The Continental Army's Manual Exercise, As Ordered by Baron de Steuben | Brigade.org to learn more!

This is the Manual Exercise, sometimes referred to today as a "Drill Manual," of the Continental Army during the Revolutionary War, as ordered by Major General Baron de Steuben.
This video is a part of the Brigade of the American Revolution's Annual School of Instruction, which this year was entirely digital! This is only one episode out of twelve! You can find the others at: / brigadeoftheamericanre...
and learn more about reenacting the American War of Independence at www.brigade.org/
Thank you to Mark Hurwitz for his narration, and to the 3rd New Jersey Regiment (the "Jersey Blues" and "Jersey Grays") and 3rd New York "Long Islanders" for their drill footage. Filmed and edited by Brandon Fisichella. -
This video was made in support of The Native Oak. Learn more about our educational mission here:
www.nativeoak....
If you'd like to support the channel, please consider giving on Patreon,
/ brandonf
You can follow me on social media too!
/ thenativeoak
/ brandonfisichella

[@BrandonF]

This is only one video of twelve for the Brigade of the American Revolution's Virtual School of Instruction! Learn more at Brigade.org and facebook.com/Brigadeoftheamericanrevolution This video was filmed and edited by myself and features the 3rd New Jersey Blues and 3rd New Jersey Grays, as well as the 3rd New York "the Long Islanders." You can learn more about both groups at Brigade.org if you're interested in becoming a member!

[@dannymiller3315]

Love your content.

[@Nikolapoleon]

One of twelve, huh? Are they doing one for the Hessian grenadiers or Jaegers?

[@brigadeoftheamericanrevolu6302]

It was a pleasure working with you Brandon! We look forward to more projects to come!

[@SRP3572]

So I have heard Von Steuben being pronounced Stoobin and Schtoybin. Which is correct? I would think the second one because of where he came from.

[@wayneantoniazzi2706]

@@SRP3572 Shtoy-ben, mein freund!

[@BrandonF]

Oh, and PS, the "von" in "von Steuben" is actually a Victorian anachronism! New research is coming out on that soon (look to @t for details) and I may even do a video about it in future!

[@wayneantoniazzi2706]

Right, he used the French style here in America and called himself and signed his name as De Steuben when he was in American service. However, the family name WAS von Steuben, being of the Prussian nobility but not the landed nobility, which may have caused his discharge from the Prussian army after the Seven Years War. Frederick the Great preferred his officers to come from the landed nobility. Steuben never held it against Frederick though. There's a great biography on von Steuben (sorry, old habits are hard to break) written by Paul Lockhart called "The Drillmaster Of Valley Forge." Published in 2008 it tells his story well. Oh, minor thing, but tell your narrator it's pronounced "Shtoy-ben," not "Stoo-ben." "Eu" in German is pronounced "oy". Quite a guy, the jolly old baron! Wow, I see that was filmed at Historic New Bridge Landing! Cool! I grew up about five miles away from the house that was gifted to von Steuben (At HNBL) after the Revolution by the state of New Jersey. It's a fun place to visit, check the Bergen County Historical Society website for events, it's not open all the time. www.bergencountyhistory.org

[@moritamikamikara3879]

I mean he did call himself that didn't he? Even though he wasn't.

[@KroM234]

Well that's weird he was still Baron ('Freiherr" in German) as far as I know, hence the "Von", Steuben being his estate. He is mentionned still as Baron von Steuben in French sources when he started serving in the French military.

[@jeffczermanski2993]

If the 'von' is an anachronism, why would there be a 'de' in his name? It isn't even in the same language. I live in Valley Forge (and drive through the park almost everyday) and somebody should tell them because every time I've seen his name (statues and plaques) they have 'von' on them.

[@BismarcksOtto]

not this old canard again. Look, unless this is a case of "I'm a rabid germanophobe and cannot bear to be reminded of this man's connection to that terrible people, so I'll just nonsensically gallicize his name to spare me the pain" (a common affliction predominantly found in British historians in modern times), the only reason to fuck around with his name (disregarding the occasional American contemporary sources during the time of his life and shortly thereafter, who liked to demonstrate their own fancypants-francophile cosmopolitanism by referring to him as "Baron de Steuben") would be by erroneously claiming he didn't rate the title/nobiliary particle (what is called an "Adelsprädikat" in German). This has not generally been an issue until the 1935 edition of Almanach de Gotha (the German equivalent of Burke's Peerage, though significantly older - the first edition is from the early 1760s), where the following claim is made: "Augustin Steube [...], preacher in Brandenburg, appears since 1708 as 'von Steube(n)'. His descendants have since been using/bearing this [version of the] name in the style of a noble title, which has never been legally challenged in/by Prussia and Denmark. The coat of arms used [by them] is that of the mansfeldian Uradel [ennobled pre-14th century, literally: ancient nobility] family 'von Steuben', with whom a genealogical link is not verifiable." This is the original and only elaborated challenge to von Steuben's right to claim descent from- and bear the arms of the mansfeldian house of Steuben, because his above mentioned ancestor Augustin Steube allegedly is the son of a commoner by the name of Ludwig Steube. All others since always point back to this entry in the 1935 edition of the 'Gotha. The fact that his alleged unlawful "self-ennobling", or use of an unjustified nobiliary particle and coat of arms (which would have been, until the abolition of all nobility in Germany in 1919, a quite severe criminal offense) has at no point been legally challenged by anyone in either Prussia or Denmark serves as a pretty decent first indicator that the 1935 'Gotha's claims hold little water. Sources that clearly link his ancestors and him to the Uradel-"von Steuben"s are, for example, the 1902 edition of the Almanach de Gotha, an 1858 biography of von Steuben by one Friedrich Kapp, as well as a 1785 compendium of 'collected works of recent history and current events' by one Karl Renatus Hausen. German historian Theodor Albrecht did research on the matter in 1982 and found the 1935 'Gotha's claim that von Steuben is actually descended from common stock through Augustin Steube doesn't hold up. The claim that Ludwig Steube is Augustin Steube's father cannot be verified, as there exist neither solid proof nor any indication whatsoever that the man had a son by that name, while all his other children do show up in various church- and communal records. But even if one would, against the evidence listed above, consider von Steuben's ancestral link to the Uradel-"von Steuben"s through the male line as doubtful, it is inarguably still/also established through his mother, Marie Justine von Jagow. Her paternal line includes several antecendants of one Christoph Otto von Steuben over multiple generations, as well as several female-line antecendants of one Christoph Liborius von Steuben over multiple generations. Albrecht did the maths, so to speak, and tallied Friedrich Wilhelm von Steuben's 'Blutanteil' (the literal translation would be "blood percentage" - no idea what the proper corresponding genealogical term in English is) of the Uradel-"von Steuben" line to be at the very least at 32.25%, proving that ancestry beyond a doubt.

[@CivilWarWeekByWeek]

Prefect, nothing like some good army manuals to distract me from learning, wait a minute Brandon are you trying to teach us something?

[@BrandonF]

Never...

[@sirfox950]

@@BrandonF gotcha

[@SRP3572]

@@BrandonF Phew, I was worried there for a minute.

[@Swordmaster-em3zg]

He’s training us all to be his personal reenactment regiment.

[@astrohaterade]

It’s relevant and entertaining education, of course you’re going to learn more from this haha

[@Oversamma]

I have heard the manual was initially written in German by Steuben, then translated into French by an aide who knew German and French, and then again translated into English by an aide who knew French and English. I'm surprised anyone was even able to march straight after three layers of translation, let alone win a war. Although I understand Steuben was quite the hands-on man and would regularly drill troops personally, and if there is one thing at which we Germans excel, it is war. Except maybe the winning part.

[@thomasbaagaard]

1813-14, 1815, 1864, 1866, 1870-71 It was a OK record for the Prussians. And the war against Russia was won in 1917 and the one against the French in 1940 the same.

[@hendriktonisson2915]

@@thomasbaagaard And WW2 was doomed for Germany from the start as invading Poland pulled Germany into conflict with powers that had far more manpower and resources compared to Germany. And there was no easy way for Germany to get more resources and manpower.

[@wayneantoniazzi2706]

Actually, Steuben was fluent in French, he wrote the manual in French, a bilingual secretary Pierre Duponceau translated it into English, then either John Laurens, Alexander Hamilton, or Benjamin Walker put the final military polish on the translations. That didn't last long, Steuben was an intelligent man and picked up English very quickly.

[@Oversamma]

@@wayneantoniazzi2706 Entirely plausible. I just thought I'd share what I'd heard.

[@wayneantoniazzi2706]

@@Oversamma You were pretty close!

[@geoffwheadon2897]

As an ex LI, (LIGHT INFANTRY ), I'm enjoying the musketry handling, best regards from County Durham, England.

[@cavtastic5523]

This is very interesting to learn about especially with my interest in AmRev Reenacting growing after learning my ancestor fought with the 3rd Virginia Continental's

[@Tareltonlives]

Excellent! I read "Brothers in Arms" last month and I wondered what exactly the Steuben drill consisted of and how it different from the standard British and French drills.

[@nomar5spaulding]

That was a cool video. Interesting to see how the manual of arms used by the Continental Army in the 1770s was still fairly similar, while also quite different, from that in use during the 1850s and 1860s.

[@jarongreen5480]

Now THIS will be useful for my books...I've been looking for something like this for a while now!

[@ReedCBowman]

I would love to see an expanded version of this, explaining the purpose of some of the less obvious motions and positions. Less obvious to us non-reenactors.

[@_0_restart_0_]

From the intro, i can tell that you've hired a new editor, have you!

[@BrandonF]

Not yet! Going through them in the next few days...this was me! (Intro done by my friend Chris the Redcoat though)

[@piganagun9069]

@@BrandonF impressive work editing since the dawn of the channel its been great

[@lornabaker4079]

@@BrandonF i thought it was him!

[@m.otoole7501]

Could you possibly do a similar video for the British Manual Exercise (forgive me if the British used a different term) during the AWI/Revolutionary War period? I'd be interested in the differences between the British and American drill.

[@BrandonF]

It's on the way! First to be posted on the BAR Facebook page this Saturday, then a few days later here!

[@m.otoole7501]

@@BrandonF Excellent! I look forward to seeing it!

[@wayneantoniazzi2706]

The main difference between Steuben's drill and the British (or anyone elses) is Steuben cut out all the unnessary movements that were really no more than show. Much simpler than the others, the Americans could pick it up much faster. The Americans called it the "Prussian Drill" since von Steuben was Prussian, but there was really nothing Prussian about it. It was unique to Steuben.

[@gabrielmendella]

@@wayneantoniazzi2706 very true, the manual of arms was almost "verbatim" replicated from the British 1764 drill manual! It was mostly in the manouvres that the Prussian experience of Steuben really can be seen in the American drill

[@fz0913]

Awesome! I love seeing continental videos as I do not seem to be able to find many out there, at least not many quality ones.

[@Schattengewaechs99]

Did you switch side, Brandon?

[@BrandonF]

The proper 1764 Manual Exercise is on the way!

[@TheFarOffStation]

Brandon is now giving the rebels a public forum, how disgraceful! The sadness is......immeasurable......

[@ChristheRedcoat]

# cancelled

[@pinnedthrottle7690]

Thif if the beft video I’ve feen on the manual of armf.

[@piganagun9069]

Brandon's gnna turn us into an army and march us down to Pennsylvania reinstate the empire

[@jacksonmcdaniel3250]

I'm up for it.

[@kennethschlegel870]

The Queens Rangers march once more!

[@cuchulainn140]

God Save the King!

[@philismenko]

Its interestingcst see older drill as someone who is versed in modern military drill(although with 1903 springfeilds)

[@wayneantoniazzi2706]

Damn! You're OLD!

[@philismenko]

@@wayneantoniazzi2706 actually the opposite, 1903 springfeilds are used as drill rifles(non firing) for ceremony as well as teaching drill in jrotc, that was where I learnt how to use drill with 1903 Springfields

[@wayneantoniazzi2706]

@@philismenko Just having fun with you bro, I suspected they were drill rifles. Very historic pieces, so I'm sure you treated them with the utmost respect. I learned drill with an M-14, USMC Base Quantico, 1974.

[@philismenko]

@@wayneantoniazzi2706 nice, and actually we did exhibition with em' although 20 push-ups awaited when the clank of a rifle was heard. They were actually replicas from Glendale parade store, they were still 8 pounds though. I know they make garand replicas as well

[@wayneantoniazzi2706]

@@philismenko In our case it was if you screwed up a drill movement it was push-ups until the Drill Instructor got tired! Ow. I had no idea there were '03 or Garand replicas made, interesting. Better (and cheaper!) than messing up the real things!

[@kaynebartholomew2994]

Having a copy of the British 1764 manual from Colonial Williamsburg and reading along and spotting where the von Steuben manual was simplified for the Americans is kind of cool to look at. You see where he cut out unnecessary drill and explanations.

[@The5thCT1776]

Looks like Brandon is turning to the winning side

[@haroldchase1881]

Enjoyed the video Brandon

[@Dragondude312]

Hi Brandon, big fan, love the videos! Quick question for you, During the Napoleonic Wars, after an Officer had purchased his commission, would he have undergone extensive military command training or not? Could possibly be an interesting video idea?🤔

[@BrandonF]

Thanks! And no, while military academies were starting to become a thing during this period, they weren’t all too common and most officers upon getting their first commission had no formal military training beforehand. It’s a proud army tradition that the elder NCOs teach the junior officers their duty while on campaign!

[@Dragondude312]

@@BrandonF Wow, that’s crazy! Thanks for actually taking the time to reply! You have a great day!

[@wayneantoniazzi2706]

@@Dragondude312 There were private military academies in Europe, if memory serves Lord Cornwallis attended one as a young man and so did the Duke of Wellington. The British DID have a military academy of sorts, it was the Royal Engineer and Artillery Academy at Woolwich. No purchasing a commision in those branches though, you had to pass a competitive entrance exam to get into the school. Infantry officers? It was on-the-job training.

[@Dragondude312]

@@wayneantoniazzi2706 thank you for your insight, I was aware Cornwallis had a military background but didn’t know that Wellesley did, I assumed, through reading online that he simply purchased commissions up to Lt-Col with no prior experience (of course I know that in between 2Lt and Lt-Col there were many years and vast swathes of experience and knowledge under his belt)

[@wayneantoniazzi2706]

@@Dragondude312 A bit more on Lord Cornwallis. After attending Eton he also attended a military academy in Turin Italy of all places (I'm assuming he spoke French and that was the language used at the academy, it was the international language of the time) and also was privately tutored by an ex-Prussian army officer. So he was well-grounded by the time he purchased his first commission. Wellington attended an academy in Angers, France. Needless to say Britain and France were at peace at the time!

[@danwell1305]

2:06 Can anyone link me a store that can sell me the blue uniform they are wearing?

[@charlesvitanza8867]

Brandon, are you feeling okay? You posted something from the enemy.

[@rogerw3818]

Did Benjamin Martin put out a Manual Exercise for his militia?

[@Marinealver]

Who's up for a little 2nd Ammendment?

[@angelosusa4258]

A lot of what Stuben wrote is in the US Army manual

[@henryspadt6160]

You should do a video on pirates of the Caribbean and it’s inaccuracies and things it got correct

[@usad.8507]

Very interesting! But why "Ground Firelock"? I don't understand the purpose of this order.

[@BrandonF]

Ceremonial and used in surrendering, things like that.

[@usad.8507]

@@BrandonF A, ok, thank's, Brandon! :-)

[@cplinstructor]

Clearly a French influence. (Kidding)

[@thedoctor4637]

Where did you get the pdf for the manual? I found British manuals, but not many Von Steuben, mainly the actual photos.

[@jackdorsey4850]

Wow I had no idea there were so many steps to operate a musket

[@TannerRawlings]

Anyone know why Ss look like Fs?

[@BrandonF]

It’s called a “Long S” and was a commonly used symbol/letter in the 18th Century!

[@TannerRawlings]

@@BrandonF wow, thank you! I was also wondering if it had to do with printing presses or was simply just a "style".

[@SRP3572]

@@BrandonF When did the switch come about to using what is now just a simple S for everything? I don't see it in any documents after the Mexican War, just wondering how sooner than that it was?

[@wayneantoniazzi2706]

@@SRP3572 The "long S" was on the way out by the 1790's and disappeared completely sometime in the early 19th Century. One thing with the "long S," proper usage of it is at the beginning of a word and in the middle of a word, but not at the end of a word.

[@SRP3572]

@@wayneantoniazzi2706 thank you, good sir.

[@SonsOfLorgar]

Watching this makes me feel privilieged to serve in a time where national militia are issued select fire battle rifles with collapsible and adjustable stocks, sights and 80 7.62×51mm self contained smokeless cartridges in standardized 20 round capacity quick change box magazines rather than smooth bore muzzle loader firelocks...

[@covertops19Z]

Brandon, Me = U.S.Army retired here and very much immersing myself in the history of this period. A Q please. Why do the reenactors carry the English Brown Bess, when very early on during the American War of Independence, the French started supply the Continental Army with M1763/66 Charleville .69 caliber rmuskets... I notice the Old Guard carries the Brown Bess also.. Please advise..

[@BrandonF]

So, a lot of reenactors use the "Bess" because it is a more readily available firearm for them to purchase. While some Long and Short Land Patterns (what we now refer to as the Brown Bess) would have been used by the American rebels, you're right in thinking that the majority of the rebels would have had Charlevilles. As to the Old Guard? Well, I am afraid that there are a *lot* of things that they do which are very historically inaccurate. Some of it is due to what I suppose are budget constraints, but a lot of it is just bad historiography that they could very easily fix (like properly fitted uniforms, wearing their hats correct, and of course giving the correct info at their demonstrations!) I actually have a video about the historical accuracy of the Old Guard.

[@covertops19Z]

@@BrandonF Many Thanks Brandon. The Old Guard is akin to the Ft. Hood Cavalry demonstration unit. (I've done Army staff ride support and IWP reenacting at the Rosebud and Little Bighorn battlefields) People who take Indian Wars Period reenacting cringe when they see videos of the Ft. Hood Troopers in action.

[@BrandonF]

@@covertops19Z Oh, I will have to keep that in mind! I don't really know anything about the Indian Wars myself and I don't want to be led astray.

[@covertops19Z]

@@BrandonF I have some references bookwise by title if you want them???. Same goes for WSI/WofNA. Just let me know.

[@BrandonF]

@@covertops19Z I'd appreciate that, thank you!

[@Apollo890]

I'm seeing a lot of Townsend stock on these reenactors.

[@BrandonF]

Everyone starts somewhere!

[@wayneantoniazzi2706]

@@BrandonF Why not? John's got to make a livng somehow! I'd hate to see his channel disappear!

[@Apollo890]

@@wayneantoniazzi2706 I'm not knocking it, I'd love to get some more Townsend made gear if only I could afford the tariff charges.

[@wayneantoniazzi2706]

@@Apollo890 That's cool, I knew you were joking!

[@ollieshane7835]

exciting! cannot wait for more

[@hendriktonisson2915]

The American uniforms of 18th century look somewhat similar to Prussian uniforms of 18th century. Both uniforms similarly use dark blue as the main color and also white, red and yellow on some uniforms. I wonder if Steuben had something to do with that.

[@BrandonF]

The Continental Army uniform came more from France, as they provided a lot of the materials, as I understand it.

[@hendriktonisson2915]

@@BrandonF Thank You for the answer! Would be interesting to known if the French provided standard French military uniforms to the Continental Army or uniforms specifically designed for the Continental Army.

[@wayneantoniazzi2706]

Continental army uniforms were pretty much "catch as catch can," there were quite a variety of uniform coat and facing colors through the war, too many to go into here. Blue with red facings became pretty much the de facto standard when uniforms began arriving from France. The Prussians did use blue as a uniform coat color, then varied the facing colors as most European armies of the time did.

[@wayneantoniazzi2706]

@@hendriktonisson2915 Except for certain special regiments like the Deux-Ponts who wore a sky-blue uniform most French infantry uniforms were white with differing facing colors. It's an interesting thing, in Europe Catholic countries like France, Austria, Spain, and the Italian states favored white uniforms, the Protestant countries like Sweden, Prussia, and many of the German states favored blue uniforms. Whether this was by accident or on purpose no-one knows. Britain was a Protestant country and their red uniforms were an exception to the others. Anyway, the French didn't send any surplus of their own uniforms to the Americans. Maybe the small clothes like trousers, waistcoats and shirts, but no uniform coats.

[@hendriktonisson2915]

@@wayneantoniazzi2706 wayne antoniazzi thanks for the info! I imagine there were quite alot of instances where French and Austrian units got confused on the battlefield as both militaries had white unifroms with different facing colors. If I remember correctly in continental Europe Denmark and Saxony militaries also had red coats similarly to Britain. Russia was quite unique in 18th cenutry as it had green uniforms.

[@presidentlouis-napoleonbon8889]

As modern laymen curse 'Fuc*', the 18th century nerds like Brandon would understand it as 'Suck'.

[@haraldisdead]

Man, we're never getting the rest of that Patriot review, are we? 😭😭😭😭

[@fz0913]

^I just now realized that it's been so long that I completely forgot about it

[@DesolatedChild018]

Excruciatingly waiting through several months for less then one hour of action You can say it’s still an experience is more faithful to 17th century warfare than The Patriot.

[@legofan4047]

Hey, I got a question: from where do reenactors geht their Costumes/Uniforms?

[@Pop15789]

Very informative!

[@SirFrederick]

For a second I thought you left the Dark Side

[@christopherredman2147]

good show

[@wolfheartdarnell324]

Not everyday Brandon gives us a video about the bad guy faction

[@thepuffin4050]

As this was written by a Prussian, is it reasonable to assume that the Prussian infantry followed similar steps in loading and firing?

[@BrandonF]

Really most nations had very similar processes for loading the musket, with only limited variance in how the movements were gone through. A flintlock is a flintlock, no matter the size or design, after all!

[@thomasbaagaard]

@@BrandonF Some armies used flintlocks that was selfpriming. That do remove some steps.

[@hendriktonisson2915]

@@thomasbaagaard Selfpriming muskets? Interesting. How did that mechanism work and which military used that technology?

[@wayneantoniazzi2706]

@@hendriktonisson2915 The Prussians had a self-priming musket, basically it had a slightly oversize touch-hole and a concave recess inside the barrel. Ramming the charge forced some of the powder into the pan as priming. It worked most of the time.

[@hendriktonisson2915]

@@wayneantoniazzi2706 I see. Thanks for the info.

[@sparkieT88]

i noticed that there wasn't separate priming powder, when did "they" stop using priming powder? did the British use priming powder?

[@wayneantoniazzi2706]

Separate priming powder went out of use when the paper cartridge concept was invented, that was sometime in the very late 17th Century, I don't know by who, but all countries picked up on the idea quickly. It was a lot faster to prime with powder from the cartridge, and cartridges were loaded with extra powder for that purpose. If the flint was sharp and the lock was good fine-grained priming powder really wasn't needed, especially on military musket locks which were bigger than their civilian counterparts.

[@sparkieT88]

@@wayneantoniazzi2706 thanks, i would have thought military priming went on later than that, but not much, but maybe im just thinking about civilian arms, or maybe it is just bad hollywood idk

[@wayneantoniazzi2706]

@@sparkieT88 You're welcome! For the most part civilians did use separate priming right up to the end of the flintlock era.

[@admiralshadowofasunderedst3068]

A very interesting video

[@Seyfudin]

I'm waiting for a video about the battle of Fuergerolla 😉

[@jacksonmcdaniel3250]

Just 9k to go 👍🇬🇧🇬🇧

[@jacksonmcdaniel3250]

Wow this is the most likes I have ever got thank you guys.😊

[@VideoSaySo]

I bet you have an annual subscription to the Townsends catalog...haha!

[@randomcartoon8901]

2 videos in the span of 3 days? What witchcraft is this?!

[@gch5559]

Where can you find drill manuals (preferably from the 19th century and online)?

[@HubbardL35]

Claim your here before 9k views ticket here

[@WiseMysticalTree7]

Ok

[@TrawaBros]

Are you a loyalist?

[@Tevildo]

"Shtoy-bin", incidentally.

[@sauronmordor7494]

top

[@Banzai_-xn8ip]

been a long time since you uploaded

[@BrandonF]

Only five days!

[@Banzai_-xn8ip]

@@BrandonF probably because it feels like months...

[@hardalarboard8876]

Ah yes, Turn the firelock fristly fust above the lock

[@Kit_Bear]

Thif if the video I wanted to fee. Thankf

[@DanTheManCalter]

It doesn't matter how many times I see it in old writing, I can't not pronounce the s sounding f's as regular f's. Makes me sound like a particularly dumb Daffy Duck

[@wayneantoniazzi2706]

Takes some getting used to, but not so bad when you've got it. I'm re-reading "Wolfe's Instructions" from the Seven Years War, all the s' are f's, as you might imagine. Interestingly, the "Instructions" are written in 18th Century English but are easily understandable by a modern reader.

[@gungasc]

It’s hard to stand up straight.

[@VikingTeddy]

Sex ed was different back then.

[@JohnnyRep-u4e]

"Stoobin"

[@9854cg]

3rd

[@TOFKAS01]

...and if you learned all that, you will get yor Ph.D.

[@eightlivesnow1644]

:D

[@Scriabin_fan]

God damn Republicans, i cant see the name Brandon without thinking of Biden now.

[@babyinuyasha]

The way he pronounced "Steuben" makes me cringe.

[@natknutson1482]

...VON Steuban, VON. De is french for of. You call him baron of steuben. That is a huge mistake. And you mispronounced his name. It is pronounced like chtoyben.