658]

As a biochemistry undergrad... keep doing what your doing! Love your vids.

[@That_Chemist]

Awesome! Thank you!

[@nitroadshadow4667]

thanks i'll be sure to post your vid in the collage group chat, next year we will be getting into propper agricultural science and i believe disease management is a large part of it. this will really help. also i really appreciate the inclusion of the links to the papers.

[@That_Chemist]

I’m glad to make videos for magnificent people such as yourself

[@wolframyt4494]

When I see a mushroom I say "There's a fungus amungus"

[@superioropinion7116]

Everyone is talking about how sus these fungi are but no one is talking about my man big potassium 😔

[@That_Chemist]

BK

[@Turpaanvetopasuuna]

Legitimately those first mushrooms are delicious. They're like the only mushroom I like. You have to be extremely careful and diligent in preparing them tho

[@PsilocybinSquiggles]

I've never heard of anyone eating false morels, in fact everything I've read warns against it. What are the steps you've used to prepare them?

[@osteoclast6884]

@@PsilocybinSquiggles They are commonly eaten in Finland. Excellent as a creamy sauce for red meat. You boil them three times for five minutes. Discard the water and rinse the mushrooms each time. It is recommended to boil them outside. Otherwise you'll need good ventilation.

[@torydavis10]

@@osteoclast6884 Mind: blown

[@Turpaanvetopasuuna]

Exactly what Osteoclast said. I think it's also important to note that the last case of a fatal poisoning (in Finland) happened in the 50s. And I remember being taught how to prepare them in like biology class in school.

[@palamalama]

Wow those structures are insane! No idea how you'd make them.

[@Valdagast]

Ergotamine was also used as an abortifacent. Some people have suggested that tales of witches flying was the result of ergotamine poisoning - you can get the sensation that you're flying or floating - but it's just too dangerous to dose. The likely outcome of that would have been a lot of dead witches.

[@thatguy431]

But maybe if you prepare it just right, Boil, boil, toil and trouble, add eye of newt, distill, frog legs and fish bones....etc etc, you can actually fly to the moon ;)

[@mrreg]

@@thatguy431 The more salient point,is not so much that witches were tripping on the fungus,but that other people were,in large numbers,without being aware of it,leading to the belief that they were being hexed,and thus ,witch trials.

[@pierreproudhon9008]

I started college a while ago, in the dorms we lived in there was a fridge. At the end of semesters we're supposed to take out everything and defrost the fridge. But this time, we done fucked up. Me and my homies did unplug the fridge but we forgot a whole bunch of ice cream in the freezer. We left and came back after winter break, plugged the fridge in and went to sleep. Next morning Holy Mother of Christ, when I opened the freezer, a strong odor that can only be best described as spoiled alcohol rushed upon me, damn thing was covered in FROZEN FUNGUS. With FROZEN MYCELIUM blanketing the ice cream box, growing all over the surface, partially submerged in ice, and lining the walls of the freezer like a damn curtain. The nasty grey-green shaggy "main fungus" (I don't know what it is) sits its monkey ass in the middle of the freezer surface. We carried the fridge to the restroom and cleaned it up using all the detergent and paper towels we have, trashed all of them as well as all the green shit, but it still reeked of that ethanol-like smell. It was the most epic moment of college yet. We vacated the dorm now but I KNOW, that spores are still hibernating in the fridge and one day, the empire will strike back. I remember every detail because this literally happened in January 3rd, 2022.

[@That_Chemist]

Ewwwwww

[@oliverkewell4492]

Fungsus

[@mastershooter64]

If you do another one of these toxins and poisions videos I'd love it if you also included the LD50 of these compounds as well!

[@That_Chemist]

I did one - the mold one!

[@aldenconsolver3428]

and PS you are great. You seem to be teaching that chemistry is really interesting, challenging but comprehensible and can even be fun, thank you

[@That_Chemist]

Thanks!

[@allenhonaker4107]

Mushroom Fugu what a great idea!!! 🤣🤣

[@1brytol]

Fungus amogus 😳😳😳

[@flaplaya]

Omg all of them! But that S-S linkage in Glialtoxin looks so ultra bad. A 5 on health diamond symbol if existed. Super scary great video, very accurate.

[@mrreg]

These are some fascinating natural products you present. Thank you for that. It's interesting how the molecular mass of these compounds has such a wide spectrum (which means a wide spectrum of diffusiibility,too).

[@That_Chemist]

Glad you like them!

[@victordonchenko4837]

5:15 Lmao. Seeing pulmonary hemorrhaging just thrown in there among relatively mild symptoms.

[@mikegLXIVMM]

Fungus species just effortlessly generate these complex chemical compounds - impressive!

[@mduckernz]

Yeah when you see what nature effortlessly produces with a bit of sun and sugar it make you want to give up lol

[@izarscharf7845]

well "effortlessly" is a little misleading, the pathways for some of these are quite long and require many different enzymes and cofactors, just imagine the amount of ATP spent on producing some of these, from transcription, translation to sythesis of the matabolites for these compounds, actually insae if you think about how much is involved ;)

[@mikegLXIVMM]

@@izarscharf7845 "Effortlessly" when compared to human efforts to make the same compounds, if it's even possible.

[@mastershooter64]

@@mikegLXIVMM Lol it took them hundreds of millions of years to evolve to produce, it takes us a few years or a few decades to figure out how to produce that, that's pretty insane. humans are smart af!

[@blumoogle2901]

I would love to see some Lithium-Fluorine compounds investigated. Those always react nicely, especially if you can squeeze lots of triple bonds in there

[@zitronenwasser]

"This fungus can kill animals in higher doses. Oh and higher blood pressure."

[@That_Chemist]

haha

[@enrico_passerini]

I ate Gyromitra esculenta in Finland. Once is enough for me!

[@potumnn]

I'm just continuing to enjoy these mush toxins videos and your channel. keep going ahah

[@That_Chemist]

Glad you like them!

[@blueredbrick]

'The toxis fungus among us' lol the way you said that. Now my 4 and 2 yr olds want to know what was so funny

[@kafkayash2265]

The glio toxin kind of reminds of me of glionitrins which have the same s-s bond which are used to make anti tumor medicine.

[@technodaz]

Ergotamine , also turned in to a substance some people find quite entertaining.

[@christopherleubner6633]

Monomethyl hydrazine and its cousin assymetrical dimethyl hydrazine are used as the fuels for attitude and altatude correction thrusters in satellites and MIRV platforms when burned with dinitrigen pentoxide. Very high impulse power, and self igniting (hypergollic mixture ) 🤓

[@That_Chemist]

Cool!

[@JakubS]

Your video titling is on point, as always

[@radio671]

The false morel is considered a delicacy here, way too delicious to have hydrazine derivatives lmao

[@Headpotatoes]

False morel makes amazing soup! one of the best tasting mushrooms :) but yeah parboiling and washing after every boiling is 100% necessary! Also we never picked if there wasnt enough for a few meals since its not worth the risk/hassle.

[@AlexBesogonov]

Fungi seem to really like cyclopropane rings and their derivatives for some reason. Are there any papers about it, I wonder?

[@mrreg]

Fusarium toxins do seem to be rich in spiro-epoxides,which are very reactive (see Wildfire Toxin). However,some green plants also produce these types of toxins.

[@-42-47]

3:00 I thought that mushroom looked familiar and a quick google search proved my memory correct, (though it might not have been the exact same species) Happy to say that the local thoughts about the mushroom somewhat matches your take on it. Don't eat it unless you're 100% sure how to cook it but even then it might not be the best choice of mushroom. They've gotten less and less popular over time as it's been recognized that it can be bad for your health even when cooked correctly so those who still partake don't do it very often.

[@Mnnvint]

Oooh, recognizing Gyromitra from the thumbnail!

[@Rescel1]

yes yes i totely agree this connection on the fungus thingy is realy special. I watched this Video and didnt understood one thing and i thought thats realy intresting

[@joebig3668]

When our chemistry is kinda sus:

[@some_dude1234]

I just about week ago made some soup with those funny looking gyromitrin containing mushroom. Here where I live they are considered a delicasy, cause they appear very few places and for very short time in early summer. They were boiled shortly two times+rinsed before making the soup.

[@ingolorenzo4158]

thank you for doing another vid about mushrooms

[@That_Chemist]

I will still do one more about mold toxins!

[@masterbelch1293]

This dude is a fun guy for sure. Love his account.

[@kellylynch975]

As a bourbon distiller, I see ergot in my rye all the time.

[@mastershooter64]

1:06 ah yes these compounds definitely are edible, just chop of those hydrocarbons and boom you've got super stable N2 which you're already eating! I agree you do have to prepare them :) also holy crap these compounds look so cool, lol the more organic compounds i look at the more organic chem i wanna learn

[@SoMushRoom]

my first question would be: are there any any non fungal mycotoxins? haha. great video! propagate and myceliate

[@user-kz8zr4si3i]

Always wondered why there is such a pervasive negative fascination with mycotoxins when the portfolio of plants and plant compounds that can kill or maim you is far more expansive and sinister

[@That_Chemist]

I’ll probably cover some plant toxins at some point

[@user-kz8zr4si3i]

@@That_Chemist subbed for that one👍

[@thor1829]

@@user-kz8zr4si3i Because funky fungi >>> nightshades >>> everything else

[@docsmellyfella]

Would be interesting to look up the synthesis of some of these as they don't look to be easy synthetic targets.

[@user255]

You can call Gyromitra esculenta a mushroom. It is not that strictly defined word.

[@esteewilson5482]

Mate I just saw I tiny bit of black mold in my shower getting rid of that IMMEDIATELY

[@That_Chemist]

It’s best to deal with issues like that when they are small

[@makylemur7019]

moniliformin is closely related to one of my favorite compounds squaric acid.

[@frankmercer7009]

Fascinating. Nice work.

[@That_Chemist]

Thanks!

[@DaveTexas]

I’m imagining some ancient people discussing the consumption of some of these. "Well, it killed all the cattle that ate it. It killed a bunch of our relatives who ate it. Other relatives thought it might be less deadly if they cooked it, but they made soup out of it and they all died. Aunt Myrtle just drink the water it was cooked in and she died. But let’s try cooking it twice and see if it kills us!"

[@aabrightlove]

Ah yes. Gamma-Delta unsaturation. Where the Delta and the Gamma are both not saturated, obviously.

[@That_Chemist]

They aren’t saturated with hydrogen

[@iscuit]

Immediately liked the video due to "fungus among us"

[@Dancingonthesun]

There are two kinds of mycologists, brave ones and old ones.

[@lemon93]

An amongus reference and my favorite fungus ergot yes please.

[@caffineatedchef1001]

7:50 that amide group is pretty important in another compound that you can make using Ergot (;

[@Khalastas]

weeeeeelllllcommmmeeee back i'm ~that chemist~

[@thepsychocybe7078]

the madman made another mushroom video

[@AlcomIsst]

*Toxsusity*

[@pmathewizard]

This is OCNN live: Our leading mycologist is back it again with sussy mushrooms toxins from common daily objects in our lives. Do these cuases a significant effect to public human health? Why does the FDA didn't regulate such substances in the market? Answers from this throbbing question will be coming after this commerical break.

[@arcturax]

I have migranes, they start every 2 or 3 weeks and last 1-3 days and can get really nasty like a ice pick in the head. I talked to a doctor about them back in like 2013 and was told I really didn't want to go on ergot based drugs unless it was really bad, and their effectiveness was hit or miss, the side effects god awful. Sometimes they work only to have the body somehow start neutralizing the drugs and so they quit working after being used for a time. Fast forward to 2021 and I asked my doctor about if there were any new medications. He lit up and said "We have this great new drug!" which are CGRP inhibitors. I tried it (Nurtec was the brand name) and it's been a bloody miracle pill. I don't get any side effects, few people do, and it knocks the headache down in 1-2 hours (for a 24-72 hour headache this is very acceptable timing) and I've never had it fail three years on. You might want to do a video looking at new drugs and their chemistry, there is a lot of new stuff coming out for things that in the past got kinda ignored by medicine or given just "it will have to be good enough" type drugs like ergot medications.

[@nabra97]

I have heard gyromitra being edible to non-edible to poisonous, but I assumed it's something that is bad for you but not gonna kill you if you are relatively healthy and not gonna it a tonne of it (there are a lot of mushrooms that considered poisonous, but folks still eat them, at least where I live). I didn't think it can be like this.

[@CarterColeisInfamous]

7:01 hell yeah 👍😁

[@KysEcstacy]

Ergotamine can also be found in a few mold species

[@Pillowzzz_]

Do weirdest drug chemicals specifically psychoactive drugs

[@aperson4075]

amogs

[@crazy_wwww]

sus mongus

[@drewelliott1218]

Awesome video, I saw some toxins I haven't seen before. Maybe you could do a video devoted to peptide toxins, there are several mycotoxins like the phalloidins and amanitin compounds that are very potent with interesting modes of action. There are of course others as well, like tetanus neurotoxin and botulotoxin. Peptide toxins are the most toxic by mass. Or, you could do a great video on the many plant toxins out there, abrin is especially interesting in my opinion. Thanks for making these videos, as an aspiring toxicologist I find them very entertaining.

[@That_Chemist]

I’ll add it to my list

[@That_Chemist]

I take screenshots of good viewer suggestions

[@monarchatto6095]

Do one about insects!

[@nigeljohnson9820]

I would be interested to know what techniques were used to establish the structure of some of these complex molecules. Is their a standard approach to such chemical analysis? How were they extracted with sufficient purity to allow their structure to be analysed? How was the active ingredient identified in the first place? How long does it take to determine such structures?

[@That_Chemist]

Great suggestion

[@izarscharf7845]

@@That_Chemist Actually id love to see that aswell, im studying molecular biotechnology and while ive seen most of these structures in either pharmacology or toxicology lectures the isolation and structural analysis is something that ive never quite had the time to look up myself and havent come across in lectures so far ;)

[@ZA-mb5di]

Do susculents next

[@tommykelly6840]

I love these videos

[@gustavgnoettgen]

False morels must be incredibly delicious.

[@sergeychistov8162]

Zana, your time has come! Defend the Pump, Exile!

[@Flumphinator]

Ok so it’s either a tasty snack or **HYDRAZINE**.

[@ryanatkinson2978]

Oh my god, it has HYDRAZINE? Rocket fuel fungus

[@StarOnCheek]

is youtube actually recommending me everything that says "Among Us" in the title now?

[@That_Chemist]

oh no - I am so sorry

[@Blackdiamond2]

Oh my god, we will never escape among us. it's all sussy, all the way down

[@amanitaocreata4401]

Great video

[@ColinTimmins]

You must be a fungi at parties… Haha hehe oh boy that was a good joke. **pats back** Good job me.

[@That_Chemist]

Lmao

[@marcosmota1094]

I watch you just to mess with the FBI and Project Carnivore. Thanks for all the knowledge anyway!