The Death Masks Of The English Kings And Queens - History Documentary

[@deborahshallin5843]

Many times after a painful final days, in death a person is able to find peace, hence a relaxed expression.

[@Dark_LoreVT]

You really humanized these Monarchs. Especially Elizabeth the 1st. Well done!❤❤❤

[@KimberlyPatton-x1n]

This a a fascinating tradition.There are many other death masks of notable figures that give a more human glimpse into what they looked like and their humanity.Thank you for another great video.! Madame Tussaude also made some notable representational death masks....

[@alaskabarb8089]

If the subject of this video is death masks, then why spend so much of it on Queen Elizabeth I, and never show her death mask, but only the carved effigy on her tomb. It was probably based on the wax mask, but is not the same thing. Disappointing.

[@DavidJohnRedwood]

Elizabeth I was the one I would have LIKED to have seen most. MQS does not look much like portraits of the time, but maybe the stress of the occassion giving MQS immense psychological trauma could arguably be responsible(?) The short grey hair of MQS was cited in Antonia Fraser's book - that is almost certainly correct then.

[@ClareThompson-s6t]

You say Victoria’s mask made her look ugly….she wasn’t that braw when she was alive.

[@DavidJohnRedwood]

I do not like talking in boys' locker room talk but just this once: Victoria would be lucky to get 2/5. Her daughter in law Alexandra might get a 3. So might Diana. 0ver the past century or two I think the royal men might be ahead of the ladies on looks. George V was very handsome, as was his cousin Tsar Nicholas II. The two highest ranking I can think of right now, but 4/5 maximum.

[@wizzapp]

‘The Death Masks of the English Kings and Queens’ ? Mary Stuart wasn’t English, nor was she the Queen of England but rather the Queen of the country of Scotland.

[@Yesser-Thistle73]

Exactly. How disrespectful towards the Queen, and also her country of Scotland.

[@cindylehman4818]

A class act. She will be absolutely missed, and remembered fondly forever.

[@Hallyboodle]

One of the last paintings shown is actually thought to be of Countess Catherine (“ Cat”) Howard, the lady in waiting you mentioned.

[@WDwyer]

I’ve seen several-but the one in Queen Mary’s house in Jedburgh seems like the best one to me.

[@nancytestani1470]

Just wonderful.

[@Baskerville22]

"Her Body (Queen Elizabeth I) was first placed into a vault by her grandfather, Henry VII" ????? Elizabeth died in 1603: her grandfather, Henry VII, died in 1509.

[@momthatloves3985]

Yes I have seen this tomb in Westminster Abbey, ironically with her half sister Mary 1st

[@PangurBan-l1s]

Dying of TB was a terrible way to die, thank GOD we can cure it today.

[@mangot589]

Well, we can treat it. It’s still around. And still really contagious. Like you don’t get to just go home with your pills or whatever. My husband had some guy at work a few years ago who had it. The CDC tracks you, and makes sure you are taking ALL your medicine. Like home visit stuff. And an amazing fact, it has killed 1/4 of all the people on earth who HAVE EVER LIVED. Boggles. I’m with you. Thank god for treatments for in history that would maim and make people drop like flies. The good old days weren’t so good in most ways. And terrible, TB, they would literally cough to death, can you imagine? 🙈.

[@evoandy]

@@PangurBan-l1s thank medicine for that

[@PangurBan-l1s]

@@evoandy I agree 100%.

[@Aran_chini]

Neither of these purported Mary Stuart masks look anything like her portraits. There is another mask, on display at Linlithgow Palace (her birthplace), that does look like her portraits. It is I believe the actual death cast.

[@noahbuck7550]

Yes, they do. 😂

[@noahbuck7550]

They have the same face shape. Her nose...small lips. Portraits weren't supposed to be 100% accurate. They are for the taste of the time.

[@ButtonsCasey]

Portraits hardly depicted a person as they were.

[@AmidalaEmma]

Funny enough I feel like none of Mary’s portraits look like the same person!

[@AmidalaEmma]

@@ButtonsCaseytrue but at least with Elizabeth I can make out a general idea.

[@wesbrown78]

I always find it funny that the execution of Mary queen of Scots was pointless since Elizabeth had no children and Mary’s son James became King anyway

[@ladyanitaadkins8855]

I'm positive Mary enjoyed your sense of humour, maybe giggled as well.

[@rilanablaak5370]

Pointless? At least Elizabeth was sure that Mary wouldn't be queen of England between her and James.

[@lorinoble2051]

Her execution stopped further attempts on Elizabeth's life to put her on the throne. We can't know if an attempt would have succeeded.

[@Theturtleowl]

The second painted death mask of Mary queen of scots looks like Elizabeth Taylor to me.

[@deborahshallin5843]

Too bad we can’t know what clothing that the monarchs, including the most recently deceased Queen Elizabeth II, were wearing before they were interred in their final resting place.

[@momthatloves3985]

There is so much history that is hidden and/ or lost through out history. And might have been changed. We only truly know what we are told, but in reality it could have been completely different

[@cdlc5256]

Don't they say that history is written by the winners?

[@momthatloves3985]

@@cdlc5256 not always no

[@tailsfromabrokenbrain1983]

'her body , Elizabeth 1st, was placed into a vault by her grandfather Henry VII.' he was dead before her birth so clearly not him

[@nicolarobb4263]

That is exactly what I was thinking!

[@celesteklose4903]

I think it means that it was placed near him.

[@traczebabe]

@@celesteklose4903She was placed next to her sister. As the picture showed. The narrator said her grandfather King Henry V11 placed her in her tomb. But your idea would make more sense. Maybe the narrator read it incorrectly. It’s worth finding out where her grandfather was buried to see if he was next to his granddaughters.

[@brianmay7053]

She was moved from beside her grandfather years later and put with her half sister mary.

[@murphychurch8251]

Ever heard the description "down by the river"? Doesn't mean the river has done anything, it means it's right next to the river. Same here, "by" is meant as "next to". 😉

[@ashfordkings]

In death all are equals

[@ladyanitaadkins8855]

This couldn't be more incorrect!

[@iamcarbonandotherbits.8039]

Lizzy the first, was a tight fisted ungrateful whinger. After the battle with the Spanish armada, she neither had the wounded looked after, nor gave a pension to those who survived but had lost limbs and were unable to work. Considering her certain death if the Spanish had won. Ingratitude at it's finest.

[@DavidJohnRedwood]

Interesting to see the death masks. And there is some worthwhile discussion in this video. There are places however where we do not have the historical record right. Some unintentional misinformation perhaps(?). As well, have we got the death masks that are definitely THE right person? A couple here look very different from visual material I have had an acquaintance with over many long years.

[@dolorescordell129]

Think Henry VII's death mask is at the V&A in London. Always thought he looked like a guy you did NOT want to cross! My guess is that he had a tough, formidable and kind of scary presence.

[@MrMenefrego1]

To refer to Kaiser Wilhelm as Queen Victoria's "war-mongering grandson" while ignoring the numerous wars and atrocities that took place during Victoria's reign is somewhat hypocritical. Queen Victoria presided over many conflicts, including: 1. The Crimean War (1854-1856) 2. The Indian Rebellion (1857-1858) 3. Punitive Expeditions in China (1857-1860) 4. The Abyssinian Campaign 5. The New Zealand Wars (1845-1872) 6. The Third Anglo-Asante War (1873-1874) 7. The Second Afghan War (1878-1880) 8. The Anglo-Zulu War (1879) 9. The First Anglo-Boer War (1880-1881) 10. The Egyptian Campaign (1881-1885) 11. The Third Anglo-Burmese War and the Pacification of Burma (1885-1895) 12. The Tirah Campaign (1897-1898) 13. The Reconquest of the Sudan (1896-1898) 14. The South African War (1899-1902) These conflicts underscore her involvement in military actions and imperial expansion during her reign. Does this also make Queen Victoria a "War Monger?"

[@tpk158]

In my opinion elizabeth I was just as much a tyrant as her father Henry viii

[@Aran_chini]

@@tpk158 what in her record leads to that conclusion?

[@empanda.123o]

Honestly, which royalty has ever not been a tyrant?

[@emilysmith7788]

Nothing of the sort

[@Nettsinthewoods]

Elizabeth tried very hard to not kill her cousin, but it was a constant fight for survival for her. Mary never gave up trying to kill Elizabeth, even when in prison. This was not an act of a tyrant, Elizabeth only killed people who clearly acted against her rule and personal. She was an amazing queen.

[@geegnosis8888]

Elizabeth made decisions that would benefit the country and her governance, sometimes at great cost to herself. After his head injury (from his jousting accident), Henry's decision making processes collapsed and that's what led him to his arbitrary actions.

[@itsjustme7487]

Praying for peace.

[@waltertaljaard1488]

Elizabeth I and her grandfather Henry VI looked very simular.

[@albertarthurparsnips5141]

Henry VI was not her grandfather. Henry VIi was.

[@aarons6935]

Mary's eyes aren't closed in her mask, they're slightly open which is normal when you're kinda not alive.

[@kuuipobaby1]

It is common for the eyelids not to close completely upon death!

[@wendyrex9220]

That’s true. If the eyes are closed the person isn’t dead.

[@aarons6935]

@@wendyrex9220 Thats not how it works.

[@aarons6935]

@@kuuipobaby1 Indeed.

[@ladyanitaadkins8855]

​@@wendyrex9220incorrect!

[@eilsmile8732]

Why talk about Elizabeth 1 then not show her death mask…. Also you are pronouncing Jedburgh quite incorrectly

[@jeffreyrichard2575]

Henry VII was an illegitimate king with no real claim to the throne except that of conquer. That makes all his heirs equally not legitimate rulers as well

[@raaf4678]

You can also conquer a throne. And if you are then accepted by your people and are anointed, you're king. It helps ofcourse if there is royal blood flowing through you.

[@Nidge2013]

Not true at all, he was the son of Margaret Beaufort who was one of the final Plantagenet Lancastrian dynasts. Since the Lancastrian claim was the stronger, and the most direct line, it would be argued that his claim was more legitimate than those of Edward IV and Richard III

[@lindaspiess1904]

​@@Nidge20130:21

[@netram28]

Henry's wife, Elizabeth of York, had the strongest claim to the throne from the House of York and no Lancastrian with a better claim to the throne than Henry VII had any legitimate issue. So it stands to reason that the heirs of Henry VII and Elizabeth of York were the truest claimants to the throne.

[@ТатьянаТкачук-п1м]

Очень интересно. Спасибо.

[@KimLong-v4i]

Took the whole video to see a death mask .

[@captainsensiblejr.]

8 minutes, wassock.

[@vaklemptone4444]

Humanity has always been savage, even in 2024 we are still not living how god intended!

[@evoandy]

God is fake

[@ТатьянаТкачук-п1м]

Как задумал Бог? Интересно.

[@nicolewilleford749]

Mary was not Elizabeth's cousin, she was her half older sister..how was her body placed in her resting place by her deceased grandfather? The math isn't mathing

[@clowchan]

I think you're confusing Mary Queen of Scots with the other Mary, the former was Elizabeth's cousin.

[@nicolewilleford749]

@@clowchan sorry you are correct, I thought they were the same person, I didn't realize they weren't, Mary her sister died from stomach cancer, and the cousin she beheaded. Thank you for pointing that out

[@clowchan]

​@@nicolewilleford749tbf there are so many Marys in UK royalty

[@stacysaville6991]

She wasn't placed in her resting place by her grandfather ... she was placed in her resting place near her grandfather. Years later she was moved and is now sharing her final resting place with her half-sister Mary I, which neither of them would approve of because they really, really did not get on ... from my research, I would say they actually hated each other.

[@DavidJohnRedwood]

A person would not be quite correct if s/he said second cousins are not cousins (Mary I & Mary QS). Girls with the same dad but different moms are half sisters (Elizabeth and the other Mary). Both sired by Henry Tudor (Henry VIII).

[@debbralehrman5957]

Thanks 🌹🌹🌹🌹 🍂🍁🍂🍁🍂🍁🍂

[@emilysmith7788]

Elizabeth didnt have an autopsy, it was not permitted at the time, however recently studies of her illnesses have become a estimated cause of death but no scalpel touched her.

[@mangot589]

I wonder why the ruler of Germany was allowed to override the new king, of um England, Edward VII? 🤔 I mean, I know about the whole “class” thing, but shouldn’t have somebody at least told Edward what was happening?

[@Cdr_Mansfield_Cumming]

He was his grandson just as much as the new King was. The Danish King also had a personal request for death jewellery made that the Queen didn't want to be made in life. Yet again, he was her grandson (via Mother who was Victoria’s daughter) and the different national tradition was followed. We all think we would love to be born into Royalty, but could any of us forgo the personal freedoms they don't have?

[@shelleywright7387]

Every death mask of every Queen look the same

[@EuniceStone-s9j]

They are all doubly related.

[@viktorblondeen4925]

30:40 is that not the chubbiest most adorable baby you’ve ever seen 😂? Which daughter of Tzar Nicholas 2 is that? Is it Olga?

[@angietunstall2555]

I believe that the JEDBURGH you are referring to as JEDBURG is actually pronounced as Jedburru .. u as in up! 😊

[@eh-i1841]

Jedburgh is pronounced Jedburra.Weird that it’s being badly mispronounced here.

[@johnmortimer1308]

Mary Stuart not strictly queen of England though ?

[@eleanorbarrie3527]

Absolutely correct and you'd think a channel purporting to be about history, would get the basics correct!🏴󠁧󠁢󠁳󠁣󠁴󠁿✊

[@johnmortimer1308]

@@eleanorbarrie3527 yes indeed 👍🏻❤️

[@CC-uq4hu]

As far as I know she was Queen of Scotland France and claims to England…that’s what got her killed. My ancestor Croft Queen Elizabeth 1 advisor advised her against killing Mary who was her cousin…this made her very angry but he protected her when she and he were locked in the tower years before she was Queen

[@CathyRussell-sw2df]

You said that Henry VII left his throne to his son, Henry VIII. He did not! His Heir was his firstborn, Prince Arthur.

[@Pharoset]

Is the first photo of Victoria at the beginning of the video an actual photo or a drawing? The death mask is ugly, but Victoria was a very unattractive woman in life.

[@Cdr_Mansfield_Cumming]

Photo. There's film of her Diamond Jubilee in 1897. She's in a carriage and then recorded walking up the steps of St Paul’s Cathedral. The first photograph of Queen Victoria was in 1844. She was beautiful in her youth. Many a man/woman married the most beautiful and handsome in their youth to end up with someone unrecognisable in old age.

[@candimcirish]

I heard that Henry VII killed the King to become King, but that he was a much better King than his son, Henry VIII.

[@nadiazeeb1868]

Rather rude to abuse Her Majesty’s request about the death mask. Then to make it look awful too is shameful. Rest Peacefully Queen Victoria!💔😪🙏✝️🇺🇸🇬🇧

[@mn4169]

The masks of Mary are later, the jedborough one much later. Seen that one as a child, doubted it the, doubt it now.

[@MegaLivingIt]

Henry VIII, the ultimate Protestant.

[@ErinMcIntyre-cw2qc]

what happened to Mary's little dog ?

[@OOhlUkaTmEImGanSTa]

It was given to one of Mary's attendants but died a few days later from heartbreak 😢

[@escapistfromhell1543]

That is what the opitamy of loyalty means

[@lilgeorge34]

I was bothered about the little dog as well. But sad that it died of a broken heart,

[@alimccreery755]

I’ve always wondered about the little pup.

[@kringle-jelly]

New to your channel and already subcribed. Your content is 🔥

[@honorhon7061]

Henry VII s biggest sun was to have fathered such a monster like Henry VIII

[@allyncollins359]

Wasn't Henry's brother Arthur, King before he was? Intended for Katherine of Aragon?

[@dixiefallas7799]

Absolutely right!

[@spookyglamandhistorygirl310]

Arthur was never king. He died before his dad, King Henry VII

[@hazelwood-wi9sk]

I have read history books which show photographs of the wooden death mask of Queen Elizabeth, Henry VII's wife who predeceased him. Do you know what happened to it?? Obviously, it's been around since photography was invented?

[@paula3124]

It's pronounced 'Jedboro' not 'Jedburg'.

[@ericcraig3675]

I am scottish,it's Jedburgh,not jedboro,

[@paula3124]

​@@ericcraig3675 ​@ericcraig3675 I know how it's SPELLED. I was telling her the correct PRONUNCIATION! Read what I wrote.

[@paula3124]

@@ericcraig3675 I know how it's SPELLED. I was telling her the correct PRONUNCIATION! Read what I wrote.

[@cdlc5256]

I thought it was pronounced Jedburruh...

[@Yesser-Thistle73]

@@cdlc5256 It is.

[@honorhon7061]

Henry VII appointed his eldest son,Arthur,not Henry,the youngest to succeed him

[@Mrs12qwaszx]

Wow

[@honorhon7061]

Mary I was not the cousin,but the half sister of Elizabeth I. Get your records straight!

[@ClareThompson-s6t]

Firstly, for Nicole Willeford, Mary and Elizabeth were cousins. Mary’s grandmother was the sister of Henry VIII. Secondly, I thought this was about death masks not history lessons, although Nicole could do with a few….😂😂😂

[@LanaWarzynski]

King tut doesn't have one they said the most popular death mask is king tut but he doesn't have one

[@maryblushes7189]

Henry VII had terrible guilt on his soul, which is why he was pleading with God for mercy. It was he that murdered thise two boys, not Richard. That is my opinion.

[@Aran_chini]

@@maryblushes7189 Richard intercepted the princes en-route from Ludlow, executed their uncle and escort, confined them in the Tower of London, repeatedly delayed Edward’s coronation, had the princes declared illegitimate and had himself crowned instead. The princes disappeared during Richard’s reign and 2 years prior to Henry VII landing in Britain to challenge for the crown. I’m struggling to see how culpability falls on Henry.

[@maryblushes7189]

@@Aran_chini I very much doubt that.

[@Aran_chini]

@@maryblushes7189 doubt what?

[@terrydodson9884]

@@Aran_chiniagreed!

[@shirleyterrett8272]

It was Richard the 3rd not Henry 7th.

[@wendyrex9220]

Henry VIi was a handsome man.

[@lespaddick6248]

The Title is Death masks of English Kings and queens yet we have Mary Queen of Scots

[@sherriditto5881]

The Throne was left to his first born son who married Kathrine and she married King Henry the 8th

[@murphychurch8251]

Get your history right. Arthur, the first born son was dead by the time Henry VII died (1509), so he couldn't inherit the throne. It was a bit misleading though the she said that he left the throne to his eldest surviving son, as at the time, Henry was the only surviving son anyway. His elder brother Arthur had died before (1502) and so had his younger brother Edmund (who died in infancy in 1500). The ascending of the throne had nothing to do with Arthur's and then Henry's marriage to Katherine.

[@kathreilly7050]

💜👏👏

[@davidfletcher6703]

I always heard that Mary and Elizabeth were sisters not cousins, or is this Mary a different Mary?

[@jacquelinebell6201]

Mary I was Elizabeth's older sister, Queen before her. Mary Queen of Scots was a cousin.

[@kathreilly7050]

💜

[@Kindheart93]

Water is like wine if all's to drink is brine.

[@Rita-n3r2m]

How is it possible to mask with eyes open??

[@deborahshallin5843]

King Henry VII a without long head of hair? Perhaps often he wore a wig, as was common

[@allymac1314]

If these are English monarchs, why is Mary Queen of Scots included??

[@wakandaforever4291]

Where are the death masks??

[@ferocient]

This video seems more like a personal rant than something scholarly and objective. For all the verbiage - very little information provided.

[@valsptsd814]

“Good Old Beth”? The Brits may want their accent back. 😂😂😂😂

[@Gancanna]

I heard it as "Good Old Bess."

[@stevenleppard1072]

Mary Queen of Scots was a Scottish Queen and the legitimate english queen. You inclusion her as such as English is welcome as it validates Queen Mary's rightful and legitimate claim and title, but she was Queen of Scots first and foremost, her English claim was secondarily to that of Queen of Scots. You are completely incorrect in stating that MQOS was the former Queen of Scotland. She was the legitimate Scotstish Queen irrespective of her enforced abdication. Also, you are incorrect, stating Mary was not given a public funeral . She was in fact given a royal state funeral paid for by the English government with Elisabeth personality represented by her ftiend ,the countless of Belford. The funeral took place in July 1587 attened by rhe gentry abd nobility of England which can only be taken as an admission of guilt that they had committed regicide of their legitimate Queen. Today Queen Mary' lies in Westminster abbey her legitimate and rightfull claim yo the English Crown acknowledged and recognised in tbe most magnificent and imposing Tomb in tbe Abbey, much bigger than Elizabeth's . Queen Mary has triumphed in tbe end its her bloodline thwt still reigns today not Elizabeth's who was barren.. equally Queen Mary did not plot againnst Elizabeth she plottted yo be free the Babington Plot was fabricated and the evidence was falsified by Cecil, Walsingham and Phellepes with the knowledge and approval of Elizabeth. Equally she trued yo have Queen Mary secretly murdered by Paulet refused to do it without warrant. You completely fail to lije most English people omits the actual facts. Also Elizsbeth in 1574 approached Earl of Morten who was regent in Scotland to take Queen Mary back providing Mary was executed within 4 hours of arriving in Scotland, Morten refused unless Elizabeth sanctioned it. Elizabeth Tudor wabted Queen Mary dead but not the responsibility, her behaviour after Mary's murder clearly demonstrated that. You keep stating thet Queen Mary' wanted to be buried besude her first hus Frqncis II king of France, thiscis comple false, Queen Mary wabted to be buried beside her mother Marie DeGuise . Why cannoy you report facts not ?.Queen Victoria was Queen of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland and later Empress of India. Its rather ironic like our late Queen Elisabeth , Queen Victoria loved Scotland and was proud of her Scottish and Stewart/Stuart heritage .

[@1331garrison]

Tough to read with many typos.

[@ButtonsCasey]

Mary Queen of Scots was not the rightful heir to the English throne. As a matter of fact, Henry VIII skipped his sister Margaret's descendants, favoring those of his sister's Mary's. Henry's 3rd act of succession is what was followed up until Elizabeth's death. James I never should have been King of England. And Mary was the former Queen of Scotland. She was replaced by her son James.

[@kissedbysun2517]

Why don't you make a video? You can share your thoughts on the matter

[@stevenleppard1072]

@kissedbysun2517 unfortunately I do not have the time much as I would like to. Bit surely my reply gives a good insight to my thoughts which equally gives the correct information which unfortunately few from England do. Queen Mary was not guilty of Treason the case and charges against her were ludicrous and fabricated, and so-called evidence was fabricated by the English Crown. 1 Queen Mary was Queen of a foreign country, regardless of her enforced illegal abdication, which the English Crown were complict in .2 Queen Mary was the legitimate and rightful Queen of England. Also, Elizabeth Tudor was illegitimate the base born illegitimate daughter of Anne Bolyen and Henry VIII who was a Catholic. Therefore, on both counts, the charge of Treason was invalid . The very state that murdered Queen Mary gave her a royal state funeral paid for by the English government with the nobility and Elizabeth's personal friend as her representive present. No where in history has a person who was executed fir Treason given such a state funeral paid fir by the estate that executed them. It was an admission of guilt on all sides particularly Elizabeth's who knew she had murdered gods and Scotland's annited Queen and the legitimate abd lawful Queen of England. They will answer for their crime on judgement day.

[@CC-uq4hu]

Exactly ❤

[@shelleywright7387]

My lord I have just had to section my brother day before his birthday I am beside myself with pain I can't stop crying

[@amandapittar9398]

Dear Shelly, your brother is lucky he has a sister who cares enough to look out for his welfare and wellbeing. It is not a decision you would have made lightly. Things like this are incredibly stressful. You are not qualified, trained or equipped to help your brother properly but what you have done is place him in the care of those can help him. It’s an act of caring if not love. You don’t need to feel pain.. you have done your brother a huge favour, despite what he may say or think right now. You can heal now and so can he. It just takes time.

[@jenniferdaviddow8054]

So sorry for your pain. I hope your brother can be helped .

[@PangurBan-l1s]

They can do wonders today, don’t lose hope.

[@DianeMassie-g4j]

Jedburgh = Jed-bur-a - like Edinburgh 👍

[@Enen2096]

Можно русские или украинские субтитры , пожалуйста 😢

[@joannepirouz5222]

Henry bill was succeeded by his first born son Arthur. who died young. The throne then went to second son Henry.

[@PatriciaValentini-r9w]

Barbarism

[@bryana50cents16]

You stole your footage........smh

[@nermalpancakes]

From who?

[@trikidouelina]

🤮🤮🤮🤮

[@jorgevillavicencio427]

You talk way too much to explain what could be resumed in 3 minutes, tops.

[@MegaLivingIt]

Henry VIII, the ultimate Protestant.

[@ladyanitaadkins8855]

Please explain what you mean. 😊