The 2024 New Jersey Earthquake: First Indicator?

[@Bc232klm]

I love how 95% is a calm and relaxing explanation before going back to the leading question :)

[@michaeldwyer9656]

WE'RE ALL GONNA DIE!

[@Bc232klm]

@@michaeldwyer9656 Yeah, but at least we know how!

[@trevorgough2286]

@@michaeldwyer9656 no,only the pedants like @Bc232Klm (above) 😛

[@tantraman93]

He's a good lecturer.

[@lizshoemaker]

Yay! New Myron video! Such a nice part of my weekend

[@bobmephitis8206]

Agreed! Woo hoo, I said out loud.

[@barbaraarsenault1192]

Agree!

[@KoopaRipper-dk8sz]

Myron is absolutely awesome, I am so impressed, I can't explain in words how much I like this video🥹

[@myroncook]

I'm happy to be a part of your weekend!

[@ianatkin7541]

In 1989 I was in San Francisco and saw the earth move in waves during the big earthquake. It was very mind bending.

[@josephmclennan1229]

I was in San Jose at the Sewer Treatment Plant , and saw the waves also in the fields around the plant . Big shaker .

[@SpiritGirlSF]

Am still here waiting for the BIG one.

[@3fives-j5w]

If you held your head to the ground it would have really been mind bending.

[@motofunk1]

I was in the east bay and experienced the same. Most recently I was 5 miles from a 4.7 epicenter. I was outside in wilderness area on the side of a mountain, no structures nearby. First time I have ever heard the earth move without it being man mad objects rattling. It was a low frequency rumble that was about 60-70 db. I haven’t had the urge to run like that since 1989.

[@peteraltavista7508]

what an incredible thing to witness.

[@ETAisNOW]

Your videos have become part of my kids schooling.

[@katheyjberry]

Brilliant!

[@myroncook]

awesome!

[@at_3831]

@@myroncookone thing I believe you need to add to this is the melting of the great ice sheets aT the end of the younger dryas period it was an event that happened so quickly the northern hemisphere is still going through a rebound from all the ice weight on the crust pushed down plus lack of ocean water took weight off other plates causing a subduction and rebound effect. With all the ice gone the crust from Canada down into much of the northern US it is in a rebound state all the extra water in the oceans is causing them to sink.

[@alexanderportolov]

This is so excellent! I got a degree in Oceanography a few years back but haven't been able to use it much. Palio climatology was one of the most amazing parts of all of the things I learned. You explain things so clearly and gracefully. Your enthusiasm and charm really make learning such a delight. Thank you for your work!

[@myroncook]

thanks!

[@cosmicbalancer5084]

Most folks as you say are somewhat aware of plate tectonics and subduction zones. I found your explanations thorough and enlightening. Thank you sir.

[@_Shine_The_Light]

Oh wow! This video is perfect for my 6th graders learning about sea floor spreading and plate tectonics!! Thank you! I ALWAYS live your videos!!

[@sergiolopez-n3j]

teach your kids Roger spurr work aswell

[@MJIZZEL]

I live also

[@myroncook]

Thanks for sharing, I love to help teach the next generation!

[@jimjimgl3]

In 2011 I was working in our studio on W 37th Street in NYC and we felt the tremors from the Virginia quake. My assistant was from LA and when I turned around he was under the table! His old earthquake training took hold....

[@kujo1725]

I was working in Amelia VA that day, about 30mi from the epicenter. I watched the windows in our building roll literally like water, they didn't shatter they rolled. It was the most surreal experience, followed by all phones and inter we going deSd due to so many trying to use it. Took me about 4hrs to even figure out what even happened, that it was an eq ...and not a bomb or idk war lol all kinds of thoughts. Genuinely just surreal

[@jimjimgl3]

@@kujo1725 Amazing how solid things flex. I was on a job in fall 2003 when a 7.4 hit off Colima, Mexico. I was in Puerto Vallarta which I think was about 100 miles or so from the epicenter. We were at a restaurant in an old building when the quakes struck and I remember how the staff was running around yelling "it is OK....don't worry" as glasses fell and bottles broke and the walls moved back and forth. I couldn't imagine how the force of that quake must have felt closer to the epicenter.

[@myroncook]

wow

[@davidwilkins5932]

These stories remind me of an experience I had as a teenager living in Memphis, which must have been in the early to mid 1970s. I was in the kitchen talking to my parents, leaning back against the counter. First I heard a slight roaring sound which I thought was a strong gust of wind, but looking out the window, the leaves on the tree weren’t moving. Then the counter I was leaning on seemed to rise up and roll back, like I was on a boat. It was very strange, and thankfully no damage was done. Despite being near the New Madrid, that was the only EQ experience I had during my 35 years there. Well, aside from a vague childhood memory of being at the grocery store with my mother when everything shook. We went outside, and had to dodge a lot of groceries and broken bottles in the aisles. Must have been the late 1950s.

[@placidpond]

I was in my basement and missed that one. All my homies noticed that one

[@gustavderkits8433]

This earthquake was a significant topic of discussion in our family when it happened. I pointed out that the location is at the boundary of the ice sheet, the maximum extent of the glaciers, right under glacial lake Passaic. We speculated that the land is still relaxing from the recession of the glaciers, which depressed the land when the ice was there. Lake Passaic also saturated the ground for a long time.

[@placidpond]

Don’t forget thrust fault Ramapo running along 287 from Chimney Rock,Bridgewater

[@anatomicallymodernhuman5175]

Good info. Isostatic uplift is probably sufficient explanation for that quake.

[@joycee5493]

That’s interesting. Thank you! They experienced the earthquake and like everyone I didn’t know what was happening at first until it became obvious as the rumbling continued, and everything in the house shook. The hair on my arms stood up. At first, I thought it was the quarry up the road blasting, but it soon became obvious that these were not blasts, but continuous and were increasing rumbling in the Earth. It was quite an experience.

[@amcguigan2389]

As I watched this video, the like button kept going non-stop! :)

[@myroncook]

Thanks, I appreciate it!

[@sueellens]

My QuakeFeed app shows a 2.4, Paramus, NJ yesterday, 1/24/25. Thank you for this video.

[@placidpond]

Didn’t feel it in Green Brook

[@javagogo4803]

@@placidpond a magnitude 2 quake is 100x weaker than a magnitude 4, since the Richter scale is logarithmic. Earthquakes also aren't detectable by people until they hit a magnitude of around 2.5, and even then you really won't feel much. So, I'd be surprised if anyone felt a 2.4 at all :)

[@dianespears6057]

The demonstration with the ball and the stack of papers was very helpful. Prof. Myron. Yippee!

[@balesjo]

Agree, that was very good and would be useful example in intro to geology courses to convey how plates can subduct underneath continental crust.

[@isabellame7326]

How crazy that N.J. had. 2.4 just yesterday! This is one I'll watch more than once! Thanks again Myron for another great one!! 🎉

[@sirridesalot6652]

One of the things that I really like about Myron is that he ASKS people to subscribe and he does so at the end of the video. SO many creators demand that we subscribe and they do that before the video plays or very early into the video. I also love how Myron explains in simple terms what could be very complex happenings.

[@MikeB0001]

Thanks Myron. Ive watched all your old videos and appreciate the time you spend making them!

[@myroncook]

wow...you're serious!

[@MikeB0001]

@@myroncook Yes..my friend! I am!😄

[@terrirideout9683]

Thank you for this! I appreciate what you do for us. 🙏

[@fossils-z9d]

love your content and is a big reason why im going bk to school at 38 :) I visited the The Bindon Landslip as its so important to our understanding of Geology well it is for the British and even after nearly 200 years and battered daily by the sea the devastation is still plain to see.

[@myroncook]

I'm impressed you're headed back to school

[@fossils-z9d]

@myroncook I wasted my 20s on drugs and my 30s I spent rebuilding my life, now I'm ready to do what I was born to do :) and you've played a big role in my choice to go back to school :) you're the teacher we all need ❤️

[@william_mac]

I continue to be amazed at how well you teach geology. I love learning from someone such as yourself that makes it so understandable. ❤

[@timdowney6721]

Love your presentations. I always learn a lot, which makes for a good day. 😉

[@goognamgoognw6637]

So glad you made a new video Sir, i forgot i am a suscriber. You are a wonderful model for young people to learn all the human and interpersonal skills and qualities you have accumulated and refined over the years and if they're interested in geology that's a plus. I am older too. It's so important to have people like you in the public eye for younger people. You are a national treasure like they have in Japan.

[@myroncook]

Thanks! Glad you're enjoying the channel.

[@bullettube9863]

I used to live near the Linden-Clarendon fault line that runs north from the PA border to the middle of Lake Ontario. When ever they basted at the Clarendon stone quarry the shock wave was felt twenty miles in each direction including at Holley High school! There are literally thousands of fault lines on Earth, because Earth is a "living" planet, contracting and expanding as it orbits the sun and has a moon orbiting and effecting tides in water and land. Unlike Mars, the Earth isn't done yet!

[@martincotterill823]

Great video, Myron, thank you

[@Stefon02554]

you blow my mind every video with how well you explain the scale of things.

[@3fives-j5w]

@4:12 Good observation. I always used the analogy of an opened can of paint. Once the top layer turns into a thin solid film when you move it with the stir stick you end up with buckling and tears similar to mountains, valleys, and faults.

[@robertschrum5496]

¡excellent analogy! GL

[@jscottmaclean226]

VERY interesting! Thanks Myron, great job as always!

[@numnumsbirdie]

Thank you for explaining the passive to subductive changes at the plate boundaries on the east coast of North America. Myron your good at explaining these geologic forces that have shaped our world. Good to hear from you again. Lloyd in central Ontario.

[@myroncook]

thanks, Lloyd

[@Brommear]

I have lived in Chile for 19 years. When we lived in Santiago, a student of mine told me to enjoy earthquakes when it happens as not everybody will have that experience, an there is nothing you could do to stop it. "Check the amplitude and frequency" he said. Well, in 2010 we had an 8.8 magnitude earthquake. We lived some 500km south of the epicenter on the top floor of a 10 floor building. We did not move up and down, only sideways. A about 300mm either way at about 1 Hz. Scary! Thank you for the great video!

[@myroncook]

interesting!

[@mudgetheexpendable]

These videos feel like your old uncle who knows stuff taking you through what he knows and how he knows it. For me that's a balm.

[@juliemurdoch348]

This is the first time I've watched your KZbin channel. I've really enjoyed learning from you. Thanks so much Sir.

[@myroncook]

awesome!

[@quillaja]

My suspicion as a know-nothing is that the east coast of the US won't have to worry about this until the force required to push the N American plate is greater than the resistance to subduction. That is, as long as NA can keep being pushed "into" the Pacific and the Pacific plate happily slides under NA, the eastern margin of the NA plate will remain passive.

[@megbernstein8452]

How fascinating, going to watch again!

[@yedidyah-jedshlomoh1533]

Magma is below all of our feet. We should never forget this.

[@BenjaminNelson-q7j]

Hey Myron! I absolutely LOVE your videos. They’ve been getting me through this winter. So, I grew up in New Jersey on the Hopewell fault which branches off of the Ramapo fault. I’m 38 now, but I remember feeling tremors in the basement of my parents’ house as a kid. Now I live south of New Jersey’s fall line in a region with less consolidated, Cretaceous sediment, so I don’t notice quakes in the state anymore- the last one I felt was the Mineral, Virginia earthquake of 2011, when I was residing in NYC. That one left us a bit shaken, both figuratively AND literally. Thanks for taking the time to share all of this information in a such fun, detailed, and interesting way! I’m going to keep watching your channel religiously.

[@myroncook]

neat story!

[@LeoDomitrix]

A near 6.0 here in my state of residence meant our house got rattle/rolled but we were at the "edge" of the geology underlying that 2013 event. (Seriously, check out how that one rang bells, so to speak. Whoa.) Sounded like I was trapped in a jet engine and I was knocked down a flight of stairs. Houses lost walls, a school was shut down for good, so, I've kind of been "on the alert" for over a decade on the East Coast. Also, stories of the Charleston 1880-ish earthquake were stunning. (They still find bodies that were moved during liquefaction back then, and man y cemeteries are headstones only.)

[@myroncook]

wow

[@LeoDomitrix]

@@myroncook It really reminds me that just b/c I'm not on a *big* fault zone, I'm not immune!

[@etacarinae2145]

Wow thanks! I believe that this is exactly what is going on on the other side of the Atlantic ocean as well. Before the coast of Portugal, a subduction zone starts to form. Now I understand. Once more an excellent video

[@joanmavima5423]

That would explain the Great Lisbon earthquake of 1755

[@alexrandall3685]

A terrific video. Thank you very much.

[@BigTimeRushFan2112]

Great video, thanks Myron for dropping this type of knowledge off for us to learn from for free.

[@joehopfield]

Thanks for the much needed perspective and your calming voice. (I guessed 4 sheets... I wish more people understood that scale (and the fact that most of the atmosphere fits in about 1 sheet of paper at that scale)

[@myroncook]

good guess!

[@circlediamond1963]

I lived through two 8.0 earthquakes and a number of Hurricanes growing up in Panama. I was also in LA when the one hit in the 80's. I know what the Earth can throw at us and it is very scary. Like the pole shift that is happening now.

[@susannawebb2552]

I was in LA on my honeymoon when that one in in the 80s hit matter of fact I got married August 29th and it happened the first week of September. I was at the hotel in Long Beach overlooking the Anaheim airport airport airport was rolling like waves the runways crack planes were going around in circles and we're stuck up on the top of this hotel and they build the hotel on rollers like wheels so that they don't shimmer and snap off and no time to get out of that building. So we just watched the airport rolling like waves from the window airport was on the other side of the freeway to Anaheim airport.

[@MrMarkAMartin]

Really like this one Myron. You are projecting the concept of deep time into the future whereas in prior episodes we've mostly ridden along with you exploring the past. The algorithm will pick this up, people will wave arms and that is a prime opportunity to create a teachable moment (the present). What a wonderful active retirement this channel has provided to you and for the benefit of many. One day it would be cool to have you and your brother and wife and kids in a video, if you see fit. Best wishes!

[@myroncook]

thanks!

[@richardirwin7180]

Another wonderful video! Already looking forward to the next!

[@denniscrane9753]

I was going through withdrawals from your videos! Thank you for the upload!

[@joeamerican2611]

When you mentioned the thickness of pages you reminded me that our atmosphere is about one of those pages thick.

[@PacoOtis]

You have done it again! Excellently presented and very, very informative! Thanks for sharing Myron!

[@annaoflynn5771]

Very interesting video Myron, thank you so much for posting!

[@beachbum200009]

You know Myron, I've wondered about that for a long time. Thanks for clearing that up!! Love your videos.

[@rochrich1223]

I like the story of how the proto-Appalachian mountains were as great as the Rockies with roots twice as massive as the tops. Given the power of erosion, they would have flattened down long ago without the roots springing back up. The "gaps" where rivers pass through being cut down as fast as the mountains spring up. Could be the relative movement of the roots going up with the offshore continental crust going down under the sediment load being a possible explanation of the NJ quake?

[@sophierobinson2738]

Or isostatic rebound from the glaciers that covered Canada and the north of the USA, ever so many years ago.

[@myroncook]

possibly

[@priscillawrites6685]

I remember an earthquake approximately 1974 between CT and Long Island. It was strong enough to open my kitchen cupboard doors and send dishes and glasses flying to the floor and breaking. The whole house shook. When I told neighbors it was an earthquake they said I was nuts - until the local evening news reported there had been an earthquake off the coast of CT. We think of the Ring of Fire as the active volcanic and earthquake zone, but it’s not the only one. When will we have more active plate tectonics on the East Coast of North America?

[@mbvoelker8448]

Millions of years from now.

[@rsenjoyer7706]

I enjoyed this video and was thoroughly educated.

[@andrewcockburn3227]

This is one of the most interesting channels on KZbin.

[@amcguigan2389]

Prof. Cook, you seem so brilliant to me, and your making it so pleasant and easy to follow you is a gift.

[@trajonduclos7931]

Excellent explanation, Myron. Always enjoy your patient, methodical way of telling the story. Also exciting theory, potentially rapid changes in our geological future.

[@WalterWhiteFootballSharing]

I love 2:19 Scotese's work. The GOAT of Plate tectonic video constructions. Link in description above; I've watched his videos so many times. Great Soundtracks too.

[@nicksanta]

Hello! I likened the plates to be as slag on a mass of melted lead. The slag collides subducts and rises depending on convection. I did this during a local discussion with a life-time geologist and received a blank stare. Additionally, as part of a talk about large meteorite impacts, I made the comment that our crust/planet would ring like a bell. This would create vibration events throughout our crust that may reinforce on another(intersection of sound waves)...Still a blank look...no comment. Hmm...Wonder what a 'standing wave would do to our crust? Regards

[@Astronetics]

One of the main reasons I subscribed ages ago. The way complex topics are broken down and explained is phenomenal. Please keep posting!!

[@andersvinnefors5891]

I am educated in geology and have a pH.D. in that subject from a university in Sweden. Your explanations have contributed to a better understanding of the north american geology which of course is the counterpart of europe. I hope you will continue with your clear lectures and more people will find your videos

[@tk423b]

There is so much paperwork involved changing to an active margin, most PMs don’t bother.

[@Richard-gn1rk]

Thank you for teaching people about geology.

[@jim.franklin]

Nice to see a new video from you Byron, and love the fact that it is discussing a topic often ignored by others. Considering how New Yorkers are, I wonder how they would deal with a Volcano popping up under 5th avenue or in Central Park!!

[@katemcclain8405]

I always enjoy your informed content and easy relatability. Please for my sanity and soul keep it up!

[@lucasjames7524]

This is one of my favorite channels on KZbin. Each video is an absolute joy to watch and to return to.

[@ma32851]

Really informative - thanks!

[@ericfielding2540]

This is a great explanation of the basics of plate tectonics. As a geophysicist, I have to mention the crust is not the whole tectonic plate. The upper layer of the mantle is also solid and part of the plate and lithosphere. It is the thickness of this mantle that increases with age of the oceanic plate. The story of the oceanic crust and mantle getting denser is correct.

[@myroncook]

thanks!

[@shanedavenport734]

Love your videos. I was wondering if you will be doing a video on the current volcanic events going on in Ethiopia?

[@myroncook]

unlikely

[@dianespears6057]

Just fyi - GeologyHub has done a series of videos on the Ethiopia situation.

[@donladmulligan4676]

Northern New Jersey had a 2.8 earthquake yesterday at 1:02 PM. It was quite violent one jolt.

[@JoenutTheGreat]

Crazy timing for this video! There was just an earthquake in north New Jersey just yesterday. I live here and I've only experienced 2 local earthquakes in my life, both in the past year or so.

[@jaroslaval9159]

What? I am in NJ and didn't know about it!

[@Jonas4175]

Thank you, thank you, thank you! Professor Cook, such an elegant explanation of plate tectonics. Love the exercise ball and whiteboards!

[@Michael85Patnaude]

So essentially a subduction zone fractures, pauses, gets called a passive margin, but then eventually starts subducting again with the fractured slabs slowly falling deeper into the mantle. I would assume that rates of expansion from the midatlantic ridge would have to exceed the drift of the north american plate to the northwest for lateral pressure to build against the foothills of the Appalachians. Wasn't the quake in Jersey a shallow hanging graben? Interesting concept nonetheless.

[@steves9915]

There were just a couple small rattlers (~2.6) in NJ this week.

[@lundysden6781]

Nice, however, what causes convection to reverse in some places? I don't think anyone knows? Im so glad you moved east in your thinking. Please continue. A lot of geologists here would love it!

[@myroncook]

theory...but nobody knows for sure

[@ichoppabroccoli3670]

I think I just learned more about geography in eighteen minutes, twenty seconds than all 4 years in high school! 🤯😂

[@fredlawlor6791]

Dear Myron Thank you. Great presentation as usual. You are a wonderful teacher. Calm, enthusiastic, and knowledable. The world needs more teachers like you. The Very Best Fred

[@Professor-Arne]

Very interesting! Thank you!

[@taesssi]

Can you imagine a volcano the size of the ones at the end of the video. Would be awesome to something that big active, tho of course life would find a hard way for us to enjoy something like that.

[@alfredosalazar2727]

Thank you 🎉

[@1a1u0g9t4s2u]

In the past year or two there has been in the news about sheets of ice on the great lakes that were wind blown and smashed against the shoreline causing massive damage to buildings and the shoreline itself. Does the deep ocean currents have similar affects (perhaps on a smaller scale) on the deep ocean plates? Love these videos that invites a person to think. Thanks for sharing.

[@myroncook]

not a bad analogy

[@mhansl]

A 4.7km depth I would think is far too shallow to be the ocean plate slipping. However, this subject matter is exciting to think about.

[@greatsilentwatcher]

This is a helpful explanation for earthquakes occurring geologically close to where I live. We're about a mile west from where the north terminus of the Genesee River enters Lake Ontario. Thanks.

[@nellyjohnson7316]

The rock beneath the crust is like silly putty. Hard but can flow over time.

[@leswoodburn5764]

I have been away over the weekend but arrived home a few hours ago and turned on the computer and Thanks a bunch from England. BOOM, Myrons back. Love your easy going perspective on geology.

[@McDuffOG]

Excellent presentation Myron.

[@sandrine.t]

Another very informative video, thanks a lot Myron! Fascinating, easy to understand and lots of food for thought :)

[@NickBeek]

There was an earthquake in Charleston SC several years ago. Then there was another one a little further inland after that. Related to the same process? I enjoy roaming around the mountains in western SC and looking at the geology here, it would be great for Mr Cook to come and do a video on the geology of SC to see if my ideas of what has happened are in the realm of reality. Thanks for the video!

[@lukearcher886]

Thanks Myron! Your video illustrates the process very well. Hope to see you this summer!

[@edwardhanson3664]

It's not strange at all. It's a passive margin because the continent and the spreading sea floor are moving at the same rate. If that changes in any way, you will have compression, resulting in a convergent subduction zone.

[@edwardhanson3664]

The effect of the difference of density is just part of the process. Now here's a question: Why did the Indian Plate slide under that of Mongolia instead of dropping down? I think the same thing happened with the Colorado Plateau.

[@LMGphilanthropy]

Great video, great timing! Stay cool.

[@scottfree6479]

Thank you for another fantastic video. I always click on your videos expecting to watch a few minutes to sate my curiosity, and they always end up sucking me in. I watched this all the way through. I usually only listen to videos, but I always end up watching yours. Thank you, seriously, for giving us this education. I’ve always loved geology but my life has taken me elsewhere. You allow me to continue to learn, and I’m truly grateful.

[@myroncook]

thanks!

[@Atillathedumb]

Wonderfully informative content as always, Myron

[@wayneo7220]

Just north of Grenada while checking the chart, I found I was over an undersea volcano. It was a bit unnerving to say the least.

[@candyazz28]

Thank you for this calm and elaborate description of the quake. I was having coffee when it happened and I thought it was a large truck.

[@jakobusphsteyn3500]

Thankyou once again for a very insightful talk on the planet we live on and the systems that drive it to make it a viable living sphere.

[@mikelong9638]

Ok Myron, Here I was living on the East coast, living in ignorant bliss, believing that I was safe from super volcanoes. One more thing worry about🙂. As always great video!

[@christopherlawson8731]

Another great video! Would be very cool to be around to see all this come to pass.

[@sifridbassoon]

wow! great explanation with the printing paper! 😮

[@frzferdinand72]

Thanks for the video! This was something I had been thinking about recently.

[@sullywhatever5290]

Correct me if I’m wrong, just a geological layman here. I’ve heard that the Adirondacks are still geologically active. AKA still growing. How’s that happening? How is ADK different from the rest of the Appalachians?

[@myroncook]

I don't believe that's true

[@Steaphany]

I have heard that the Appalachian Mountains were once like the Rockies, but eroded to their present form. Was the North American East cost once an active margin, now passive, and will become active in the future ?

[@myroncook]

yes

[@mbvoelker8448]

In fact, the Appalachians have done that twice. They're OLD in ten foot, flashing, neon letters. :D

[@eilogan252]

Yet another great video. Keep it up Myron!

[@Ranchpig67]

Great presentation. But i'm left with the fully formed notion that most of what we think we know is absolutely just speculation. Fun to contemplate of course, and helpful in directing scientific inquiry, but speculation never the less. Even dates on the scale geologists reckon are not set in stone (pun intended) as there are actually quite a few debates as to accuracy. Just one, for example, is the speed of light, which is used in all radiometric dating methods. If light speed is NOT a constant then dating is going to be very tough. And there is some evidence that light speed is variable. Bottom line is that it's going to be pretty awesome how sciences develop going forward with new information.

[@myroncook]

speculation is what people do with NO data

[@Spagghetii]

Wouldn't there also be pressure on those ancient sub-ducted plates, they are still somewhat attached to the continental plate but must continue to move through the surrounding material. Also what is actually moving the Atlantic crust, is it pressure from the mid-Atlantic ridge or does the continental plate pull the oceanic crust along with it as it moves west?

[@myroncook]

too complicated to answer here

[@theresamcpherson7352]

Thank you Myron for all you are doing here on your channel.