The Core Equation Of Neuroscience

[@ArtemKirsanov]

To try everything Brilliant has to offer-free-for a full 30 days, visit brilliant.org/ArtemKirsanov . You’ll also get 20% off an annual premium subscription

[@Matt-y5o1]

Great video, thanks! What do you think about this theory: Rvachev, M. M. (2024). An operating principle of the cerebral cortex, and a cellular mechanism for attentional trial-and-error pattern learning and useful classification extraction. Frontiers in Neural Circuits, 18, 1280604? This includes reinforcement mechanism, Hodgkin-Huxley, attention, classification, free will, etc.

[@alto7183]

Buen video, entonces los científicos e ingenieros ya están a casi nada de estudiar los potenciales psionicos de startreck y próximas evoluciones del ser humano en su cerebro, desde tipos de neuronas mutando de lo límites de 120 mili voltios a 150 mili voltios y 80 mili voltios con cerebros de autista y dificultando los controles mentales como el modo autista de gosth in the Shell netflixs autistic mode, por lo que así como el adn tiene variabilidad para tener opciones, en el espectro autista como código enigma la Película del niño autista qué de cifra códigos, este caso dificultan a los psíquicos y manipuladores el controlar cerebros humanos, tardarían solo de 30 a 50 o 100 años tratando de encontrar la frecuencia correcta para manipular un cerebro autista pero como el adn y variabilidad faltan todos los demás autistas diferentes uno del otro, sugerencia.

[@alto7183]

Si mucho también científicos e ingenieros no tardan en crear neuronas complicadas como capas de cebolla para procesos complejos con neuronas, como mantener en la parte 3 interna 70 mili voltios, segunda capa externa de la anterior 90 y la última capa que se conecta con el exterior 110 mili voltios para tener cosas raras en ejemplo burdo tonto como un inconsciente genio diabólico impredecible de leer con poderes psíquicos, sugerencia.

[@kikumayumi9219]

Dude is doing god's work for med students out here with peak motion graphics and simple descriptions

[@dwinsemius]

I remember seeing the Hodgkin-Huxley model in first year of medical school and thinking it was a thing of beauty. Most of my compatriots thought I was nuts, but my undergrad degree was from the biophysics department at Berkeley. (This was 50 years ago.)

[@ot8479]

Are you high?

[@moistschmeckles400]

no med student in the history of med students has ever had to understand this

[@dwinsemius]

@@moistschmeckles400 I didn't say it was necessary for success in medicine. I just said it was beautiful. Doctors are basically engineers. The real geniuses are the molecular biologists.

[@Cognitive_Resolution]

Some people say god knows while God knows more. Is that a sort of meta-physiological connection thing?

[@cycla]

as a statistics major, I dont' usually watch these videos but it warms my heart there are so many scientifically minded people in the world

[@malapropia]

as someone who has been trying to understand differences in cognition due to chloride ion channel differences (KCC2 related autism and epilepsy), this is THE BEST. I’ve basically been looking for exactly this explanation for over a year. This is really, really important information.

[@xyzct]

So I have a physics degree, but no neurophysiology background. This presentation was so clear that I found it almost trivially easy to follow. Well done!

[@gabberwhacky]

Me too. That was a really intuitive explanation, I liked the whole journey! I'm kind of surprised how someone comes up with the particular fitting functions for alpha and beta. They don't look familiar from a physics point of view

[@kakistocracyusa]

Because the "neuroscience" function is just rebranded electrochemistry.

[@Levitt777]

Well the sun is electric and you live in an electric universe and your standard model fell on its face quite some time ago. Science moves forward with funerals. Because it is all bought and paid for not because it is the truth but it is what you have been taught. And not because you thought about it or considered it ? But because you are obedient you believe you understand ! It's funny to watch a neuroscientist prove he knows nothing about physics. Or more specifically thermodynamics and plasma ! Take it a step further and ask why all the energy we receive from the Sun is equal to the amount of energy Earth loses every day. What does the sun even do ? You should face the facts you're a simpleton with a big ego. And what you do believe you know is pretty inconsequential in the frame of the big picture

[@Tom-sp3gy]

You summarized almost an entire term of my computational neuroscience masters program in under a half hour!!! And that too so beautifully!

[@panizzutti]

Man you have any advice on comp neuro sci? It’s my dream to get into that field and i’m willing to do anything

[@Tom-sp3gy]

@@panizzutti try university of Sheffield, uk… they have an amazing program (plus faculty) that offers a double specialty - MSc in cognitive and computational neuroscience … a background in physics and a bit of biology would be helpful

[@Tom-sp3gy]

@@panizzutti but if by advice you mean more “learn in your spare time” sort of thing, then I think the recent book titled “models of the mind” by Grace Lindsay is the best intro into the field. She dwells on both the history and technical details in a very lucid and easy to understand way for the uninitiated. You can might after that think of reading up the classic by Churchland “computational brain”

[@panizzutti]

@Tom-sp3gy Thanks man! I’ll try that

[@SophiaZiegler-et6sv]

@GodVanisher how does one prove that?

[@Clockworkbio]

I did a whole giant deep dive video about Rhodopson and the chemical pathway for photo transduction. The whole time, I was slamming my head against the wall trying to figure out a way to communicate the neural side of that equation. Gave up and focused on the biochem. This video absolutely knocked the answer OUT OF THE PARK. So good.

[@shovnikpaul3297]

As someone with an electrical engineering background, some of this stuff was surprisingly intuitive for me to grasp (like the lowkey KCL equation at 4:36, the idea of modelling non-electrical problems as electrical engineering problems by drawing an equivalent circuit, the voltage controlled sodium/potassium channels basically being analogous to transistors, specifically n-channel mosfets where the conductive channel grows in response to an applied gate voltage, the statistical modelling of diffusion and drift currents at 6:36 like its done in basic semiconductor theory, to mention a few). Also worth mentioning is that the probabily of mutliple gates being simultaneously permissive is nothing but the multiplication theorem in probabilty assuming the gates being in permissive states are independent events. I'm blown away. Love your enthusiasm and the high quality of your production. Keep it up! Edit: im just curious if the logical next step is to model our brains network of neurons as electrical circuits, with all of this being established? I could be wrong but im really curious to see how far we can go with this model.

[@DistortedV12]

Cool answer mate

[@alvarosiegar]

I’m not usually commenting KZbin videos, but after watching a few of yours, i feel the urge to say that your ability to bring down to Earth such tricky topics, together with those beautiful visuals, is just inspiring. Amazing work, just keep going. Greetings from Spain 🇪🇸

[@mohammeddaghriri9326]

As an electrical engineer, I didn't believe how much the neural cells similar to electrical circuits. The hole video I was like (oh I study this in my electromagnetic course !, I know this equation it know it from EE101). the similarly is incredible. Thanks for the interesting video.

[@AlvaroALorite]

The value that these videos add to the public is astonishing! Thank you Artem

[@mekafinchi]

This has some amusing timing for me! I'm taking a class on multiple processor systems, and for an assignment we were given a piece of code that simulates a neuron using the Hodgkin-Huxley model and tasked with parallelizing it with MPI and running some experiments on a cluster. We didn't need to touch the inner workings of the model (we parallelized computing independent dendrites), but it's still a fun coincidence

[@ArtemKirsanov]

Wow, that’s awesome!!

[@NicholasWilliams-uk9xu]

There is a lot here that can be simplified for performance as well to increase parallel scaling.

[@ohnenamen0992]

What is your subject in university if I may ask? Seems interesting!

[@mekafinchi]

@@ohnenamen0992 computer engineering

[@NiTeLightYears]

Best assignment ever

[@sterlingteall3462]

I love this video. Im a neuroscience undergraduate major.

[@patentpendulum]

Thank you for this amazing explanation. Your explanation literally helped me to abstract the mathematical model for my PhD proposal. I will never forget this.😮

[@JackDespero]

I am not a medical doctor, but I found this very interesting. Thank you for the clear explanation.

[@sachitsharma1661]

God bless the calsequestrin that got inhibited to release calcium ions which made conformational changes to troponin that made the lumbricals and interosse work and write the algorithm that recommended this video to me with the help of prefrontal cortex and the motor cortex area in the parietal lobe that recommended this video to me , special thanks to all the ions and energy sources .

[@dwinsemius]

Wow. So many connections alluded to in that comment.

[@knowledgeckr786]

Thanks

[@olgaromero8140]

I’m Student of Biophysics and we know that the inside of the cell is not “negative” and that ions doesn’t carry charges. It is not about charges, it’s about a chemical gradient which creates voltage. Breaks my heart 😭

[@marionickenig1]

You hot😘

[@CoolGameKanaal]

Interpreting then compiling this information takes a special type of mind, but you make it easy for us. Much appreciated Artem!

[@tau9632]

What an INCREDIBLE video - one of the best educational resources I've ever seen.

[@tau9632]

I'm often scared to click on your videos, because I know they will demand my full attention, otherwise I get overwhelmed and frustrated... But by Jove is it satisfying to do it right and get rewarded with a new shade in the beauty of the universe!

[@dipayanpaul7569]

I have never had a video blow my mind as much as this one and I have no background in physics or neuroscience. Congratulations !

[@RayaneAoussar]

absolute peak🙌 we need part 3 ASAP!!!

[@Lauracastro516]

As a medical student who loves and misses a lot mathematical thinking and is gravitated towards research and this kind of rationale, this video was a true delight to watch

[@bumpytalon90]

I love the visuals, clean and aesthetically pleasing to the eye.

[@peterhall6656]

Very clear and classy explanation Artem. A great distillation. I look forward to the next video.

[@aleksandrapetrovskaia1652]

Amazingly perfect explanation! Thank you! Such a great video for even Basic Neuroscience (and mandatory for Computational Neuroscience)

[@misslayer999]

I'm a first-year neuroscience student currently taking my calculus prereqs. Even though I already know about ion channels, action potential propagation and about Hodgkin and Huxley's work with squids, I hadn't heard much about the math they did to solve this. I'm not a huge fan of calculus but I know I need it and this was really helpful and motivating and reminded me why it's important that I learn it and how it works to explain the physiology. This was explained wonderfully. Time to study!

[@NateAustin19]

Please keep going, I am watching all of these videos in the series!!

[@neuroll]

Thank you a lot for explaining the HH model in such mesmerizing beauty and using these iconic animations. It really helped me grasp the content of books in one single video. I can´t wait for the second part that will discuss the simplified version of the model which I guess will lead to the LIF model.

[@SOUPARNOAdhikari-do8ib]

I am currently a Maths Major. I found the explanation quite easy to understand, it used only fundamental Physics. ❤❤❤

[@foreignconta]

I think we need to turn these equations into Linear Algebra and accelerate on GPUs. 😆 On a series note, this system is nonlinear and is very difficult to have a closed form solution. Really love your videos. Please don't stop making these. Thank you!

[@kgblankinship]

Excellent, to-the-point explanation. I wondered where these differential equations came from - what they describe. Now I know. Kudos to Kirsanov.

[@Alley-MintJaggerWolf-k1l]

Thank you this is so ridiculously helpful. I am going to school for neuroscience and psychology. I am going for my doctorate and my brain has thrived off of learning this important piece of information

[@saulroa851]

Easily, this is one of the best youtube channels ever!

[@PackMowin]

Incredibly helpful video for such a vital topic

[@LojKam]

What a very nice explanation of action potential etc! This video blow my mind

[@Alex-e9r8o]

4:44 I think the equation might be incomplete. What about the rate of change. Shouldn't there be a dt dividing the right hand side as well? Also if it's up to the body that controls these ionic channels, how reliable is this equation

[@armordcrab]

Thanks so much for uploading this to the public ❤ 🧠

[@luckygautam-y9c]

One of the most precious channel on KZbin

[@АндрейГондри]

I hope you would never stop. Your work is amazing, thank you so much!!!

[@Anonimowany1]

I learned all this during on my sports lectures. Thank you for refreshing my knowledge again!

[@lbsl7778]

This is one of the best videos I have ever found on KZbin. For the longest I have feared math and physics but recently that is starting to change and this video should be added as a variable that contributes to accelerate the rate of change at which my fear is decreasing 😅 thank you very much!

[@petersimon985]

Such a gem of topic. Unselfish land so enthusiastically produced. Thank you. Foe putting this together for the interested. ❤

[@HAGARCIA]

Obrigado, prof. Artem, por nos apresentar as "Equações Centrais/Principais da Neurociência."

[@DavidRichardson_UMD]

I’m in engineering, but I did my physics 2 project on the circuitry of the Hodgkin-Huxley model, though looking back on it, it was more chemistry and math than physics for me, I remember I spent like 90% of the presentation giving the chemistry background and the differential equations describing the voltage gated resistors, then I just like showed a few slides at the end of the actual derivation and working of the circuitry.

[@MusicEngineeer]

Great explanation! Thanks! btw...I find it always weird that the anglophones call natrium sodium and kalium potassium.

[@ArtemKirsanov]

Yeah, same! I just had to get used to it xD

[@danwylie-sears1134]

Is the distribution of ions depicted at 2:06 correct? I thought that inside the cell, there are a lot of other anions (amino acids, nucleic acids, phosphate groups on proteins, and so on), whereas outside the cell the inorganic anions are much closer to balancing the inorganic cations. Of course, the diagram isn't big enough to show the distinction between the charge balance of ions in the bulk fluid and the charge imbalance at the membrane. That would have made the representation of individual ions too small. But if I understand right, it only takes a relatively small imbalance to create enough voltage to make the physiology work, compared to the difference in composition. So even right next to the membrane, I thought there was more chloride on the outside of the membrane. It's been a lot of years since I read about this, though.

[@rohan.fernando]

An interesting video Artem. The next useful thing to consider is how the frequency of signals and ordering of signals (ie. multiplexed signal encoding) from each dendrite at each synaptic interface affects the voltage dependent ionic conductance, and thus the consequent probability of the neuron firing a pulse down its axon.

[@onebronx]

5:20 -- it worth noting that the membrane potential is negative at rest and the voltage rising equates to decrease of the potential difference (hence depolarization). The graph confusingly places the horizontal axis below the chart, making an impression that the zero is below and the voltage rise causes increase of polarization.

[@akbaer60]

12:04 these gates sound like transistors such as MOSFETs

[@raewowowow]

Goddamnit if only i wasnt a student i would've subscribed to your patron. This is so so good. I can't express it in words. I don't even have biology but seeing how beautifully the physics plays is so fascinating. Thankyou so much! This is god tier content

[@jessicascott3456]

Fascinating how you inspired me with your work of computational neuroscience and research in Obsidian to help me work on my PhD thesis research in Obsidian! Thanks for the vids and keep the coming! Female subscriber in the USA!

[@arthurghahramanyan3279]

I remember learning it in medical school 12 years ago. Man, that was hard. Your explanation would be helpful back then.

[@cassidywalcott6102]

Really amazing video! I could follow this as a high school physics student. Thanks for introducing me to this amazing field

[@slim5816]

hardest tattoo

[@deansmith7163]

Great video. I like the way you break down the content.

[@أَنْفَالٌ-غ2ح]

That was an excellent video , i liked how we dicovered the 4 gates by math before seeing it !

[@Yossef_M]

all of your videos are just Amazing, high quality and well-made, thanks you so much for your effort

[@kryzhaist2483]

Funny how I was just studying this. The video is perfect, amazing job! I can't thank you enough!

[@loftyTHEOWNER]

cant wait for the next video! amazing summary

[@theodoreshachtman9990]

Thank you man! You’re work is incredible

[@David-ct]

I love learning about computational neuroscience, but I am not in that field and I have to rely on difficult textbooks and papers. Thank you for making easier for me to grasp the inner workings of my own algorithmic procssor! ❤

[@szethh]

i literally had an exam on this on tuesday, great timing!! would love to see where you take this series, in my course we're starting with mutli neuron simulations & hebbian learning and it would be awesome to have such high quality explainers on these topics :)

[@rayrocher6887]

Thanks for helping neurologist, thanks math genius, good work

[@goltltamas]

Thank you very much for all of your free stuff here Mr. Kirsanov! Great great great!!!👍👌✌️💎👋

[@waff6ix]

LOVE THESE VIDEOS💯

[@0xfadead]

Even before I watch the full video: Thank you for making such mesmerizing content!

[@psybranet]

Facts

[@tymonlufa8396]

Wonderful work!

[@zvorenergy]

This is a good starting point...for Penrose, Hameroff, and Micheal Levin.

[@debdipchatterjee4046]

This is the best video on the HH model that I have seen in a while. Even the MIT introduction to neural computation wasn't this intuitive. The animations, in particular, made it much easier to understand these concepts. Can you please make a video of the Izhikevich model or the epileptic model by Victor Jirsa?

[@ramanShariati]

The legend has delivered! Again.

[@robertocardenas5006]

beautiful, both the information and the guy

[@GabrielCarvalho777]

Coming from a Cheme background the most intuitive part was the coupled understanding between physics and the EDPs. The video is very well done, although with lots of unnecessary effects. Maybe the main computational costs come from the sparse matrix generated, which is directly proportional to the number of segments? Nice job my friend!

[@medicineformelancholy9033]

Love it, brother--great video!

[@stevenbastien9028]

Great explanation!!!

[@neilbeni7744]

Best explanation!😊

[@NonExistingName]

You publish this video right as I'm learning of state systems, great timing!

[@bobbyv3]

That's a pretty sick tat. Kudos to the artist.

[@abdulrhmanaun]

Sir, your work is really amazing Thank you ❤❤

[@BinaryDood]

your graphics r so good

[@blenderbeeoff1467]

This is a very very very good channel 👍 dont stop

[@msokokokokokok]

Wow . Thanks . bTW can we interpret neighbourhood currents within a neuron as interlayer connectivity in neural network but that would mean that single neuron is a deep neural network and every gate is a layer

[@dwinsemius]

It's important to remember that it isn't just sodium or potassium ions that are moving. You also need to allow chloride ions to migrate with the positive ions.

[@guesmimohamed3595]

Dear Artem Kirsanov, I hope this message finds you well. I recently watched your KZbin video, "Wavelets: A Mathematical Microscope," and I must say, I was truly amazed by the clarity and elegance of the animations and graphics you used to explain the concepts. The presentation style really helped me understand the subject, and I can tell a lot of care went into creating it. I'm very interested in learning more about the tools you used to make these visuals. Could you please share which software or techniques you used to create such engaging animations and graphs? I'm currently working on similar material, and your approach would be incredibly helpful for my project. Thank you very much for your time, and I look forward to your response. Best regards, Mohamed

[@davidlewis6728]

i was hoping for the nernst equation (though you did mention the equilibrium potential) and the ghk equation to get mentioned a bit more, since i had an interesting experience with it, but this is really cool and well-done regardless. thank you for the video!

[@megh_d_aout]

amazing work

[@AlokLein]

coolest tattoo I've seen in a while.

[@AngDevigne]

Wow! Thank you for sharing this information with us.

[@mantapbetul6686]

Nice explanation.

[@jonahdunkelwilker2184]

Best videos ever, you always have such good visuals and explanations🙏One thing on this tho, I learned that voltage gated sodium channels have 4 charged s4 subunits plus the ball and chain inactivation mechanism, wouldn’t that mean the equation would be m to the 4th and not m cubed? If you could offer some clarification that would be awesome, keep up the good work thank you!!

[@gassandrid]

Im torn between telling all my friends about how awesome this channel is, but I also wanna gatekeep it because of how good it is! But growth is good for you so ill go with the former

[@gustavocortico1681]

Extremely interesting!!!

[@anywallsocket]

Bro is somehow getting even better 😭🙏

[@mmilrl5768]

My brother who is graduating high school this year recently said to me that he might do neuro science in uni because he feels like the brain would be easy to study. It was at that moment that I realized my brother does not have a brain

[@vastabyss6496]

Question: I am currently majoring in computer science with a concentration in AI and a minor in mathematics, but I'm also interested in neuroscience (as evident by me watching your videos). Unfortunately, my university doesn't offer a neuroscience degree for undergrads. After I graduate with a BS in CS, if I want to pursue computational neuroscience, how would I do that? Should I try to get a BS in neuroscience? Does a masters or PhD in computational neuroscience require a BS in neuroscience, or can I pursue it even without having taken any neuroscience classes in school? Love your videos btw

[@migadepancito]

In my country there is also a deficit in computational neuroscience degrees. I suspect that is the case in most of the world, since computational neuroscience is known for being interdisciplinary. What does that mean? People from all sorts of backgrounds can end up working in computational neuroscience research. You could look for computational neuroscience research groups who offer masters or Phd programs (such is the case in my country). That would be sufficient. I also suspect that it isn't even necessary for your degree to say "neuroscientist" explicitly to be capable of working in neuroscience.

[@francishubertovasquez2139]

The opening and closing of gated channels according to you depends on voltage, that's the ideal environment what if there's anomalies or anomaly stimulants to produce an effect.

[@Alex-e9r8o]

5:43 so if that little previous hump is what excites the ion, where is the electrical charge coming from that initiates that process. LOL could have watched further. I think it could possibly be the the sodium ion within the cell that acts like an attractor. If the potassium ions were to just continue diffusion, the Cell dies because it doesn't have a differential of charge to power it. In other words does sodium ions can interact with the electrical field of the potassium ions outside of the cell. Creating a short small circuit to open up the ion valves LOL didn't even need to ask any question just had to listen.

[@SALAVEY13]

0:49 savage

[@baltofarlander2618]

I recall one of my teachers at uni had Euler identity tattooed on arm...

[@Rsx2OO9]

Great video! However, focusing solely on sodium and potassium ions only scratches the surface of neuroscience. To get a fuller picture, it’s crucial to delve into other key elements like glutamate and GABA, which are the primary excitatory and inhibitory neurotransmitters, respectively, and play central roles in learning, memory, and regulating neuronal excitability. Calcium ions (Ca²⁺) are essential for neurotransmitter release and synaptic plasticity, which are fundamental for cognitive processes. Meanwhile, chloride ions (Cl⁻), through GABA receptors, help maintain the balance of excitation and inhibition by hyperpolarizing neurons to prevent overactivity. Covering these additional ions would provide a richer, more complete view of neuronal signaling.

[@eddielally2045]

My ChatGPT senses are tingling.