The Coin that Changed History

[@lewisfudge]

Great video😁Was nice to be the person to make this installment in the history books🤩

[@pwhitewick]

Thanks Lewis. A pleasure to make the video. Keep on hunting!

[@wendarampton1888]

So pleased that you picked up on this. Could not think of a better person to do this. Well done 😊

[@pwhitewick]

Thank you... It may have been you who sent the link?

[@wendarampton1888]

@@pwhitewick yes it was. Great presentation

[@wendarampton1888]

Thought it would tickle you interest

[@pwhitewick]

@@wendarampton1888 do feel free to send as maaaaaany as you wish!!

[@fudgeeeey]

My son found this coin . Changing history, is the amazing part 👌

[@davidberlanny3308]

Great video, Danebury Hill fort seems enormous. Very interesting story really well told as always. Have a great week!!

[@pwhitewick]

It really is!

[@chrish5319]

Thank you. Lovely. Concise, informative, interesting. Liked the use of the shadow/silhouette to indicate the ghostly presence of the Belgae.

[@pwhitewick]

It wasn't quite what I was after but actually think it worked in the end

[@sirrathersplendid4825]

It turns out the coin is not unique! Academics at the Ashmolean Museum in Oxford have found two other examples in the records, which because of heavy wear or heavily trimmed inscriptions had previously been overlooked. The previously unknown king was a certain, Esunurtos, the first two letters recovered from one of the other coins of the same type.

[@pwhitewick]

Ooooh epic. Thank you

[@RandleMcMurphy-cy1bh]

Wouldn't that kind of make it more unique? Though 🤔 cause that exact coin solved the problem 🤷 without that coin, the problem never gets solved. It gets overlooked and never looked at again

[@sirrathersplendid4825]

@@RandleMcMurphy-cy1bh- Well, technically it’s only unique if there’s only one of them.

[@RandleMcMurphy-cy1bh]

@@sirrathersplendid4825 true that , That's why I Also like your comment I was torn between two worlds I guess not the best choice of words For the title

[@nickkieper7574]

He now has a pretty decent wiki page under "Esunertos"

[@leonardjackman354]

A big thank you Paul and Rebecca for this video . Interesting history and a great find by a fellow detectorist.

[@pwhitewick]

Would love to have a go one day!

[@leonardjackman354]

@@pwhitewick I will try and arrange it one day.

[@AnonymousHomonid]

I really wish that here in the states, we had the type of archeology that you guys have there. Soooo much preserved going soooo far back. Great vid.

[@MichaelWinter-ss6lx]

In the states might lay some real old treasures in the ground. Theres just been a 25000 year old mega city found in Equador. Thats twice as old as the very first settlers have been thought! A mega city ;•) that means there should be much and smaller places still to be found, and that should include the most southern states.

[@omardiangeloarteaga4875]

​@MichaelWinter-ss6lx 25 ks years or 2500 years ??

[@lechatel]

I live in Normandy, France, I have found a stater and a quarter stater in my local area. In the plough soil. No particular landmarks nearby. They are the coins of a tribe which gave their name to the town of Bayeux of tapesty fame. We are actually much nearer to the capital of another tribe. Another way of recognising which tribe made a coin is by the metal. Some staters were gold, but the ones made by the Baiocassi weremade of electrum...a naturally occurring alloy of gold and silver. It is interesting to note that stater design was a corrupted/ almost abstract interpretation of coins from the classical world. Many celts served as mercenaries in southern Europe and they saw the coinage of the Greeks and Romans. Look at these coins and you clearly see the way the celtic coins evolved from those designs. In another field of my rural hamlet I found a silver denarius which was from Republican Period of Rome. It is dated 110 BC. About the same period as the two gallo-celtic coins. The design has a chariot on one side and a helmeted head in profile on the other. The celtic coins are the same...but the design is much more abstract and wild.

[@abrogard142]

what do you mean by 'dated 110 BC' ? I don't suppose it was stamped '110 BC'

[@lechatel]

@@abrogard142 The coin isn't dated as such but the personage on the coin is particular to that time. Roman republican coins have a well-established time-line.

[@childoftruth1738]

The old highways and trails are as old as time. That's Cool. Good luck.

[@scottiestarcher409]

😮very cool

[@randomcomputer7248]

no you didnt

[@davie941]

loved the video again Paul and Rebecca, some really nice views , very interesting as always , really well done and thank you both 😊😍

[@pwhitewick]

Thank you!

[@smallsleepyrascalcat]

Really very interesting. I think I read about this coin in the German News Magazine Der Spiegel. And next time remember the sun when you put up your tripod. 🤣

[@pwhitewick]

I noticed... I just... loooved that shot.

[@clazy8]

Every time you walked past it, I had to quiet the voice within worried that you'd forget your camera

[@Hairnicks]

Brilliant, superb tale, I loved it.

[@pwhitewick]

Many thanks!

[@LKBRICKS1993]

Excellent very interesting to watch

[@patrickcolclough2423]

I visited Danebury this summer and picked up a sherd of an early iron-aged pot as I walked up the slope. Quite made my day, always check the rabbit holes. :)

[@edwardfletcher7790]

Really impressive VERY high quality video, love the use of unusual synth music 😁 Instant sub 👍

[@louisesouthgate5231]

Thanks Paul and Rebecca, really enjoyed that.... absolutely fascinating! 😊

[@cW-jk1sw]

Very interesting paul and rebecca. I really lovè your channel, its so good. From an irishman living in nova scotia, cheers

[@davidchilds9590]

I am no expert, but the little I know of my own part of the Belgae area suggests that the Belgae were a grouping of tribes ('federation' is probably too strong a term). To the south and east of Winchester, the locals were known as Meonwara, or people of the Meon (Valley). As I understand, they seem to have retained a distinct identity into the Migration Period, regulating Saxon/Belgic access to settle in the then depopulated Meon Valley.

[@pwhitewick]

Wow... thanks David. Love that. I guess it makes sense to have tribes within tribes.

[@davefrench3608]

As a fellow Belgae area inhabitant, it’s interesting to see how things worked before the time of the Romans.

[@rionmotley2514]

#TribesAllTheWayDown ?

[@fpvangel4495]

Everytime a coin is found they invent another king hmmmm very suspicious dont you think? Forts decode on my channel.

[@Garwfechan-ry5lk]

The Belgae were Cymric Brythonic speakers, for they were part of the Silurian Dobunnae of South Wales , just look at their areas in Belgium and Northern France Calais Morlais Ypres Amiens Cambrai and on and on, they are Cymric Brythonic names, these Celtic Coins were mainly minted in Wales, especially the Bodvoc 500 BC, Bodvoc means Buddug in Cymric Victory, the early Gold and Silver coins are found all over Europe, there have been finds of coins found in Ireland of the Bodvoc, Usus was God of the Valleys and Hills. The History of Britain is not from the East, it is West to East and has been for 10000Years.

[@marccarter1350]

I work in a house that sits under old Sarum. 5 minutes from my place. I have always wondered what the hill forts in Warminster are. I also grew up near one called Mazehill Tump in Dundry in South Bristol. Love the show!

[@pwhitewick]

Thank you. Lots of different uses for sure.

[@GazzaJAnimal]

Another great video and story. My wife and I used to live at Middle Wallop (early to mid-90s) and used to walk up to and around Danebury Hillfort. It is a wonderful place to visit. We'll have to return for a visit one day.

[@malcolmdalrymple1779]

Thanks for this fascinating short video (and of course to the detectorist who found the coin).

[@martinmarsola6477]

A remarkable video today. Did not see yesterday. These are always the ones I look forward to. Unfortunately I will never get back to the UK. So your trips full in my empty thoughts. Help to Rebecca for me. See you on the next Paul. Enjoy the week ahead. Cheers Paul. ❤❤😊😊

[@tedtimmis8135]

Really interesting and well presented! Thank you!

[@mixmashandtinker3266]

Gives the saying ”Money talks” a whole new meaning…

[@DarrylKirby]

A better and more genuine use too!

[@davewoodworth1762]

Another informative video. Really interesting and great to watch.

[@malcolmrichardson3881]

A fascinating, well-researched video. Well done!

[@pwhitewick]

Thanks Malcolm

[@michaelgillett5477]

That was an interesting one spent hours round and about green lanes from Abbots and Clatford so found this really interesting. Michael

[@briancjohnson]

One of your best, Paul, bravo!

[@davefrench3608]

Wow, that was fascinating Love how the tribal areas have been surmised - just goes to show how important coinage is. Just think, without the portable antiquities scheme we may never have known about this coin.

[@donwayne1357]

The king was also known as The Great Cornholio. He still needs TP, he needs it for his bungholio.

[@davidcronan4072]

Is it just a coincidence that the fictional Essex town depicted in "The Detectorists" is also called Danebury?

[@robwalker7575]

Brilliant video, thanks. I love hillforts, must be some past life stuff lol

[@martinstevens2925]

Always informative and the enthusiasm shines through 👍

[@tobiashodson944]

Enjoyed this. Nicely paced

[@Ulfcytel]

Though the question needs to be raised, did the coin originate from that region? Was it, instead, brought there by trade or lost by a traveller? Anciently, I mean. If it's unique among all other Belgic coins, but has characteristics similar to those elsewhere (i.e. an inscribed name), that has to be a suspicion. Coins are, after all, *portable* wealth. Good video, as ever.

[@flamencoprof]

Could isotopic analysis help with that question? I am from the other side of the planet, having no knowledge of local gold sources, if any, but I thought it could be useful.

[@ThePawsOfDeception]

That's a definite possibility going by the information we currently have. However, even if it did come in from elsewhere, the fact that it's showing a previously unknown Iron Age king from anywhere is of incredible archaeological value by itself. I can only hope we find more evidence of him and his people. Of course, I may be a little biased as I grew up just a few miles from there and used to be an archaeologist.

[@ExposingReflections]

​@ThePawsOfDeception You mean you're no longer a paid archeologists. I didn't think retirement existed for anyone in your line of work. You're either working on a dig, or on a Sabbatical. Lol

[@ThePawsOfDeception]

@@AquaFyrre er... Yes I did. It's right there at the end of the post.

[@ThePawsOfDeception]

@@ExposingReflections Normally you're absolutely right. Not only are we not paid enough to retire, why would anyone want to resign from the best job in the world? In my case, hip injury leading to chronic pain and a perforated gastric ulcer both made me physically incapable of carrying on.

[@graafisk]

Interesting story to be told, but what a setting to tell it!! Danebury Hill Fort is a gorgeous hike - it's now on the list for my next visit to England... if the weather is nice 😅

[@robertevans6596]

Great mate, you should be given a show on a mainstream channel!

[@skfalpink123]

Absolutely fascinating!

[@dave4728]

I used to watch the massed helicopter display during the Wallop air show, from the Hill fort in the early 80's. That was some sight having a hundred helicopters lifting into the air all around you at the same time then coming together over the airfield.

[@pwhitewick]

They were doing some extensive training of some kind here on the day

[@christopherjohnHolmes]

another great video & its could well be a game changer😊

[@stackstacksaveuk5350]

well done Mr Fudge. great vlog....love your naration and style of vlog

[@teecefamilykent]

Fantastic video, seriously Fantastic video!

[@pwhitewick]

Thank you. Very kind.

[@jayrey5390]

As fascinating as ever thank you!

[@CraigJukes]

I always used to walk the dogs at Danebury, love that place!!! So awesome so see you walk around all the places I've walked and lived.

[@CraigJukes]

Forgot to mention, they have there once a year a crop circle club, they create a few during August I believe, quite funny to see the media reporting what it actually isn't. You can see them and speak to the artists that do it =) Just at the bottom of the road, first car park as you entre.

[@jjtompson5914]

@@CraigJukes If you look at the work of Anthony Peratt(nuclear plasma physicist ) you will find the origin of those symbols on that coin.

[@invokalink162]

May I recommend a visit to Castell Henllys in Wales. A fantastic iron age village reconstruction site. Just amazing to experience for history nuts like ourselves. Great vid as always!

[@alanbarker7923]

Another great video and also very active

[@OwbuR.N]

600-550BC.. Britains first forts being built.. after the EEmpire with the socketed spear and axeheads left? UrsesArctos.. the British brown ‘atlas’ bear perhaps? Great vid thanks!☘️

[@pwhitewick]

Thank you.

[@corinaijac4381]

The years of wishes...! Lovely,

[@DumfriesDik]

As a child, we would visit Danebury ring. On one visit my father found a 'brooch', it was handed in to Winchester museum.

[@fuzexi]

Nice video. Would have been nice to get a longer, more detailed look at both sides of the actual coin though!

[@mrme3717]

Awesome. And I thought the Danebury metal detectorists club was fiction. Don't forget the first rule of metal detectoring school.

[@MerkabaKid]

Thank you for sharing 🩵 very interesting..

[@pwhitewick]

🙏

[@andrewlamb8055]

Great show Paul 👍⚔️💫🍷🌎🏴󠁧󠁢󠁥󠁮󠁧󠁿🇦🇺

[@ClimateScepticSceptic-ub2rg]

Excellent video. Just one crit: :'Belgae' is pronounced 'bell-guy', with a hard g, and definitely not 'bell-gee-ah'.

[@RootsLion]

marvelous story thanks

[@rileyuktv6426]

Sunday Afternoon ❤

[@pwhitewick]

Welcome

[@donsharpe5786]

An interesting period of history before Julius Caeser in 55/54BC where little was known. Hopefully more will be known in the future.

[@neilfranklin5644]

Love your history programme, so informative . Be it lost roads ,rail, canals or now a coin..

[@ThatCoalSoul]

It's more 'content' than a "programme" sorry to be that person ...don't get me wrony though, Paul deserves to be on the actual television making shows for let's say Channel 4, also Paul wouldn't forget where he's come from unlike a certain T*kt*k tw*t who has made the rail-fanning community look a bit of a joke in some places ...and got a show on Channel 4!

[@Saxon_TAG]

There are some Celtic coins called Thurrock MA Potins, which were minted in the UK from 150BC (and some potentially earlier). There is some confusion about them though so you may want to look into them yourself. Thoughr to be coins from the Canti tribe of Kent (I found one, hence I know a little about them). Great video :)

[@JayGideon-7]

His long walk convinced me of the large size of the fort. But I would have liked to see the fort; even an artist's rendition.

[@pwhitewick]

Have a quick look on google maps. Its no Maiden castle, but its still quite the size.

[@JayGideon-7]

@@pwhitewick Thank you!

[@carmatic]

perhaps some 3D imagery from something like Google Earth can be used in lieu of drone footage?

[@shirleylynch7529]

Wow Paul this was an amazing story. Well investigated by yourself. What a great documentary this is. Thank you

[@pwhitewick]

Thank you kindly!

[@abrogard142]

I am from E Yorks. It would be nice if you could find some wonderful information about the Parisi - what magnificent people they were or such.... ? So that I can bask in reflected glory.

[@hstwodrainage.1410]

Something I did not know or think about, we had coins before the Romans cane to the UK.

[@robertansell4538]

What amazing vlog one thing changed the whole history as we no today

[@KidDig]

Why wasn't the finder required to turn the coin over to antiquity authorities?

[@pwhitewick]

Good question. No clue I'm afraid

[@lechatel]

A tad mean-spirited. He found the coin, got it recorded for posterity, and as a reult this bit of history has been revealed.@@pwhitewick

[@MrGreatplum]

Fascinating as ever, Paul. I wonder if the coinage from that time by this king was not heavily minted or whether there’s great hordes of them left to be found?

[@BryonLape]

History didn't change. The modern understanding did.

[@pwhitewick]

Fair. I couldn't fit that in the title though

[@tardismole]

This isn't the only coin that rewrote history. There are about a dozen coins with two kings on the obverse side. Alfred of Wessex and Ceolwulf the 2nd of Mercia. No-one even knew about the alliance until a coin horde was discovered in 2015. Until then, Ceolwulf was thought to be a puppet of the Vikings and not a real king. Needless to say, there are a lot of gaps in British History that are still devoid of details; factual details, at that.

[@AndyJarman]

This coin is pre-Roman, at least 1,000 years earlier than the Vikings.

[@markmonaghan2309]

Fantastic thanks

[@cyrildhy8993]

Just seen Geoff Marshall latest video. Interesting drone shots.

[@karphin1]

Fascinating. A lot isn’t really known about the early Celtic tribes.

[@AndyJarman]

Do we even know they would have considered they were culturally linked or related? The term Celtic referring to a type of style of artefact. It would be peculiar for one people to occupy the entire western half of Europe from northern Italy to the Orkney Isles. I believe it to be a rather lazy catch all for people from Western Europe and the Alps northward.

[@danielferguson3784]

Many of them were not even Celtic including the Belgae, who Caesar & Tacitus tell us, were German!

[@gwynwilliams4222]

The romans said the Welsh couldn't read or write yet there is a coin found and the kings name is on it found in Somerset and the date was 70 bc

[@AndyJarman]

These were not Welsh, they were French and southern England knew for centuries about the Romans and their unstoppable northward advance. Many people on the south coast of England had a knowledge of Latin and built in the Roman style before the actual invasion.

[@danielferguson3784]

But Cornwall is not Wales, & some British tribes obviously did put names on coins, copying Greek types. That is not the same as being able to read & write more generally.

[@cyrildhy8993]

Is the 5 miles measured from the centre of the airfield or the edge. If you add Wallop, Thruxton, Boscombe, Netheravon and Upavon, it's a large overlapping area.

[@Mrch33ky]

He's done it again!

[@saddha1]

Interestingly the wheel looks like Buddhist representation of the Eightfold Path or Dharma wheel.☸️.

[@danielferguson3784]

These coins are stylised versions of Greek classical types. The wheels & horses from chariots. Others like ears of corn & abstract curls are from heads with diadems etc.

[@douglaskerr6813]

I'm surprised that the museum didn't keep the coin for there libraries?

[@pwhitewick]

Likewise!

[@chriscarey1478]

Dozens of Roman, Iberian, and Phoenician coins have been found over the past 300 years along the rivers in Eastern America and we're told from on high (academia)that it means nothing (modern collectors lost them when crossing rivers). Yet ONE coin found in Britain changes history! Wow! That's amazing!

[@mnk9073]

See Britain gets mentioned a myriad of times in the writings of these people who kept better records than the US today whereas the Americas are not mentioned with a single little sentence, everywhere. Neither is the technology nor the navigatory knowledge necessary to reliably reach them. Add to that, that if there were trade with the natives then that would be with the Mississipian culture at places like Poverty Point down south and not on the Eastern Seaboard. Also, you don't trade with distant lands using your own currency, you barter goods given that your new best friend can't really spend your Sesterzi, Shekel or Denari in downtown Cahokia and has no way of reaching any place that accepts them as a means of payment.

[@chriscarey1478]

@@mnk9073 The Americas are mentioned numerous times in multiple sagas and histories. Called "the other world " before in became the new world. As for not trading coinage, they certainly would among themselves in there settlements. As for the mounds, the "indians" didn't build them, have no history of mounds building. Bur mounds are found all over northwest Europe.

[@mnk9073]

@@chriscarey1478 You are aware that the oldest recorded sagas are from the 1200s? Leif Eriksson made it to Newfoundland in 1021, a land, as the Grænlendinga saga explicitly states, previously _unknown_ to them by following the northern coast and avoiding the open sea. Still a millenia too late for Roman coins, let alone Phoenician ones...

[@krisgreen6097]

@@mnk9073 What about Guanabara bay? Cocaine in ancient Egypt etc

[@chriscarey1478]

@@mnk9073 Bat creek stone, decalog stones(in the eastern woodlands, as well as the southwest), knight's swords found in Canada. Phoenician ships at least as good as viking ships that made it to Canada and Brazil.

[@theobolt250]

Thanks man, I finally know what I'm gonna do with the rest of my life! I'll combine coin collecting with walking! Those two activities were MADE for each other! How in the world did I never see that?

[@pwhitewick]

You can..... change history. But maybe do it within the confines of the law, otherwise I'll get in trouble

[@stefanfrankel8157]

Cassibellaun (fought Julius Caesar), fl ca 54 BC, whom you mention, though pronounced slightly differently. Tenuantius, ca 20 BC-AD 10. These are from Geoffrey of Monmouth. No mention of your Esunertos. Perhaps a local ruler under sway of Tenuantius, or Geoffrey's kings didn't rule all of Britain. See my _Fifteen: AD 429--The Rise of the Pendragons_ for a complete list of Geoffrey's kings.

[@danielferguson3784]

No Kings in ancient times, ruled 'all' of Britain, but limited tribal areas. Geoffrey's Kings may well be fictitious. We can only be a bit more certain when names appear on coins, or inscriptions, or in classical authors. Some names may actually those of Deities rather than Kings or tribal leaders.

[@Peter4MedicalEnglish]

Excellent video and very near where I live, so doubly interesting for me. Not sure it "changed history" (set an appreciation of past events on a new course), rather than "added to history" (provided more detail to an established interpretation). Perhaps I'm wrong here.

[@pwhitewick]

Agreed entirely. In order for this to gain traction though, youtube insisted I remove the "Helped us understand" from the title.

[@laurendamasoruiz]

Did it fetch Mr Fudge £20k at auction? After reading the process for reporting treasure I’m honestly surprised no museum wanted it

[@pwhitewick]

Agreed, I'm afraid I don't know the process

[@FirstDagger]

Interesting to hear that Kent is named after its "original" tribe.

[@AndyJarman]

With Ghent a day's sail across the water.

[@danielferguson3784]

The name of the area & the tribe are interconnected. Kantion is the 'borderland' on the ocean's edge, & the Kanti are the people who live there.

[@RitaMurray-h4g]

Cool Beans !!!

[@allanchurm]

that was good..thanks

[@pwhitewick]

You're welcome!

[@chriswatson7965]

The video highlights that despite the practicality of coins, there were primarily a vanity piece, and a way of uniting a peoples. Then again maybe things aren't that different today.

[@dinleyg]

A thoroughly interesting history lesson - great stuff ! (*_*)

[@pwhitewick]

Thanks again!

[@66kbm]

If the dates are now so inaccurate due to the finding of the coin, imagine how many more dates are inaccurate throughout the Country, especially the Dunomii who had no coins.

[@meetoo594]

How can they be sure the coin was minted in that area, especially as there is no other evidence for this king ever existing in the uk? It could have come from anywhere at any time tbh. A roman or other uk or european soldier or trader could have dropped it or gifted it to a local maybe?

[@pwhitewick]

That's a very good question as I pondered on this myself. I think because it was extremely similar to all the other Belgae Tribe coins then it was almost certain it belongs to the same.

[@RotGoblin]

They can test the metal purity, and tell if the metal was likely mined in the same area as other locally collected coins. Not saying they have, but it can be done.

[@southernrrman]

I have a hard time understanding how these ancient people had enough time to build such earthworks.

[@pwhitewick]

The scale baffles me too!

[@llywrch7116]

Keep in mind there wasn't much else to do between planting season & harvest -- except to raid your neighbor's cattle. And that these earthworks weren't constructed over one summer or two, but likely over a few decades. I'd also guess that even at their prime they were never as impressive or thoroughly finished as the archeologists' reproductions make them look.

[@Gainn]

No TikTok or KZbin.

[@AndyJarman]

​@@llywrch7116I think the idea they were "forts" is in error. I reckon they were village greens, market places, festival grounds, town halls. They never have a water source or evidence of water harvesting. I reckon they were "secure" areas where livestock and produce could be gathered for trade. I don't doubt when bandits were about they had their use as a stockade. Kook at how the Normans defended themselves with Motte and Bailey when they arrived. Outer palisade with inner defensive mound to make area between defensive mound and palisade indefensible by attackers. They are also linked with each other visually. If they were military you'd think they'd contain at least a beacon mound if not a Motte.

[@llywrch7116]

@@AndyJarman I didn't say or imply they were "forts" -- unless you define that word as including any space surrounded by a wall. I'm perfectly fine with referring to them as "earthworks".

[@Goatcha_M]

I wish Time Team was still a thing.

[@jamesblackwell7752]

It didn't change history, it revealed history.

[@pwhitewick]

Yeah but... that wouldn't get me 180k views on youtube

[@jamesblackwell7752]

yep, still a good video thank you@@pwhitewick

[@Jimyjames73]

Cor - wished I had found that coin!!! 🤔🚂🚂🚂

[@kubhlaikhan2015]

I do worry about the preconceptions we project onto our past. Did we really organise ourselves into "tribes" or are many of those "tribal names" just simple descriptions like "the people of the Dales" or "the hill farmers" with no political or ethnic barriers implied. I don't see much evidence for the survival of those names over long periods of time - which suggests they were just mercural labels rather than distinct enduring populations. Many of those used by the Romans were mundane expressions made up by the Romans themselves - such as the Ancalites which meant 'the hard ones' and the Catuvellauni which meant "warriors". The Hwicce (or Wicce) is one that appears seemingly from nowhere on the banks of the Severn then soon disappears into Mercia. No one even knows the language the name derived from (although there are no shortage of theories) but it may just have referred to the wicker baskets they made. Reconstructed lineages of kings are often ascribed to these "kingdoms" retrospectively and yet the word "king" or "rex" is rarely added to the coin the name is gleaned from. Even "Arthur" is unlikely to have been a "king" in the modern sense. These are not the distinct races that people today seem to want to believe in.

[@gilesleonard6876]

You forgot that hill forts were protected with hawthorn and intertwined bramble in there earthworks, an impenetrable mesh of natural barbed wire

[@abrahamdozer6273]

I've often thought that these hill forts should have had rose bushes planted along the ramparts. They are a native species that likes the climate, would be easy to cultivate and thick rose thorns are like Somme barbed wire. No traces would remain of them after 2000 plus years. Most of that sort of thing would have been torn out to make room for medieval agriculture.

[@gilesleonard6876]

That's true, and the sheer amount of bee's that would be attracted to them would probably put any attacking army into anaphylactic shock

[@abrahamdozer6273]

@@gilesleonard6876 Mead makings might be a bi-product.

[@StephenDavenport-zqz2ub]

What did the Celts use the coins for? If they were not literate or numerate, did these coins have much use?

[@pwhitewick]

I have no clue, though I wonder if a lot of these higher status ones were more for show?

[@jonathanrichards593]

We assume they used them just like all the other coins in use across Europe in those centuries: they paid for things with them. The symbols would have been easily recognisable and there was no danger of confusing a silver coin with a copper one. It's mostly only the noble metal coins that have survived being buried for a couple of thousand years, I guess.

[@AallthewaytoZ2]

They were numerate.

[@StephenDavenport-zqz2ub]

Interesting, thank you.@@jonathanrichards593

[@lechatel]

There are very large numbers of coins of the era which have survived which are made of bronze, billon (low grade silver- usually about a quarter silver to base metal) and potins which were made of tin-based alloy.Not unusual at all and are sold on coin auction sites. It is perfectly possible to own a genuine celtic coin for a very modest outlay. (Less than £30 for a potin.)@@jonathanrichards593

[@NickLea]

There's quite a lot wrong with that drone sign. First of all, the 5km radius figure is wrong. In the case of Middle Wallop, the Flight Restriction Zone is a circle with radius 4.2km with some sticky out bits (like a London underground sign) that align with the direction of the runway that go out to 5.2km. Most drones used by ordinary people have what is called "geofencing" which will automatically keep them out of restricted areas. The other restrictions mentioned only apply to drones that weigh more than 250g. The vast majority of drones used by ordinary people in this country weigh less than that (eg DJI Mini) and so these restrictions do not apply.

[@pwhitewick]

Yes yes yes.... half the reason I included that sign. I was a tad frustrated. In fact I took my 249g outside of the perimeter for quite some distance and it still wouldn't let me take off

[@pwhitewick]

@@OPOCHKA not all restrictions listed relate to a 249g

[@pwhitewick]

@@OPOCHKA I wish we could. Their number came up on my screen to call them, but there is no service there 🤪

[@ltw6888]

This is so interesting! But what are these fretts (sp) that the Romans are importing to Britain at that time?

[@uncletiggermclaren7592]

I imagine he pulled it out, saw there was a name on it, and said to his friend " . . . I don't recognise this one, it isn't from round here, OUR coins got no names on them !".

[@AndyJarman]

Or ... "Ring pull, Tizer 1970”.

[@StarseedAgeofAquarius]

That coin clearly shows the Buddhist eight-spoked wheel ☸. Seems as if maybe a Buddhist missionary beat 'Joseph of Aramathea' to what is now England. After all, Buddhism had already been around since 500 BCE. Since the Belgae were Celts, and the Celts originated in the East, in Scythia, which was a Buddhist area, it's possible that some of their Buddhist religious beliefs were still held at that time.

[@AndyJarman]

Nah, it's a Union Jack.

[@AndyJarman]

So, the south of England (at least) was being colonised by people from northern Europe hundreds of years before the arrival of the Romans. Roman occupation would have presumably been an unusual or exceptional hiatus in this back and forth of people from Europe. It is strange these people are declared "Celtic", as though the Celts were one people, whereas the northern Germanic peoples were another discrete people. I make this remark because I was raised to believe my people were Johnny-come-latelys to Britain. The great interlopers, the foreigners who had stolen England from the Welsh. There's little evidence for a massive displacement of population, and given Doggerland was still walkable 5,000 years ago, the argument for the English being cousins and trading partners with people's from around the rim of what is now the North sea seems highly probable. Not interlopers, not invading hordes, but locals and trading partners with neighbours on the mainland.

[@neiloflongbeck5705]

The term hillfort is a bit of a misnomer - there one near me in the north Cambridgeshire fens.

[@pwhitewick]

Yup, I would say 80% i this area were not actually a Hill Fort