The Ancient ‘Mammals’ that Reigned Before the Dinosaurs

This video looks at a group of amazing creatures that existed before the dinosaurs like dimetrodon, gorgonopsids and dicynodonts. We often assume primitive animals lived back then but these animals where anything but, evolving certain features that all mammals possess.
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[@musikafossora]

I still can’t believe these creatures existed. Earth’s history is so fascinating to me

[@codman5239]

@Venky Wank Both tell us where we came from.

[@savharris5702]

@KAANI Bingo ...Can't wait until someone is looking at our remains, and trying to figure out what we were ...And the numerous things they'll probably get wrong

[@branden1012]

Trust

[@benjamingrezik373]

I can't believe it either

[@benjamingrezik373]

@GOD of FUCK exactly

[@toesnt]

i hope in 400 million years someone looks at my fossils and thinks i look badass enough to give me a name like DINOGORGON

[@juanbigo1]

Ikr

[@turkialsul7847]

@jorge pearl that’s why I hate smart people

[@groundhogggggggggggg]

No, they'll just call you 'toes'

[@ladymecha8718]

In 400 million years the intelligent cockroaches will put your skeleton together in the wrong way and say you were a quadrapid virus that overpopulated the world, ate everything, and shat out plastic bottles.

[@WillowTDog]

This is a hilarious comment chain.

[@myragroenewegen5426]

Kind of odd that we have all these books and stuff about dinosaurs interacting with other dinosaurs, but we don't really talk about their interactions with mammals and pre-mammals with the same gusto. Especially in museums, the sense is usually of mammals existing only in their own post-dino age, not that I read carefully.

[@anonb4632]

The usual portrayal is of rat type creatures running around the feet of dinosaurs. I had no idea how big some of these got.

[@LukeTEvans]

@@anonb4632 the rat mammals were the cryptids of that time

[@krankarvolund7771]

It's not really weird, dinosaurs had always fascinated us, because they were the first big creatures to be found (being more ancient, and often not in North America, permian synapsides were not found in such details than dinosaurs). And later, dinosaurs had Jurassic Park, not synapsids :p

[@krankarvolund7771]

@@anonb4632 I think the biggest of them were the size of a badger and eats baby dinosaurs (among other things ^^).

[@Dragrath1]

@@krankarvolund7771 You can't underestimate peoples fixation on big things either I found it surprising to realize how diverse both mammals/premammals and even the more terrestrial croc relatives were in the Jurassic and Cretaceous all the way up until the end Cretaceous where almost all mammals and every crocodylomorph relatives were wiped out alongside the nonavian dinosaurs. There were also far more diverse reptiles insects arachnids crustaceans bivalves plants really every major evolutionary group seems to have had far more diversity than I had ever realized based on typical depictions. Like I was quite surprised to learn that angiosperms were so dominant during the late cretaceous. Even relatives of temperate deciduous flora had largely arisen adapted to high latitudes. When you realize just how much there was in the Mesozoic it really changes your perception of the Chicxulub impact and its effect on life. Mammals after the archosaurs were actually surprisingly one of the hardest hit animal groups as a whole, placental mammals happened to fare far better than most mammal groups for some reason but that was a particularly important exception. Even the crocodilians that survived were very small species. There are entire ecological niches which haven't returned since the end of the Cretaceous, entire clades of insects numerous groups of plants and algae that vanished. The event wasn't something that just offed the dinosaurs and not mammals letting them dominate as it is often portrayed it was a literal ecological collapse with specialists getting wiped out entirely aside from those adapted to aquatic detrital environments. But images basically always show the big stuff and maybe our smaller ancestors.

[@Catman2123]

Cretaceous extinction: **happens** Synapsids: Quest started - Return of the King

[@kiwabi3344]

I want to like but it’s the perfect number so, 👍

[@Moonlight_Tide]

Sounds about right

[@jacobgalloway9123]

What I find most impressive is that they can identify an animal hundreds of millions of years old from what is essentially a fossilized dingle berry.

[@deadwingdomain]

But cant find our ancestors remains! It's all fascinating honestly...

[@Scanntraxx001]

@@deadwingdomain Accept we did and keep finding more lol.

[@tagrisaj3344]

@@Scanntraxx001 Except*

[@bluesmurff6163]

They do get it wrong very often though, especially when they see a new species

[@natenate2280]

Tagris AJ both could be right in this case

[@wyatt1339]

Every one of your videos makes me realized how unbelievably lucky we all are to be living in this day and age.

[@raygunn95]

It makes me wonder how many planets must be out there that might just be teeming with life like ancient earth. There's gotta be a thousand of them for every planet with intelligent life.

[@MybeautifulandamazingPrincess]

@@raygunn95 True, and if there are planets with conditions for like like Earth, as is hypothesized. Then the aliens will look somewhat like Earth creatures, and there might even be alien Human species. Cause the conditions for life need to be similar For example, they found the marks in Europa, and they look like cyanobacteria of a very primitive Earth where life was begining to spring in the Ocean

[@shadowreaper5413]

@@MybeautifulandamazingPrincess I think my the universe has a general biochemistry for all living beings

[@HeathenDance]

The absence of existence is not unlucky, either. You are programmed by Nature to feel lucky to be alive, and to have survival instict, etc. But that's just that, an instinct.

[@vincenthagood349]

It's good to feel grateful our present existence has nothing to do with luck really.

[@Robotman4108]

1 million years is such an unfathomable amount of time. It’s amazing to think that these creatures roamed the earth for 100s of millions of years before the dinosaurs.

[@jamesha175]

1 million is easily fathomed as 1 thousand thousand.

[@MassimoAngotzi]

Jamesha, don’t pretend you didn’t understand.

[@MouseGoat]

And then you look at how long we been here and how close we currently are to fucking everything up for us selfs, and that's when you wonder if we truly are "intelligent" and if intelligens truly is that great for suvival.

[@jamesha175]

@@MassimoAngotzi ha ha in reality i fathomed that he actually did fathom the immensity. ok i'm done!

[@automobilesarefun409]

It's not the truth. The Dinosaurs only been around a few thousand years.

[@florianpierredumont4775]

When the animal has a "gorgon", or a "dragon", or any monster's name in his own name, you know it's serious stuff. They deserve their own movie saga.

[@nr4864]

This channel is REALLY good, on a par with PBS Eons, I hope it takes off!

[@alexedgar6539]

SO much easier on the nerves

[@ameermeqbel5250]

@@carlhenry6223 same eons is kinds fake just facts but they dont say what the title says

[@alcoholya]

@@carlhenry6223 I've never watched the other channel and actually prefer this one. I discovered this channel. .000000000098980012223 seconds ago. I started typing this comment before I discovered the channel.

[@felix25ize]

Right, but I nevertheless stay fan of P.B.S. Eons.

[@Yatukih_001]

It sure could have a lot of potential. Hope it will release videos debunking dinosaurs as a hoax one day. Happy summer from Iceland!We´re smart people who don´t believe bullshit.

[@carljohnson8732]

This is a reminder to me that what current life forms are in existence today only represents a tiny fraction of all creatures that have ever existed.

[@christianmarx3249]

...or will be exist

[@chateaupig826]

Ikr , it's all so mindblowing -and imagine all the fossils buried all over the place still waiting to be uncovered

[@MybeautifulandamazingPrincess]

And maybe there are other worlds out there with life

[@jwalker6260]

This really just goes to show you how different aliens could be from anything we can imagine.

[@qwellen7521]

The Permian is one of the wildest eras; i hope it gets more recognition going forward.

[@gibbogle]

I am constantly amazed at how much has been learned about life hundreds of millions of years ago. The work done by these scientists is truly impressive. We are all in their debt.

[@PowerScissor]

Imagine if fossils never existed. If living creatures just dissolved into nothingness, we would have so many unsolved mysteries.

[@Shadowfate93]

Most do. It takes specific conditions to preserve a fossil

[@MBicknell]

Yeh i was thinking about this the other day we'd never know about the dinosaurs

[@ploopy8780]

Most extinct animals will never be discovered. Fossilisation requires extremely specific conditions. Most animals never fossilized and are lost to time entirely.

[@marcuswalters8093]

We still do. 95% of human history is unknown.

[@enotsnavdier6867]

@@marcuswalters8093 We have strong knowledge about the most important parts of human history. It's human pre-history that is mostly unknown to us.

[@dracodracarys2339]

so basically, the cretaceous extinction was the synapsids' payback time to conquer the world once again. awesome

[@Malygosblues]

Starting to think the protomammals and that asteroid were in cahoots

[@dondragmer2412]

Except that the diapsids still dominate the skies in the form of birds, man-made aircraft notwithstanding.

[@jamesperson199]

@@dondragmer2412 The bats man it's all conspiracy and you know what is worse? ALL THE SYNAPSIDS ARE IN ON IT EXCEPT US!

[@LukeTEvans]

@@jamesperson199 synapsids were higher level beings

[@spacedoggo5826]

Who knows reptiles might get there revenge in 100 million years

[@fishyc150]

Imagine how many generations of animals were born, raised, struggled to survive, to find food, a mate, avoid predators... only to die anyway. Sick, cold, scared and in pain. Life always has been cruel...

[@PALACIO254]

Ya nature is a rascal

[@regular-joe]

Fishyc150 That thought has haunted me my whole life.

[@Conkel]

Such is the nature of the universe and all life that came to be in its spaces..

[@regular-joe]

@@Conkel Yep. Sucks.

[@Me-eb3wv]

Blackpilled

[@jacksonp2397]

I am really excited for this channel!

[@mothlightmedia1936]

Thank you, I appreciate it

[@CreepyNoir]

@@mothlightmedia1936 look at his profile picture, and you will understand more

[@zammich3649]

What gets me about going through all the knowledge we have about past creatures and lineages is that WE ONLY KNOW WHAT WAS LEFT BEHIND, and only then only the ones we've found. The vast, vast majority of living things in the history of life on earth did not get fossilized, but the huge amount of creatures over a [relatively] vast length of time ensures that there are still plenty of fossils to help us piece together what the likely state of life on earth was during given time periods.

[@Acridotheresfuscus]

Imagine all the weird shit that didn't fossilize (not actual shit)

[@micahbell3075]

When you realise every living thing is related in some way.

[@InChristIDelight]

micah bell true dat micah

[@denzelhorton3280]

Everything is connected.

[@_booth7992]

Alabama intensifies

[@elg3521]

Your a Rat cowpoke!

[@Blumenfeld.mp3]

I hate you

[@thegeop5906]

I love this channel because it deals a lot with organisms before and after the so popular mesocoic era. Exactly what i am interested in since my early youth!!! Just keep going!!!

[@proudconservative5100]

"...as little as 110 millions years ago"

[@Kiakyu]

That's very short in geological time

[@luisvalentin361]

Well for life on earth 110 million years ago is not that short buutt is not that far behind either 😅 There's being life for around 2 billion years mostly in the form of primordial soup and bacterias. It wasn't until 600 million years that everything fast forwarded.

[@snoom3350]

@@luisvalentin361 he said geological not biological

[@luisvalentin361]

@@snoom3350 Well buddy in a geological time scale, life is also taken in consideration. If not, you should know why the current Eon is called the Phanerozoic Eon

[@bronxpane7290]

@@luisvalentin361 but what were the odds of it happening?

[@bkjeong4302]

The irony is that synapsids dominated Earth more thoroughly before the Mesozoic than after it.

[@secularargument]

Where’s the irony in that statement?

[@Ptaku93]

Well, did they, really?

[@xerxesofpersia9630]

Chris Cuellar That we used to believe that mammals arose after the fall of the dinosaurs, but were long before them.

[@Deoix9877]

@@xerxesofpersia9630 well, not really. stem-mammals predate the dinosaurs, but not mammals themselfs. true mammals didn't apear until the late triassic.

[@ekszentrik]

@@secularargument It's a bit ironic because we characterise the post-Dinosaur era as "the reign of mammals", but before dinosaurs mammal ancestors were even more successful.

[@hernerwerzog9700]

With every of your videos I watch, the longing for time travel just gets bigger and bigger. In all seriousness, I've really been enjoying your videos lately, Earth's history is truely amazing!

[@ChadDidNothingWrong]

Life is just so incredible. Its a tragedy though that DNA isn't more resilient, and therfore so many creatures are forever gone.i

[@Mythraen]

That's how evolution works. If it wasn't, we'd still have those creatures, and we wouldn't have the ones we have today. The ones we have today exist because there was a void left by some extinct creature... a space in the natural order for a new creature to thrive. Don't lament the cycle of life.

[@karolkupec2044]

Who made DNA ?

[@Mythraen]

@@karolkupec2044 No one.

[@albertweedsteinthethuggeni7797]

@@karolkupec2044 hydrophobic molecules and amino acids did

[@blankblank5409]

@@Mythraen Ancient organisms were cool

[@Jarod-vg9wq]

Whomever said history is boring had a terrible teacher.

[@myrinsk]

History was boring because it was all about what the humans did and not what the weird mammal lizard things did

[@Rin-ii4vs]

To me has happened boring books, sadly... Very limited stuff... Greek educational system.....

[@vincenzocapasso9990]

This isn't history. This is paleobiology. With history we consider our history as species or genus, just considering our ancestors. It is basically anthropology. Which is boring af

[@Rin-ii4vs]

@@vincenzocapasso9990 ikr??? History (or even biology books could have more stuff concerning the subject) books in school could have both but educational systems are trash, bc they have the idea that some things are more *important* than others :/

[@williamjordan5554]

Whoever*

[@cloudedarctrooper]

Mammals didn't "rise up" when the Non-avian dinosaurs went extinct, they made a comeback.

[@bluehornet197]

PBS Eons brought me here I love little documentaries like this haha I've been bing watching your channel and PBS all day XD

[@vickykitty9492]

Wow! I had no idea that Anapsids existed until today! I’ve been fascinated with this stuff since I was a child and I’m still learning things! Thank you ! Also, there is evidence that dimetrodon might have had a rat-like tail and early fur, and that the sail might not have looked exactly like we used to think. I just think this stuff is awesome! Keep up the good work!

[@Xaiff]

This channel got a chill format. Very enjoyable. Makes me remember old time documentaries I watched back when I was a kid. Please be proud of your format. 😁

[@AX-po7ej]

That’s because there is no pounding music.

[@dwightalexander2648]

i'm so glad i found this channel

[@mothlightmedia1936]

Thank you

[@Wereauroch]

Another great video. You always seem to go a step further in explaining things, thanks.

[@terabytewarrior2019]

at 4:45 when talking about the rise of archosaurs during the Triassic, you show a picture of Langstonia, a sebecosuchian crocodylomorph. While it certainly is an archosaur, this species in particular was actually from the Miocene, a far cry from the Triassic, and the group it belonged to would have only appeared sometime during the later Cretaceous period. Even if you count the possible representative from the Jurassic, it still would have looked nothing like the species shown and using it as an example of archosaurian radiation during the Triassic is still faulty.

[@mothlightmedia1936]

It wasn't intended as an example of their radiation but just a visual representation of archosaurs, however, I see how it could be misleading, so fair point.

[@rumikazbar8228]

shut up

[@adim341]

@@rumikazbar8228 who?

[@satoshiketchump]

agreed but i didn't take it as an example for basal archosaurs as it looked too modern.

[@_Ziklon_]

Rumi Kazbar people pointing out a mistake in an educational video isn’t anything bad or wrong if anything it is something positive that improves the content

[@Atari11000]

You need to make videos of the individual timelines, like the periods and eras. For example, the mosaic era and going into each period of that era while going into the plant & animal life of those periods. You could really keep this channel going more. More frequent uploads like every week would be good

[@Len124]

Really good stuff! Well researched, clear and concise. You're definitely on your way up and you more than deserve it.

[@pigeonhawk4832]

Dinosaurs have too much media and public attention, yeah they are cool, but are not the only ancient lifeform, Synapsids and which includes all therapsids, pelycosaurs, and of course all mammals living and extinct, are a very fascinating group. Our own life history and that of other mammals should really captivate the public and media.

[@Dr.IanPlect]

So, rather than admit your errors and ignorance of the subject, and acknowledge my corrections, you ignore me and repost your comment, but amended. You cowardly rat.

[@Oinker-Sploinker]

@@Dr.IanPlect wtf are u talking about goofy ass

[@1lobster]

proto mamals! cool!

[@mothlightmedia1936]

They are cool

[@foshman118yearsago8]

@@irenewolfe4013 My exact thoughts!

[@THESIXTHEGG]

Irene Wolfe did you have a stroke

[@paulojose7060]

Looks like the creature in borderland

[@Kyle-gw6qp]

@@paulojose7060 skags?

[@pragmaticamente4734]

Great video P.S. It's not for thermal regulation, too many paleontologists make this mistake. Predators often break the spine of their preys with a bite. This dorsal would have the advantage to protect the spine from the bite of an animal with long jaws. The dorsal starts before the neck in order to start the protection before the neck but it stops at the tail because the tail was important but not essential. On the other hand, this dorsal had the disadvantage to be visible from a relatively far distance.

[@gibbogle]

That is another hypothesis.

[@travisfoster1071]

The Permian extinction makes you wonder about how much longer WE have.

[@historybuilds]

PINK SEAS!! Edit: it literlly became so hot so oxygen couldent exist in the water so bacteria that lives in water with No oxygen made the water pink! Also the bacteria was super toxic!

[@historybuilds]

J. B. I just said pink seas xD

[@htf5555]

It’s not looking good now

[@MouseGoat]

And what will come after us? Intelligent birds?

[@BlGGESTBROTHER]

I give our species 500 more years before we 🔥 out and that's being pretty generous.

[@TheLittleRedRuby]

Gorginopsids are some of my favorite prehistoric animals, and they're so interesting

[@steveengleman9257]

Great channel! I've always been interested in the Permian period. Excellent graphics. I've learned a lot in just this short video. Thank you.

[@angelalewis3645]

I love gorgonopsids so much. :)

[@Artersa]

I’d love if your videos were even longer and more detailed! This subject is ripe for exploration and I feel that a few more branches could have been introduced. Thanks for the great vids!

[@PatrickRyan147]

0:47 Wow, it's amazing that all land creatures so far evolved from just these three similar creatures and natural selection.. Mind blown 🤯

[@jameshannagan7830]

No it was magic and Dinos did not exist just giants fool until the flood anyway oh yea and Demons and Angels I forgot about them.

[@gloomybarrel6812]

@@jameshannagan7830 I really hope you’re joking, it’s hard to tell these days

[@dmeads5663]

@@jameshannagan7830 wtf are you on drugs?

[@pogo55555]

This is possibly my favorite KZbin channel. You are awesome. I need to watch this video again though because I have a lot of questions. Mainly related to notions that I held to be true which are being corrected as I follow the wonderful narration.

[@daywalker3735]

I feel like most people think in terms of.....there were dinosaurs, they went extinct, and now there's us. But holy crap it is so so so much more complicated than that.....and to imagine mammal like creatures existing before dinosaurs is just insane

[@Tatusiek_1]

people are simple minded

[@judgeprime3730]

@@Tatusiek_1 you are living proof

[@Tatusiek_1]

@@judgeprime3730 Based on what?

[@Tatusiek_1]

@@judgeprime3730you feel attacked?

[@estebycho7519]

Loving the content and the background music

[@thomast7794]

KZbin algorithm seems to support your old videos now. Your channel will soon get much more attention, I guess

[@istvansipos9940]

06:17 "I sure not can go extinct. I too kyoot." - awwpetodon

[@jamesha175]

chipmunk

[@prestigev6131]

Have some respect for your great great great great great and many more greats grandad

[@jeffmoore9487]

I really like your presentation style! Mammal dominant before dinosaurs is new reality for me.

[@MB32904]

true mammals didn't arrive on the scene until about the late triassic, stem mammals ruled before the dinosaurs

[@samram2950]

I'm so happy seeing your channel grow and i just realized your voice sounds even better when i'm high.

[@InChristIDelight]

sam ram noted.

[@vladimirputin7308]

when it comes to animal documentary, this man's voice wins!

[@north6star]

The reason it’s so hard to fathom some of these creatures existence is so fascinating to me. Our instincts are millions of years apart. If a snake bows up to a modern human, we know what it means and how to deal with it. These creatures may have acted/reacted to life completely differently.

[@MBicknell]

All the 'synapsids' in my brain are firing over this! Boom boom! I'm here all week!

[@kanvolu]

This feels like a mini documental, i love it, subbed

[@SCuttherapper]

Nice video! Our paleobiology prof sent us the link to it^^

[@mothlightmedia1936]

Wow that's awesome, what college do you go to?

[@SCuttherapper]

@@mothlightmedia1936 Goethe-Universität in Frankfurt, Germany

[@KittrShenanigans]

Earth's Lore are so wild.

[@antiHUMANDesigns]

2:19 Implying that dinosaurs were cold-blooded, which they probably were not.

[@Dragrath1]

Yeah really people need to start recognizing that there is a large intermediate range. While the basal stem Archosaurs were likely fairly "cold blooded" the group started developing features associated with more active animals and thermoregulation well before the split that defines the "true" archosaurs" (i.e. everything that shared the last common ancestor of crocodiles and birds) even the later crocodylomorphs ancestor that managed to survive the end Triassic extinction had strong adaptations for a more active metabolism as well as a very small size able to fit in the palm of our hands from head to tail with a quite limber build. They later diversified with the lineage that adapted into aquatic ambush predator's sort of adapting back towards a more reptilian anatomy likely to conserve energy for their ambush predator lifestyle. Studies testing the rate of growth even show variation in metabolic rate with age in a number of dinosaur groups for instance young sauropod dinosaurs seem to have had a much more active metabolism than adults and this sort of metabolic variability persists in modern birds with some species able to slow down their metabolism to conserve energy in a state of torpor or partial torpor. For instance in winter chickadees slow their blood flow to their feet minimizing the amount of heat lost. There are even fish like Tuna swordfish and Lamnidae sharks and a few sea turtles which still have these kinds of intermediate metabolisms to this day not to mention there are a number of mammals with lower metabolic rates as a whole with monotremes sloths and mole rats coming to mind

[@juanbigo1]

@@Dragrath1 interesting

[@Cinnamontoastcrunch1029]

I heard that there were different types of dinosaurs, both cold blooded and warm blooded

[@riyaminternational727]

I find this channel among the best informative channels on KZbin 👌👌

[@RentAsunder0]

You just did a better job then any teacher I ever had at explaining evolution

[@etherealcx]

I can’t imagine the reaction another species would have if humans had a mass extinction and they found billions of human fossils all over the world

[@baph1]

not really, since it takes time to find fossils. and also more and more people start cremating

[@etherealcx]

@@baph1 I like this idea but seeing as there are 7Billion+ humans there would be lots of fossils anywhere in the world that is densely populated

[@meatballsandwich5329]

@@baph1 bruh what 💀 it would be so easy to find human bones of that was the case

[@chateaupig826]

they'll find the face and butt implants and think it was a new hominid evolving

[@wiseboi_1149]

@@chateaupig826 fr

[@purplehaze2358]

"There were synapsids, anapsids, and diapsids" Ah yes, the three horsemen of "apsid".

[@drlegendre]

This is from another thread, but it really deserves a place on page one.. A brilliant creationist wrote: "how are movies producing “dinosaur” sounds when we never heard them?". And a breathtaking argument it is! Aye, my friends.. we are truly in the presence of intellectual giants.

[@Gasmaskmax]

that dude was probably just a troll who liked arguin

[@gloomybarrel6812]

@@Gasmaskmax It’s possible, but I’ve most certainly come across people who believe in it so strongly that they’ll do the same thing.

[@PaintedHoundie]

i dont understand when people pick and choose critical thinking. like first off why is the person using movies as a frame of reference. as if Jurassic park is an attempt to be a documentary. worst of all a lot of people dont realize its really not that difficult to make an educated guess based off findings. you can find out that an animal that went extinct many eras ago would have had feathers observing parts of its bones that would have had spots that feathers would sprout out from, and compare that with animals that exist today that have feathers that have the same function. im sure you can apply that to an organism's vocal chords. take into account the species, the genus, the size, the space in its throat, etc. whatever theyd use to determine what sound it would probably make.

[@dayashankarsahoo1103]

you are doing a great job bruh !! love your work keep going !! 👍👍 lots of love from india!!

[@declanrourke9318]

Great Video! It's fascinating how mammals had earlier beginnings than Dinosaurs.

[@sevtron4207]

I thought that dinosaurs were first animals but I had no idea that there were many main extinctions that changed the evolution of animals today and if one were not to happen then we may not be here today, super interesting topic to research.

[@Tatusiek_1]

u thought that dinos were first animals? animals have existed since the ediacaran, where did u get that dinos were the first animals?

[@sevtron4207]

@@Tatusiek_1 Well I never put in much research into the topic and I found it very interesting because its something I never learned, I guess I just skipped the timeline or something?

[@-KillaWatt-]

Lisowicia is mindbending. I'm having a hard time wrapping my mind around such a creature. If you didn't show its scale beside a human I'd guess it was no bigger than a modern bull. Not an African elephant.

[@warandpeace8535]

*When you realise Corona viruse is your distinct cousin* 😓😓

[@komradentomolog7701]

Barely,viruses are animals,but that's it,there is no more connection.

[@pressftopayrespects6325]

@@komradentomolog7701Uh, no? Viruses aren’t animals, they aren’t even living things if we’re completely honest.

[@ShaaRhee]

Beautifully presented!

[@BRANDONSMITH-mi2nx]

Thank you for this video! Easily one of the most fascinating and illuminating video I’ve seen in ages! Thank you

[@pascalab977]

Hi. The usage of anapsid as natural group of animals is kinda old-schooled and shouldn't be used anymore. Some "anapsids" actually evolved a pair of temporal openings similar to synapsids (e. g. some parareptiles like Millerosaurus). Also ancestors of diapsids like Hylonomus still bore an anapsid skull as do turtles, like you mentioned in your video. Whether the anapsid skull in turtles is the ancestral condition or a secondary evolution from a diapsid ancestor is the big question. Nevertheless, nice work of you covering early amniote evolution. These animals rarely get much of the spotlight.

[@demonking86420]

Yeah, and phylogenetically its been established that turtles and plesiosaurs share an ancestor, and their clade(Pantestudines) shares ancestors with archosaurs, forming Archelosauria

[@pascalab5613]

@@demonking86420 Yeah, that's one possibility. Pantestudines is just turtles + all taxa closer to them than to lepidosaurs and archosaurs. I also saw lately an analysis that found choristoderes to be in the turtle stem-group. And then there is this whole issue whether parareptiles are inside Diapsida... There seems to be a growing consensus that turtles are diapsids and relatively close to archosaurs, but apart from that there is still so much going on in diapsid phylogenetics, I wouldn't be surprised if some of this stuff changes again.

[@demonking86420]

@@pascalab5613 heck even in synapsids theres a lot of shit going on, with the clade Theria(marsupials and placentals) being more closely related to the extinct Multituberculates and other extinct Mesozoic mammal clades than they are to Monotremes and then there's the entire order of chiropterans(bats), with the microbat-megabat thing still up in the air

[@KellyClowers]

Thank you, that was bugging me too

[@MybeautifulandamazingPrincess]

@@demonking86420 That's a hypothesis not a fact

[@micahbell3075]

Why is all the cool shit extinct, I was born in the wrong period. Only Permian kids can like this.

[@garrettdodgen3771]

I think it is because it is just what you are not used to. Animals you grew up around probably seem normal and boring to you but stuff from other parts of the world are probably interesting and novel to you. The same is true for someone who grew up around animals you would consider foreign.

[@331Grabber]

KZbin feed actually suggesting good content for once. Subscribed :)

[@krishnagardiner5272]

dude. this is so freaking sick. I am in eighth grade and even though I'm quite old this is still so interesting to me. thank you for informing the world of these great creatures.

[@dannypope1860]

It’s pretty impressive that we know all of this already.

[@Regato.]

very good, I love these stories, could only have subtitles in Portuguese and other languages.

[@mtlicq]

ya it was an entertaining story... I want to hear more stories.

[@yoshyxl1822]

The background music reminds me of the BBC's Walking with Beasts' DVD menu. Just curious if it's the same cause it's a very memorable and nostalgic tune to me. The video itself was very interesting.

[@CountryBuff08]

Love that series!

[@snaptrap5558]

It's amazing that this channel doesn't have more subscribers.

[@sufianansari4923]

Thanks this is a fantastic video - very well made

[@Silverfirefly1]

I've had a couple of Venus fly traps, the trigger mechanism is very interesting. You have to touch the inner spokes more than once within a short window of time. Also, if you let it trap your fingertip you can feel a very mild numbing tingle.

[@myragroenewegen5426]

I really wish we had imaginative artist renderings of what those super early pre-mammal things might have looked like with stuff on their bones. How do you spell "Co-ter-ler-rink-cus?" and "as-tem-mo-su-crus"? I want pics to imagine these dudes walkin' around.

[@petervarga1207]

Cotylorhynchus is the first, couldn't find the other one. I suggest you to search synapsids' page on wikipedia.

[@myragroenewegen5426]

@@petervarga1207 Ah HA! Thanks! Frumpy lookin' thing, but kinda cute for it's size.

[@xcalium9346]

Yeah there's this bad habit of Vaccum sealing skin around the skeleton, when in reality very few animals, esp mammals have that sort of set up. Often times muscle and fat can totally change the look of a creature. Like baboons look horrifying based on their skeletons.

[@gungatim6630]

The holes in the skulls for Dioapsids and Synapsids; these were on both sides, I assume?

[@mothlightmedia1936]

Yes

[@trezapoioiuy]

Yes, unless someone finds an emapsid skull

[@helmutzollner5496]

Great overview of early mammalian ancestors. Thank you for sharing.

[@ulalaFrugilega]

Mind blown, like it hasn't been for decades... This episode should be twice as long though.

[@krankarvolund7771]

"Let's talk about the most defining features of mammals, unique among other animals." Me: Fur? Mammal glandes? Placenta? Homeothermy? "Their ear bones." Oh... yeah of course, that is the first thing everyone think about when talking about mammals :p

[@krankarvolund7771]

@The-Argonian-Guy Well homeothermy and fur is present in both marsupials and monotremes, marsupials also have mammal glandes and even a sort of placenta ^^ The big problem is that hemeothermy and fur is not a thing you'll found in the bones ^^

[@erikabagasan8857]

When did mammals' characteristic big fleshy external ears evolve? I notice stem mammals are always illustrated without, but do we know they don't have them, or just not have any evidence to positively support having them? Are they missing some structure where they attach, or is it an educated guess based on say, monotremes generally not having big ears? Ps good channel.

[@valkeakirahvi]

I was wondering the same thing. I think the monotremes don't have fleshy ears, so maybe they evolved after they spread from other mammals? But because fleshy parts evolve so rarely, we probably just don't know.

[@valkeakirahvi]

Actually what I said probably is false, watched another video which taught me that echidnas probably evolved from platypus-like ancestors. This means that all surviving monotremes have an aquatic past, and aquatic animals usually don't have large external ears, so we can't conclude anything from that.

[@valkeakirahvi]

And I meant to write that fleshy parts FOSSILIZE rarly lol

[@nicholasmaude6906]

The early mammal-like reptiles weren't called dimetrodon, Dimetrodon was part of a group called Pelycosaurs.

[@apenasmaisumdiogo.7115]

We should notice that pelycosaurs are a paraphyletic group, it is, it encompasses a common ancestor and some of its descendants, but not some sub-groups (in this case, therapsids). Dimetrodon is closer to Therapsida than it is to the more basal Ophiacodon, but both animals are pelycosaurs. This is why the term isn't as used nowadays

[@jaysinha0]

Thanks for the interesting and well presented video.

[@spencerriggs9741]

It's so wonderful that we are sharing the same planet that saw so many fascinating and grand animals.

[@colda.f.238]

so really, after the dinosaurs went extinct, the synapsids just took back the throne

[@matiasdelgado7011]

Yup, and someones (experts and non-experts) still using the term mammal-like reptiles, when this creatures never were technically speaking reptiles.

[@xx-mx9mj]

@@matiasdelgado7011 I juw saw a documentary that didn't include them jus said we were lizards then turned into shrus

[@matiasdelgado7011]

@@xx-mx9mj the ture reptiles are eureptilia, technically anapsids aren´t consider reptiles too, they´re parareptilia or something else. Synapsids were stem mammals. Not reptiles anymore.

[@mothersaiditsmyturn2play123]

when you learn more in a youtube video than 2 weeks of school

[@thelucidjoe]

6:12 what a cute lookin fella

[@Anonymous-ti5yb]

It's amazing that these are our ancestors

[@Dr.Ian-Plect]

Only a few.

[@megapangolin1093]

Facinating, clear, well explained and thoroughly enjoyable presentation. Thank you.

[@EMRLDPRTO]

Mama says this isn't true I don't believe her

[@jean-lucpicard5510]

Like how we got the last laugh over the Dinosaurs.

[@hzhang1228]

dinos won fair and square, but then somebody had to fling a space pebble on them :/

[@scubadivingsince2006]

🤣

[@drpravda]

It was a squirrel in a spaceship! (I saw the documentary about it)...

[@ghibliinu6616]

@@drpravda me too

[@HamsterPants522]

That's nature in a nutshell. Nothing was ever fair.

[@bkjeong4302]

Dinosaurs didn’t win fair and square, croc-line archosaurs kept them down in the Triassic but then the End-Triassic mass extinction happens.

[@Heladio47]

This is my favorite channel I love this stuff

[@hsschjollol5204]

i really like the background music you used in this video

[@perrinayebarra]

1:10 turtles pushing the envelope as usual.

[@Comrade_Jason]

Given that animals can evolve similar features independently, how do we know if a fossil is related to us or just happens to look like us. (i forget the proper term, but it's like parallel evolution)

[@ayden6566]

Covergent

[@Comrade_Jason]

@@ayden6566 That's the one!

[@aaron199x]

In the case of fossils, it’s all in the bones. Reptilian bones are different from Mammalian bones. That is why we can determine that Ichthyosaurus and Dolphins are not members of the same class even if they converged in very similar body plans.

[@LukeTEvans]

@@ayden6566 CONvergent of SYNapsids

[@isaacbruner65]

A lot of times we don't know for animals that old, because fossils are incomplete and we have no DNA to compare to anything, but we try to group animals based on that group all having a common ancestor with a certain derived trait. If many animals have the same trait, it's more likely that they all inherited it than that they all evolved it independently. There are some traits that are truly unique and only found in one group. Only mammaliaformes have ever evolved fur, and only dinosaurs have ever evolved feathers, but those traits don't tend to preserve well, so we have to rely on stuff like the shape of the teeth and skull.