The Deadly Chemistry That Made Life Interesting

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Life’s been around on Earth for at least 3.7 billion years. But for most of that time, it was incredibly boring - just simple little cells squirming around in water. It only got interesting in the last few hundred million years. And that might never have happened without the help of a deadly, but also life-giving, element.
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This episode of Be Smart is licensed exclusively to KZbin.

[@besmart]

They say you can't live without love, but personally I think oxygen is more important 🤓

[@paulbarnett227]

Oxygen is indeed dangerous stuff. If we didn’t have a majority nitrogen atmosphere everything would be too flammable. If you get something burning in a pure oxygen environment you’re never going to put it out 😂

[@Misfit-from-Zanti]

Love is like oxygen, you get top much you get too high. Not enough and you're gonna die. ELO

[@nebula_star14]

“uhh what about water?” -🤓

[@paulbarnett227]

@@nebula_star14 Or Pepsi?

[@Cleeon]

Some people can continue their life without girlfriend or boyfriend or even don't get married, but for other, they can easily die, without their lovely one. That's some variety in human life.

[@HeisenbergFam]

You can always rely on chemistry for bombastic effects, a true gift that keeps on giving

[@DragonOfTheMortalKombat]

Theists :- No, mah god you alive because of mah god. worship !! Faith!!

[@AzVfL]

🛎🛎🛎🛎🛎

[@EduardQualls]

In the 1990's a professor at Rice University was studying the largest kind of amoeba when he noticed that those in 11 of his 12 specimen-dishes were dying. It turned out that they had been infected with a bacterium that killed the amoebas after the amoebas had "eaten" them. But, he found that in that final dish, the same kind of bacteria, which had been "eaten," were living, and thriving, within the amoebas, and the amoebas themselves were also thriving. When he extracted the bacteria from the cytoplasm of some of the amoebas in that final dish, both amoeba and bacteria died: they could not survive without each other. They had, accidentally and almost spontaneously, replicated the bio-synergistic event that happened when those most ancient anaerobic cells had taken in the aerobic bacteria (the mitochondria) and each had become inseparably dependent on the other. Sorry I can't find the details of the reference (Google is often not a great help with older info), but the finding was reported in _Science News_ magazine, and _Scientific American,_ too, as I remember.

[@nsadegcmlf2116]

😔悲しい事に、人間が生き残り豊かで幸せに暮らす為の原動力にした物は【みんなの力で協力しながら、自分と同じ他の人間が活きている事を傷付けて抹殺する事でした。】人類の歴史に刻んだやり方は、原始時代から始まって今日に至るまで【チンパンジーと全く同じ】です。ミトコンドリアの働きが悪いから、人間は【原罪】を喜んで発揮し続けて来たのだろうか❓🙄それとも、ミトコンドリアとは、寄生し融合した途端に、人類を悪循環の方向へ動かして行くのだろうか❓🙄

[@amethyst1826]

Thank you, Eduard, that was very interesting.

[@JustSomeGuyLV]

+@EduardQualls "and almost spontaneously" - it probably didn't happen so spontaneously. The bacteria he extracted from surviving amoeba was very likely offspring generation(s) from the bacteria that originally entered the surviving amoeba. And reproducing in new environment, the bacteria adapted to the new environment, losing some of it's old traits like being able to survive in exposed environment, and gaining new traits to benefit from inner environment of amoeba's body. Evolution is very interesting and mind blowing.

[@gregorysagegreene]

W o w. 👍

[@gregorysagegreene]

@@JustSomeGuyLV Yes, a 'viral' adaptation. It's always better not to kill the host.

[@johnnyhudson2195]

This could be a contributing factor to the Fermi Paradox. Its not that life cant spontaneously form on other planets but that generally its hard to jump from a single-celled organism to a multicellurlar equivalent.

[@letopizdetz]

Kinda like how RNA and DNA couldn't evolve in an oxygenated environment. But our complex lifeforms require Oxygen. So many events have to happen in a certain order before we build the first radio.

[@12morefacts]

Reminds me of the "Great Filter" Theory, that basically states that there are hurdles that have to be overcome for intelligent life to form. Creating living cells in the first place is probably one of these hurdles, but maybe the jumps from pro- to eucaryotic or single- to multicellular could also be such hurdles!

[@RichardWilkin]

There also appears to be the need for the planet to maintain a stable, suitable environment for life, for billions of years. Perhaps that is also rare. And when we view a very distant planet, how can we know how long it has been or will be stable for?

[@laprankster3264]

I’d still say the biggest barrier is the formation of life itself.

[@deucefoAM206]

The tough part is that while it did take over a billion years for two prokaryotes to become the first eukaryote, if that was truly a random occurrence, then it is just as likely to happen much sooner as it is to never happen at all. Moreover, while it seems that inorganic molecules could potentially lead to organic compounds on any planet within the goldilocks zone of it's star, it seem very unlikely that life on other planets would ever make it past that stage to developing complexity, let alone surviving five global extinction events (we only avoided more because the gas giants act as 'bouncers' for the inner solar system), then not destroying itself and becoming a space faring civilization.

[@sciencenerd7639]

The Cambrian explosion didn't just come out of nowhere. There was a lot of interesting fauna in the Ediacarin, such as Charnia, Dickinsonia, Spriggina, Priapulid Worms, Kimberella, etc. The Cambrian Explosion was an adaptive radiation that took millions of years, and we have a good amount of fossils from this time because of certain lineages evolving harder body parts. They were less squishy so more fossils got left behind.

[@controlfreak1963]

Multicellular organism existed even before the Ediacaran. They were just microscopically small. I believe fossils of these have been discovered. The Cambrian Explosion (and the eras that proceeded it) is when life started building structures with millions, then billions and then trillions of cells in one multicellular organism. The incredible process of a trillion celled organism from single cells boggles the mind. I believe the U of Washington identified that a typical human consists of 36 trillion cells.

[@mattdriscoll4102]

nerd lol

[@blusafe1]

@@mattdriscoll4102 newb

[@edgeeffect]

Yeah... but he's got to generalise... he's only got 15 minutes, not 4.3 billion years.

[@sciencenerd7639]

@@edgeeffect Generalizing is fine, but this kind of exageration has led to a lot of misconceptions

[@firstcynic92]

4:15. Note what he said. Oxygen didn't go to almost 10% of the atmosphere, but to almost 10% of what we have today... under 10% of 21% or... less than 2% of the atmosphere. That was after more than a billion years. Why so slow? For most of that time the oxygen was rusting out all the iron in the water. How much iron? Enough to make the worldwide formation called The Banded Iron formation, about 60% of the planet's accessible iron reserves.

[@Anonymous-df8it]

How do we turn the rust back into iron though?

[@firstcynic92]

@@Anonymous-df8it Lots and lots of heat. kzbin.info/www/bejne/b52ae6Slo96igaM

[@ShirinRose]

@@Anonymous-df8it react it with carbon. Iron is never found naturally in its metallic form, it's always in a compound, so it has to be extracted. And since iron is less reactive than carbon, you can react iron oxide with carbon to get iron and carbon dioxide (note: this is a simplification)

[@ogi22]

@@ShirinRose Simplification, but a good one. It puts those few thousand years of smelting try and error in a new perspective of a single sentence description :D

[@of_science_and_superstition]

Another important step is the forming of Ozone layer when Oxygen percentage increased, probably complex cells were forming but got destroyed by ultra-violet rays until the ozone layer became effective.

[@Mazurking]

Wonderful storytelling. Even though I was taught all of this already, I watched to the end.

[@wheelsmcdealsace]

like google, anything you look up has over 989m post on the subject. only thing that is different is the narration.

[@ogi22]

A good story is always worth to listen. Especially if it's told like this :) And if you know the story, you can always take a part in making another chapter perheaps? :)

[@gabrielhacecosas]

It is curious that these living beings, in order to take advantage of cheap energy, almost destroy life, releasing toxic gases and modifying the earth's climate, reminds me of something.

[@geraldserra8043]

Nice comment 😂

[@aleleeinnaleleeinn9110]

Our origins are based on a very long series fortunate events. One misstep and the process stopped or everything fell apart. Just finding a planet with the right conditions is a very small first step. Maybe other forms of life had a different history and path, but Earth is one lucky rock.

[@barnabycollis6963]

Only one luchy rock, as we know it.

[@TokenSelf]

But on a long enough timeline and a big enough universe - it's virtually inevitable. It leads to the anthropic principle. No "luck" necessary.

[@aleleeinnaleleeinn9110]

@@TokenSelf I can accept that we are not alone. But I'm thinking we are on the rare end of a spectrum. JWST has sohown us some objects that we havve never seen before. But only a few. I think earth is like them. Yes, if the universe is capable of creating life it can. But we have a long string of unlikely events to bring us this far. We've dogded a lot of bullets. And my other point is all we know of is our path. There may be others with far higher likelihood. And sentientence doesn't preclude us wiping out our own planet at any step along the way. Same for all the others unless they have different intelligence models, and that is possible. I don't know that there is anyone else out there. Actually, I hope so. I ran my computer for years supporting the SETI project. I was glad to do that. I thought of the fact that when even technologically primitive human worked together in large numbers they could produce impressive results. So of course I'd join the search for extraterrestrial life. I have zero expectation about what our first contact will be like. At this point all theories are pretty much valid. Is the AI the next step inour evolution. It is apath. It does have advantages. ALl I can do now is speculate.

[@aleleeinnaleleeinn9110]

@@TokenSelf I guess luck is not a good word. Let me say it like this: Following a series of statistically unlikely chains of events does not often happen. Throwing 28 straight 7s while playing craps is a simple example of our situation. We do call such events lucky. Mostly because we have no real control of them. I'm ertain the universe does care about how this planet feels about its current circumstances. An once you reach a certain level, you begin to create your own luck (and it ceases to be luck). Or species could embrace the "Dark Forest" belief system and that would affect our statistical likelihood of any contact. I doubt that I will be alive for any first contact and not very likely I'll even know of any evidence. As you mentioned; the time line can be very long.

[@aleleeinnaleleeinn9110]

@@marcosolo6491 Agreed.We only know the path we've followed, and we don't completely understand it. Oh well, I guess we get to keep playing darts in the dark until someone turns on a light or the bar closes. Our searches to the end of the universe have concretely benefitted life on earth. Of course the opposite is also possible.

[@simarkarmani4034]

6:16 As always, 'mitochondrion' is followed by 'THE POWERHOUSE OF THE CELL⚡'

[@charlesjmouse]

I don't know why I keep forgetting to look at this channel, it's videos are really good. While I don't necessarily subscribe to the idea, one of the potential solutions to the Fermi paradox is how rare Phosphorous is in the universe - as far as we can know it's one of the very few absolute requirements for life, complex life needing lots more. That Earth somehow got an unusually huge supply coupled with erosion during snowball events bumping up availability, in turn leading to life and then complex life is a beguiling thought. Further thoughts to chew on: -For reasons unknown it seems the gas cloud from which our solar system formed had a relatively very high supply of phosphorous. (still rare) -It seems 'super' Earths are far more common inner solar system bodies than the smaller rocky bodies 'we' have - the former not so useful for life. -It also seems the very unusual formation then interaction of Jupiter and Saturn in the places they started caused them to first 'tack' in to the inner solar system so kicking out any 'super' Earths that had formed, then back out again to spray icy bodies about, so seeding the newly forming smaller Earth with water. -Phosphorous tends to bind with iron, so depleting the crust of a rocky planet of what little may be available. But being hit a glancing blow by 'Theia' will have seeded our crust with enough to allow life to happen at all. That the blow didn't obliterate the Earth, and came in at just the right angle to create our huge Moon is also incredibly unlikely. That moon has stabilised our planet for billions of years while shielding it from many blows, in so doing allowing life and then complex life a place to be. -Without plate tectonics there can be no (complex) life, another gift we likely only received through being hammered by a 'Theia' of just the right size, at just the right angle, at just the right time. -If the Earth had formed any closer or further away from the Sun it would almost certainly have been either too cooked or cold for life to get going, certainly for all but the most primitive types. -If the Sun had been smaller or larger we would have likely ended up too cool or hot to start anything... but more, 'we' needed the precise balance of star size and orbital distance to allow for early 'snowballs' to occur to 'scrape' enough phosphorous out of the rocks for complex life to be possible - the timing of the innovation of aerobic respiration with the evolution of our star being just as important: Too soon and 'snowballs' would have been so severe the planet might have iced over permanently, to late and any life may have been cooked away. -Which brings us on to the development of stars, which get hotter as they age. If our sun had been smaller it would heat slower, likely leading to far more severe 'snowballs', which would have at best severely stunted life if it got going at all. If larger it would have heated faster, so cooking the planet to death before the Cambrian explosion had a chance to get going - as it is 'we' have about another 500-1000 million years before our warming sun renders the Earth uninhabitable. -There are so many reasons why an Earth significantly smaller or larger than 'ours' would be no good for (complex) life, so I'll list two: If smaller our core would have 'frozen' long since and Earth would be like Mars. If any larger space travel would be impossible because of the 'tyranny' of the rocket equation, even assuming the many reasons why big is bad for intelligent life didn't get in the way. This very long comment barely scratched the surface as to why it's mind-bogglingly amazing 'we' are here at all. Until such time that conclusive proof can be shown to the contrary it has to be assumed the universe is functionally devoid of all life but us - I would say that privileged position is a huge responsibility to look after what we have.

[@NewMessage]

So let's all raise a glass to Reginald, and his dinnertime emissions! 🥂

[@jonathanm9436]

I think this is the best 15 minute primer on the subject that I have ever seen. Great job and thank you.

[@brockmckinney]

This is the best video you’ve done on this channel. Thanks.

[@avadakedavra80]

Love your graphics team!

[@cdscissor]

"Life was really really boring." You did not just disrespect the microcosmos.

[@garrettsharpe1464]

That was my only issue with the video, because bacteria are anything but boring. Their adaptive measures are what provided the mitochondria and chloroplasts abilities in the first place, and they are uniquely able to transform and manipulate pretty much every element and molecule naturally available if it has any capacity to generate even a little bit of energy. Their recycling of nutrients and ability to perform complex biogeochemistry like nitrogen fixation forms the basis of biogeochemical cycling upon which complex life utterly depends on to continue existing. Boring? No.

[@bakshiavijit]

Very well made content! Thank you!

[@stvp68]

I really liked the background music in this. Nice work, APM!

[@Supershark83]

Excellent video -great graphics 👏👏👏👏👏

[@giulianaalmiron5517]

Omg this is one of my favourite videos I've watched from your channel. I love it love it love it ❤

[@adpirtle]

Maybe the solution to the Fermi Paradox is that these freak events almost never happen.

[@DragonOfTheMortalKombat]

🤫🤫 It's definitely the great filter. You don't talk alternative theories, it'll upset the believers.

[@aditilokhande6633]

But dont you think the universe is just too vast for these freaky events to just occur once?

[@garrettsharpe1464]

I would think that the great filter is either the genesis of life from inorganic material or the microbe to super complex life step. I feel like the mitochondria and chloroplasts generation may have a low chance of happening, but the sheer abundance of single cells interacting with one another all the time (there's 1 billion bacterial cells in just 1 liter of seawater) increases the odds of that rare event happening. And bacteria/fungi have evolved their way out of tight spots before, such as nitrogen fixation and digesting woody material. But the boring billion event with low phosphorus indicates that special circumstances need to happen for a long time to free up enough nutrients to fuel oxygen increase and availability of building blocks to allow for complex development.

[@ccgarciab]

​@@garrettsharpe1464 multicellularity is actually way more common than endosymbiosis

[@sadderwhiskeymann]

Great video. Thank you

[@alien9279]

Great explanation of the great filters we've passed 👀👀

[@RonnyCoalman]

Dude i was just watching "History of the Earth"'s videos about the boring billion stuff and now you drop this video. :D

[@leandrocermelli1540]

Excelente episodio! Me gustó mucho el texto, sobre todo, así como la gráfica y, como siempre, la presentación de Jo. Amo este canal! Gracias por todo lo que nos dan!! Saludos desde Argeentna

[@ogi22]

Geez... My Spanish is getting better or i'm reading too many comments. Yes it was a wonderful piece :) que tenga un buen día!

[@ridhaaloina]

I just read that in Lehninger book, and to compare.. you able to deliver it way more subtle. great job, sir

[@kevincable4099]

This video is excellent! You also really need to make that POWERHOUSE OF THE CELL with the thunder a GIF with audio somehow.

[@Drunksplained]

That was a FANTASTIC intro dude.

[@pranjalsharma8960]

As usual, brilliant production

[@aprilmeowmeow]

the shots at the end are incredible.

[@masterimbecile]

1:03 life didn’t wanna stay boring. It wanted to stay curious.

[@veronicalouverdis5535]

Amazing video 💜

[@kuo-yingwang2273]

Thank you very much indeed for this very brilliant episode. You have good scientific processes, with good schematic diagrams, showing how chemistry made life possible on this planet. Very good work in the script which made the content relevent and easy to understand while stick to science. One of the best videos I have watched.

[@luisdiegoescalante3184]

Love the new art direction!

[@takenname8053]

11:14 Oxygen poisoning is the best way to defeat a Priest in a ghost room

[@sparksgaming1955]

just got this notification one minute ago at Six Flags. watching this in The Colossus line! Update: Line moving, have to pause. Update: Line stopped, continuing video. Update: 6 minutes in, have to get on ride.

[@sonakshitiwarisonakshi5044]

Informative 👍👍👍👍👍

[@codyramseur]

I would really like to see y’all do a video on “galls.” As far as I can find, nobody has done an explainer video detailing how the tactic likely evolved.

[@1234j]

9:12 I want that cookbook in your merch, please 🎉😂❤

[@swoondrones]

Wow! This is amazing!

[@tim40gabby25]

Even very rare events - like photosynthesis and multicellularity on the same little rock in the Goldilocks zone near a nice stable main sequence star - become racing certainties when one considers 200B stars in 2T galaxies. Oh, my.

[@rodrigogaleano5145]

What a great video!

[@glomi__]

Loved the video! Some feedback regarding the characterization of prokaryotes as "boring" -- I think the chemistry that allows prokaryotes to exist isn't boring at all! And is in fact, the first step in understanding the microcosmos and how life exists there to this day.

[@gregorysagegreene]

"We were boring, till you needed us."

[@hcarrapico]

The title of this video doesn't do justice the its contents, but I can't think of a better title. Amazing video, keep it up

[@QuantumCrafts]

Life on Earth: from snooze-fest to full-blown party mode! Oxygen, you troublemaker, giving us fire and wrinkles :D

[@mrjoe332]

I hear you, we definitely should drop a bunch of phosphorus on any simple life we find in the future

[@hexagonist23]

Ok, go eat some raw phosphorus, see what happens.

[@mrjoe332]

@@hexagonist23 I'm not a simple life form. I'm multicellular organism. Didn't you read my comment?

[@Sarappreciates]

LOL, I had a dream in which aliens said they didn't want anything to do with us until we "leave the food chain." As silly as that may sound, it was a disturbing dream that left me feeling almost embarrassed for not photosynthesizing light.

[@ogi22]

Don't be embarrassed. Perheaps you are not using light directly to get your energy from, but you get your energy from plants that get their energy from sun. And you get your energy from animals thet get energy form plants that... Ufff... You know, we all live because of the sun :)

[@erinm9445]

This is one of the best dreams I've ever heard of 😂 And yeah, I wish we could leave the food chain, that would be awesome!

[@Sarappreciates]

@@erinm9445 It was a nightmare looking back in confusion at the Milky Way Galaxy shrinking into the distance made me realize that the farther we get from Earth, the weirder everything gets. Consuming other living things in order to survive is maybe a good way to identify intelligence worthy of approach. That's an entirely primitive need to "them." The whole cycle of eating, pooping, and growing more to eat in poop (agriculture itself) became a concept similar to purely primordial cells in pond scum blindly feeling around for other organisms to ingest. Food chains are a totally necessary stage for many species to experience before adapting (evolving) much more efficient ways of maintaining one's consciousness over millions more years than we've endured. Few planets exist long enough for such beings to evolve and achieve space travel beyond one's native solar system. We aren't alone in the universe so much as alone in this era of time. We can't communicate (or travel) faster than light until we know how to process light in a more efficient way, or something like that. TLDR: we should be looking for ways to outgrow the food chain if we wanna get far enough to find other "intelligence."

[@yakamurachenabacar5774]

That song at the intro rocks

[@brendakrieger7000]

Super fascinating

[@Markone99]

This was a really cool video! Thank you for the knowledge

[@anasshahbaz4573]

nice painting behind :D

[@rickearl1956]

From about 4:00 in I totally love that music, reminds me of an old school rpg

[@jmas2312]

Really good video

[@wcdeich4]

You should do a video about prometheus archaea, they're really fascinating.

[@ltericdavis2237]

While it’s becoming clear that the great oxygenation event was the direct cause of the emergence of multicellular life, I do wonder whether it might be a “Great Filter.” Should Life emerge on another planet, there’s every chance that the dominant autotrophs use a system that doesn’t produce oxygen, even if they are using sunlight. Without such easy access to such a ubiquitous oxidizer, any life there would have a more difficult time forming complex structures. So it could be possible that life is common in the universe, but complex life is rare because most biosphere don’t fill their atmosphere with something so useful

[@naedanger123]

I´m convinced there is plenty of unicellular, microscopic life out there, but creating complex multicellular life is actually a pretty delicate balance that we were simply lucky to undergo here, and most other places in the universe simply didn´t share that luck.

[@standout8616]

But then what’s the point of life. What’s the point of being an alive organism with no purpose or conscience. The cell knows it needs to reproduce so in thst matter it’s sentient, right? Why not try to evolve and become bigger.

[@gregorysagegreene]

Actually, they're just now saying that extreme planetary stresses such as glaciation may have made microbes desperate enough to look to oxygen, long before it got plentiful enough.

[@jeffereyfapenstein4796]

@@standout8616evolve into something bigger like what ? You predispose that life is supposed to have any meaning, when there’s no way to know

[@kylacecilialoves]

This is one of the videos that change the way you view the wolf forever

[@Beryllahawk]

"Nobody gives phosphorus any love" (looks at husband and his giant bottle of phosphorus binder medicine) hm, there are a few reasons for that :P

[@deadlyshizzno]

This video made me think about Great Filters throughout the video. Sounds like several of these events could be Great Filters contributing to the Fermi Paradox.

[@letopizdetz]

Yup, then you add a few astrophysics lucky rolls, like having a quiet star that doesn't flare out too much, being in a sweet spot to maintain liquid water, having a magnetic field to shield your atmosphere from the star. Having a big brother to herd a lot of the incoming asteroids and comets. Even if life evolved somewhere else, simple physics could have wiped it out way before it could evolve enough to create a radio.

[@raisofahri5797]

@@letopizdetz but big brother planet sometimes sent asteroid and comet straight to us too like what happened to dinosaur extinction event,

[@letopizdetz]

@@raisofahri5797 hey, It's keeping more than 1.6 mil asteroids of 1km diameter and above, outside of the inner solar system, i'll call that a pretty good job. We've seen at least 10 that are >100km, real planet killers, in stable orbit in Jupiter's Lagrange points.

[@agargamer6759]

Cool video!

[@ericjane747]

Excellent!

[@amanakjjain3279]

Dude makes sci so interesting ❤

[@charlesbrown1365]

In evolutionary biology, punctuated equilibrium (also called punctuated equilibria) is a theory that proposes that once a species appears in the fossil record, the population will become stable, showing little evolutionary change for most of its geological history.[1] This state of little or no morphological change is called stasis. When significant evolutionary change occurs, the theory proposes that it is generally restricted to rare and geologically rapid events of branching speciation called cladogenesis. Cladogenesis is the process by which a species splits into two distinct species, rather than one species gradually transforming into another. The punctuated equilibrium model (top) consists of morphological stability followed by rare bursts of evolutionary change via rapid cladogenesis - vertical equilibrium states separated by horizontal "jump" phases. In contrast, phyletic gradualism (below), is a more gradual, continuous model of evolution - with accumulation of small incremental changes represented by slanted bars that split at branch-points, where two separate modes of life are feasible but of which, each prospers best with divergent specializations. Punctuated equilibrium is commonly contrasted with phyletic gradualism, the idea that evolution generally occurs uniformly by the steady and gradual transformation of whole lineages (anagenesis).[2] In 1972, paleontologists Niles Eldredge and Stephen Jay Gould published a landmark paper developing their theory and called it punctuated equilibria.[1] Their paper built upon Ernst Mayr's model of geographic speciation,[3] I. M. Lerner's theories of developmental and genetic homeostasis,[4] and their own empirical research.[5][6] Eldredge and Gould proposed that the degree of gradualism commonly attributed to Charles Darwin[7] is virtually nonexistent in the fossil record, and that stasis dominates the history of most fossil species. History

[@carollollol]

My oh my, someone has been working out! 😊

[@JoeHinojosa-bd9hu]

I'm glad this tale avoids mountains of speculation

[@rubenhillier770]

I am not sure you understand the evidence that backs up this "tale" so if you want to not seem like a willfully ignorant person, research before saying stuff.

[@JoeHinojosa-bd9hu]

@@rubenhillier770 Research is a life's passion. However as Morpheus quipped, " I'll show you how DEEP the Rabbit hole goes".

[@rubenhillier770]

​@@JoeHinojosa-bd9hu ok, tell me how DEEP the Rabbit hole goes.

[@JoeHinojosa-bd9hu]

@@rubenhillier770 Google tells me there are 17 known subatomic particles right now. However thru CERN More maybe discovered. Our universe seems to contain micro universes within universes........

[@Harsh24877]

This is what happens when BIOLOGY and CHEMISTRY combines and forms a new subject !

[@regulate.artificer_g23.mdctlsk]

I think it's called Structural Biology?

[@Anuchan]

To summarize this video: Life was boring, and then someone farted and everyone laughed.

[@MolecularAnimationsoftheCell]

I've been bombarded by this repetitive thumbnail day after day for the past week, and I couldn't help but chuckle at its persistence. I couldn't resist the temptation any longer and found myself clicking and watching it. 🤣🤣

[@dimetrodon2250]

The thing about endosymbiosis is that it likely happened more than just twice. Brown algae, such as kelp, are not closely related to the green and red algae that arose from ancestors which absorbed photosynthetic cyanobacteria. They do have endosymbiotic organelles that preform photosynthesis, but instead of a simple bacteria, they absorbed a red algae. This is known as secondary endosymbiosis, and makes kelp basically a Russian nesting doll. It performs photosynthesis using the red algae within it, which themselves use the chloroplasts within them, which are themselves a type of cyanobacteria. There's also the idea floating around that the nucleus, which also has a membrane, was itself the product of an endosymbiosis event. However this one didnt work out to well for the host, its DNA being absorbed or eaten by the "proto-nucleus" using the broken down nucleic acids for itself. There's also the idea that most membranous organelles may be other endosymbiosis events as well, but since there's no genetic material in them like in mitochondria or chloroplasts (or the crazy deal brown algae has going on), there's no way to really tell. Then you have some animals that want to get in on the photosynthetic action. Some seaslug species steal chloroplasts form the algae they eat, and incorporate them into their own bodies. Seaslugs seem particularly good at stealing cells, since there are also some that steal the specialized stinging cells of corals and other cnidarians and incorporate those into their bodies as well. This second example isnt really endosymbiosis, since the stolen cells arent absorbed into other cells. The relationship between fungi and algae/cyanobacteria in lichens is not true endosymbiosis, since the individual cells of one organism aren't engulfing the cells of the other, however the principle is the same: two organisms making up a single body. Lichens are key to succession, providing the base for new ecosystems to form on land, and may have been key to the initial spread to life on land. Corals and their photosynthetic zooxanthellae are similiar to the lichen, in that they are also not technically an example of endosymbiosis, but are a similar analogue on a multicellular scale. The corals house the zooxanthellae, but they are free to leave if the conditions are no longer favorable (coral bleaching), and will even return if the environment restabilizes and the corals haven't yet died. Similar to lichens, corals also provide the backbone for new ecosystems to form. Inside the guts of every animal that has them reside a whole ecosystem of bacteria and other microorganisms that aid in digestion and help maintain the health of their hosts. The whole reason that pro-biotics are important for your health, especially after being on anti-biotics for an infection, is that you need to regrow a healthy microbiome. The majority of plants today are part off a symbiotic relationship with fungi called mycorrhizae which connect to the root system, exchanging fixed nutrients for energy. They not only connect with one plant's roots, but form networks between plants, allowing them to "communicate" and spread nutrients between eachother. Without them, we wouldn't have the majority of plants, and life on land wouldn't be able to flourish. Symbiosis is likely more common than competition in nature, and is likely a greater driving force in evolution. Usually the fittest organisms in terms of "survival of the fittest" are those that are able to make the most of the symbiotic relationships they are a part of. Its why many relationships that started out as parasitic or one-sided ones eventually became more mutualistic. Cleaner organisms like oxpeckers and cleaner shrimp feed off of the skin of larger animals, but by doing so in such a way that benefits the health of their hosts, both parties benefit.

[@merveilleskatumba2886]

Great video 💯💯💯💯💯💯💯💯💯💯

[@HRN392]

This makes me think about the Great Filter

[@BrunoHenrique-gi1wd]

3:25 that is, if the cell is round, if its mostly flat that doesn't apply.

[@nalat1suket4nk0]

Chemstry be like:

[@aliceballagh304]

Fantastic!

[@likebot.]

I never thought of it this way, but life is an emergent property of geology.

[@Pecisk]

It is literarily result of start dust - collapsed supernovas seeding galaxies with heavier elements. It is very tied to birth of this universe.

[@alanmckinnon6791]

One day I was pondering the probabilities of these various events and came up with a nifty slogan: Life is ubiquitous, intelligence is rare. Has a nice ring to it.

[@tungsten2009]

same goes with people.

[@pokegard]

Part of the crew part of the ship(endosymbiosis, multicellularity, and ramets/zooids)

[@Monkey_D_Luffy56]

Imagine that Oxygen is the reason why we age and die

[@suelane3628]

I find a lot of science based presentations do dismiss Bacteria and Archaea. The reality is that between them the Prokaryotes possess the most amazing metabolisms starting off with the Lithotrophs.

[@TheThinker365]

The Oxygenation event was nuts... I still hear 'I can't Breathe'

[@paulajordan2800]

Hilarious! Just in time for Valentine’s Day for me!!

[@cinemartin3530]

I can’t even believe that our whole life depends on a series of random coincidences. Starting with the fact that at one point a bacterium decided to swallow another, making it something like its own organ, ending with an ice age that supplied microorganisms with nutrients. Our life is a real miracle that should be properly appreciated. Too many things could go wrong before the cells decided to coalesce into something complex. After such videos, I immediately cease to be surprised by the lack of evidence of extraterrestrial life ... since the birth of something intelligent is such a complicated process, the appearance of someone similar to us on other planets should not be a very frequent event.🤔

[@yag821]

"Hey Smart People, Joe Here" *vsauce intensifies*

[@avadakedavra80]

7:11 You are MY tochondria now, lol. 😂😂😂😂

[@safaiaryu12]

"Just microscopic blobs... blobbing." Why did you call me out like this

[@fbi873]

Imagine if lessons in schools were taught like this

[@whoreslayer]

they used to in my school

[@DragonOfTheMortalKombat]

@@marcosolo6491 Don't know about you but I certainly learned a lot. Stop defending schools, they're using 100 year old methods to teach modern subjects in the most boring way possible. You were probably a teacher's pet as a student.

[@DragonOfTheMortalKombat]

@@whoreslayer Lucky you.

[@fbi873]

@@marcosolo6491 What you said is the very problem with school - needing to memorize things you’re not interested in. We are not in the 1700s where you need to memorize information to pass it to the next generation or write it in books. What I want is being able to find cool information I am interested in and enjoy my time productively. And when I find myself very interested in a specific topic, I search more about it to satisfy my interest in it. And yes, a 10-minute video **teaches** you more than a School semester. I can agree that a School semester makes you **memorize** more information than KZbin videos, but not **learn** the information.

[@mrbfros454]

@@marcosolo6491 our schools are the laughing stock of the world. We are no where close to the best educated people and our schools have become so heavily politicized that they are forced to teach a bunch of trivial stuff or severely slanted points of view and they don’t have the time or energy to teach common sense problem solving or constructive independence. It’s really sad and completely unnecessary. Who knows how many brilliant thinkers engineers artists or inventors have slipped through the cracks because they never got the push that they needed to pursue their passions without being dragged down by all the distractions in our schools. I think the only answer is to privatize all education so that only the goods ones survive and politicians won’t have any influence over them. In the age of the internet requiring a certain style of education from a chosen institution is completely unnecessary. Wow this turned into more than I wanted. I’ll just stop now lol

[@jimrolland4453]

I'm not good at articulating stuff. Simply put, the first time it's an "accident" intelligent life maybe an accident. But once we understand the inner workings of life, we can accelerate evolution on planets or surfaces that are extreme. We can even start by seeding life by introducing extremophiles to extreme worlds and accelerating their evolutions to create aliens.....

[@duhduhvesta]

What about the anaerobic photosynthesis? Ugh I have so many questions

[@wheelsmcdealsace]

pressure is one of the most over looked building blocks. making the combination of complex compounds possible.

[@starrywizdom]

I never get tired of this story!!!

[@cliffgulliver4626]

Now it makes sense.thx.

[@xywix]

One intelligent life per universe. That’s how rare we are I believe

[@Lone_Star86]

The universe and life is just chemistry happening for billions of years.

[@wcdeich4]

BTW, we found a 1.6 billion year old red algae fossil.

[@ioanbota9397]

Really I like this video its so so interestyng

[@niembro64]

that background music tho 🎉

[@joshuabaughn3734]

0:00 Oh and the Oxygen Rusted the Iron dissolved in the oceans and formed the Banded Iron Formation which are the major source of Iron for our civilization and first smelted from its ore around the time of the Bronze Age Collapse.

[@feiryfella]

The 'Boring Billion' is my favourite part of Earth's history. Nothing, yet everything happened.

[@samwisegamgee6532]

0:22 the next time you will hear a mosquito in your bedroom, maybe you will regret the boring blob era^^

[@akinohibi]

wish I had these kinds of videos when I was younger. I would have been so into science.

[@suruxstrawde8322]

They did when I was, and you’re right, I’m extremely knowledgeable of many sciences just out of passion now.