The Electron: Crash Course Chemistry #5

Hank brings us the story of the electron and describes how reality is a kind of music, discussing electron shells and orbitals, electron configurations, ionization and electron affinities, and how all these things can be understood via the periodic table.
Watch this video in Spanish on our Crash Course en Español channel! • El electrón: Crash Cou...
Pssst... we made flashcards to help you review the content in this episode! Find them on the free Crash Course App!
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Table of Contents
Snobby Scientists 00:43
Great Dane/Bohr Model 01:57
Electrons as Music 04:13
Electron Shells and Orbitals 04:44
Electron Configurations 05:54
Ionization and Electron Affinities 08:17
Periodic Table 10:18
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[@crashcourse]

Pssst... we made flashcards to help you review the content in this episode! Find them on the free Crash Course App! Download it here for Apple Devices: apple.co/3d4eyZo Download it here for Android Devices: bit.ly/2SrDulJ

[@sudeepjoseph69]

k

[@markzuckerberg8067]

thanks cutie

[@jplant1414]

Course progression: Vid 1: Learn to crawl. Vid 2: Crawling forwards, backwards, turning and varying speed. Vid 3: Learning to stand up. Vid 4: First walking steps while holding on to tables, railings or someone's hand. Vid 5: Competing in the decathlon while sampling magic mushrooms between events. Can't wait for Vid 6...

[@masamune9082]

Lol

[@geniustennisacademy5182]

Okay, okay, for all of you that are confused. Before I begin explaining, it is important to understand that an "orbit" and an "orbital" are two completely different things. So every atom's electrons occupy energy levels, which are also called orbits, which are those circles you see around the nucleus of an atom in those diagrams you see. An energy level could be 1, 2, 3, 4, and so on, and is usually represented in chemistry by the variable "n". Note that these types of diagrams aren't showing literally how the electrons look when they travel around a nucleus; that is dictated by energy sublevels, so try to put it out of your mind that electrons always look like circles around the nucleus all the time. These energy sublevels, are the s, p, d, and f that he was talking about. These sublevels dictate the shape of the path that the electrons are most likely to travel through; so basically, that's what an orbital is: the shape of the path an electron is most likely to take when it travels around its nucleus. An orbital of the s sublevel looks like a plain circle; a p sublevel orbital looks like an infinity sign; a d sublevel orbital looks like a 4 leaf clover; an f sublevel orbital takes a shape that... really doesn't have a name. Every orbital can hold a maximum of two electrons that have opposite spins, and every sublevel has a maximum capacity for orbitals; the s sublevel holds 1 orbital, the p sublevel holds 3, the d sublevel holds 5, the f sublevel holds 7, and so on. So now you might be thinking, okay, so it'll be 1s 1p 1d 1f, then 2s 2p 2d and 2f, but in fact, that's incorrect. Through Bohr's discoveries, he found that the first energy level can only hold two electrons, the second can hold 8 electrons, the third can hold 8 electrons, the fourth can hold 18 electrons, and the fifth can also hold 18 electrons. You can actually see this in the periodic table; the first period only has 2 elements, the second period has 8, the third has 8, the fourth has 18, and the fifth also has 18. So in order from least to greatest energies, this is how energy levels and their sublevels are written; 1s, 2s, 2p, 3s, 3p, 4s, 3d, 4p, 5s, and so on as shown in the small graph below 1s

[@millieristic]

oh yes it helps, thank you

[@Jazzimus]

Thanks man this really helped

[@lswarden1046]

Finally, someone who makes sense!!!! Wish there was some way to move this explanation to the top of the comments list!

[@zeannejoylabadia222]

Thanks

[@davidgrigsby8963]

Helps? Are u kidding? U must be (@ the very least! ...) Boarder-line genius-level intellectual. At any rate, thank you--&, well on u! dbg

[@KeysmashGirl]

What I learned from this video: Electrons are music and this guys name is Hank.

[@starcaster1400]

i have to watch each of these videos on an average of 100000000 times before it all starts making a little sense

[@sachinraghavan4556]

+Malak Hasham Same

[@15float]

Lmfao me to

[@nicudanciu5758]

... plus the fact that Hank is the most boring man on the Planet Earth...

[@roshanshah3425]

i agree with u

[@XpertPilotFSX]

No matter how many times I watch this, I still can't wrap my mind around electron orbitals.

[@raw7504]

Same

[@notyourbusiness5530]

Read a book on it first, then when you come back to this video you'll understand everything.

[@alphadawg81]

I have the same problem. Glad I'm not alone.

[@DamiiCalifornia]

Consider a train track, the shape of it doesn't matter but let's say its just a circle. We can say at any time where the train is situated and at which speed it's travelling. You can draw a circle and mark a point of where the train is. Now with very very small particles (like electrons) we can't exactly know where it's located or what it's speed is (this is known as Heisenberg's Uncertainty Principle). So we know the electron is around the core (nucleus) of the atom somewhere, but we don't know exactly. But thanks to mathematical equations we know all the possible locations it can be and where it's more possible to find it. These 'groups of locations' are the orbitals. It's just the shape of where we can probably find the electron. For the train all the possible locations is the circular track, for the electron it's the shape of the orbital. For the train we can pinpoint the exact location on this track, for the electron we don't know exactly where, but we know it's somewhere in the orbital and in this orbital some 'spots' are more probable to find the electron. Hope this helped!

[@YashArya01]

Nicely explained!

[@2020balance]

Dedication is watching all 46 chemistry videos before your chemistry final!

[@kateevans2362]

I'm doing that too :)

[@munchie.madness]

+2020balance True dedication is watching all the world history videos before your ap exam

[@wunderkind7762]

+Sam Clifford best of luck to you.

[@wunderkind7762]

I am using these to fill in for a chemistry course, because my school lacks one in my current year.

[@znout65]

+2020balance two days left

[@andresperalta4436]

2:16 For consolation Hank I discovered you first so you're my original green.

[@ProfessorSyndicateFranklai]

6:27 Dog Orbital?

[@RivasLaforet]

Same.

[@meganenders2849]

N

[@andrewmaida7767]

OG?

[@persnicketyguy]

Andrew Maida xD

[@dylankrejci5693]

Great videos. I'm 13 years old and hoping to grow up to be a chemical engineer, so this is a really helpful and interesting series to tell me more about what I already know about chemistry.

[@CrackyBoi69]

I'm taking notes on the whole series. I currently have 9.5 pages worth of notes from episodes 1-4 alone. Remember everyone, knowledge is power. The more knowledge you posses, the more powerful you are.

[@miriellecaradonna617]

i'm doing the same thing

[@garfieldphillips3214]

+1

[@florrrina]

Lmao, relax. I get it, though. The only issue is that I'm HORRIBLE at taking good notes. I either write EVERYTHING down or just take down the wrong/trivial points.

[@theramblingreviewer5150]

I used to do the same, however I personally think writing too much can actually make the note process more difficult. It also is pretty stressful. I've been trying to employ the Feynman technique recently in the note taking I have been doing, and I would recommend looking into it.

[@jackbalitok3910]

I'm going supersaiyan!

[@omjoeandsteve]

This is the first crashcourse video I've understood almost nothing of.

[@ghostnoodle9721]

The whole chemistry is music threw me off a whole lot

[@zalinakhan7179]

honestly same

[@blakebauman6374]

This might help Okay, okay, for all of you that are confused. Before I begin explaining, it is important to understand that an "orbit" and an "orbital" are two completely different things. So every atom's electrons occupy energy levels, which are also called orbits, which are those circles you see around the nucleus of an atom in those diagrams you see. An energy level could be 1, 2, 3, 4, and so on, and is usually represented in chemistry by the variable "n". Note that these types of diagrams aren't showing literally how the electrons look when they travel around a nucleus; that is dictated by energy sublevels, so try to put it out of your mind that electrons always look like circles around the nucleus all the time. These energy sublevels, are the s, p, d, and f that he was talking about. These sublevels dictate the shape of the path that the electrons are most likely to travel through; so basically, that's what an orbital is: the shape of the path an electron is most likely to take when it travels around its nucleus. An orbital of the s sublevel looks like a plain circle; a p sublevel orbital looks like an infinity sign; a d sublevel orbital looks like a 4 leaf clover; an f sublevel orbital takes a shape that... really doesn't have a name. Every orbital can hold a maximum of two electrons that have opposite spins, and every sublevel has a maximum capacity for orbitals; the s sublevel holds 1 orbital, the p sublevel holds 3, the d sublevel holds 5, the f sublevel holds 7, and so on. So now you might be thinking, okay, so it'll be 1s 1p 1d 1f, then 2s 2p 2d and 2f, but in fact, that's incorrect. Through Bohr's discoveries, he found that the first energy level can only hold two electrons, the second can hold 8 electrons, the third can hold 8 electrons, the fourth can hold 18 electrons, and the fifth can also hold 18 electrons. You can actually see this in the periodic table; the first period only has 2 elements, the second period has 8, the third has 8, the fourth has 18, and the fifth also has 18. So in order from least to greatest energies, this is how energy levels and their sublevels are written; 1s, 2s, 2p, 3s, 3p, 4s, 3d, 4p, 5s, and so on as shown in the small graph below 1s

[@boazrobin]

if try you can understand

[@chelseamurphy9171]

@@blakebauman6374 thank you do much omg this helps

[@ranshibuki9659]

"This machines Pwns n00bs" "Hank is a mass of incandescent gas" i will now pay more attention to CC intros

[@loserprime4324]

Who doesn’t

[@freddyfozzyfilms2688]

Physicists: we invented quantum mechanics so we can predict electron configurations before discovering them. Chemists: Let's put them in a table and force people to memorize it.

[@OrchidAlloy]

This video makes a lot of sense once you realize that Hank is a musician.

[@zahrarezai1338]

No, it makes more sense once you realize Hank is John greens brother...

[@brodiegarrett5566]

fereshte rezai are they twins?

[@aasthasharma3820]

No John is 3 years older

[@rose-mg9wt]

hank is actually older

[@JC19021]

I'm glad I'm not the only one that is incredibly confused. I've watched the video 4 times now and still can't make sense of much.

[@samuelxu6878]

First Time Watching: Wait... wait... what just happened? Second Time Watching: Oh... I still don't get it. Third Time Watching: Um... Oh... Okay... Fourth Time Watching: Okay, I think I got this... NOT. Fifth Time Watching: Okay, I got this. I really do. Sixth Time Watching: YES!!! I FINALLY UNDERSTAND!!! (Achievement Unlocked) If you didn't get it, skip to 11:45 (kzbin.info/www/bejne/qJSump97bqiXl6M#t=705)

[@xFirebird925x]

|Jake|C| Are you taking a Chemistry course? If you are taking a course in Chemistry and you are watching this to reinforce the learning, this video will probably work better. Just sayin'.

[@JC19021]

xFirebird925x Yes but just Chemistry I.

[@xFirebird925x]

John Miller That's nice. :D It's good to learn something everyday, isn't it?

[@nickstoli]

|Jake|C| How many times do you have to listen to a song to remember all the words? I'd say more than 4. A lot more. Well, why should this be any different? Keep at it. You'll be surprised because it'll seem like all of a sudden you make sense of it.

[@Zosio]

My brain is not one that is naturally oriented toward the natural sciences, so I've been pretty anxious about taking my first college biology class. I had to watch this video over, and over, and over... but I *finally* got it. Each part starting clicking into place after each rewatch, and it was definitely worth it. Major thanks to Hank and his team for producing these videos. They're life-savers for students like myself.

[@j.lombardo]

“The music of electrons is not simple music. It’s no three chord song. It’s like Beethoven.” *plays Beethoven’s Ode to Joy - a piece that uses 3 chords*

[@booshbabe55]

"Like certain other people I might name he sometimes felt like he was in the shadow of this older, more successful brother" Omg. You and John are both magnificent and you both help me in different ways!

[@rlrsk8r1]

So, the orbitals are similar to the propeller disc of an airplane. The propeller is turning so fast that we can't actually see it, but you can see a blurry disc. At any given time, you know the propeller blades are somewhere in that disc, but it would take a camera with a very rapid shutter speed to exactly locate it. The exact position of the blades doesn't actually matter in a practical sense, because basically nothing can make it through the prop arc without hitting a blade. Same with electron orbitals.

[@caoscosmos]

Nice analogy!

[@JamDaaMan]

Yep

[@caoscosmos]

If by saying "only" a theory you're implying that it's an educate guess then you're wrong. Maybe what you have in mind is an "hypothesis" instead of a theory. If you have another theory that could replace the atomic theory...please, share it with us! We are eager to hear you groundbreaking proposal!

[@JamDaaMan]

***** I'm not trying to undermine atomic theory, all I'm saying is its only a theory - just as the 'big bang' is a theory. Atomic theory is simply the most accepted theory in its field, however that does not change the fact that it is a theory. And not to be a grammar nazi, but check your grammar -(educate, an hypothesis) that is all.

[@caoscosmos]

BilboMcSwaggins "Is its" maybe before checking my grammar you should check yours. I won't argue any further with you because we seem to have different perceptions about how accurate and true a theory can be. I think that it's just a matter of personal appreciation.

[@ParkerToFetch]

Awww.... YOU ARE NOT IN JOHNS SHADOW HANK.

[@yaa7787]

Yeah, he kinda is.

[@ParkerToFetch]

Not for me.

[@Krazycutiegurlxxx]

+Zedd Hopkins I kinda prefer hank.

[@Spycyzygy]

+Zedd Hopkins except that he isn't an unquestioning unthinking ideologue like John

[@karimsaleem1983]

+Parker So Fetch jhon green is my favourite he is very funny losers

[@uyenvu5568]

As a music nerd, this made so much sense to me.

[@jbkjbk1999]

"litlle babies or women" o 19th century scientists, how you amuse us.

[@jbkjbk1999]

***** Why not both?

[@MiguelMendozamiguelamd]

+Totally Not A Cylon both both is good

[@Henry-gv4yj]

+Totally Not A Cylon Your videos are awesome. Just thought I'd let you know.

[@ArtinTheBeast]

Walker Hayes are you saying that we're still misogynistic?

[@eleanorhuxley6959]

@@stellarmori what

[@zogfotpik8848]

The whole music analogy only served to confuse me more, hate to say.

[@ProfessorSyndicateFranklai]

Don't take analogies literally.

[@osoascam]

SAME

[@jackbalitok3910]

That actually made sense. Confusion is a disturbance of thought. The electrons' movement is a disturbance but because most electrons wanted to move in a particular route, that route paves way that it leaves a tract, that tract are the spdf shapes.

[@AllenGrimm1145]

As of now, the comment above this is actually about how much the analogy helped them. I guess if you win some, you lose some. In any case, it's a little more concrete than most analogies I've heard.

[@Gifxia]

same:(

[@MUGENanaya]

Id never thought id hear my two passions combine in this way

[@ConvivialCadaver]

I understood every video before this one but I didn't understand this video at all man

[@dandavis6795]

I'm in the same boat. Effortless until right here. High school apparently didn't prepare me for KZbin

[@alphadawg81]

I usually like your videos a lot. But rushed a little bit too fast through that whole orbital subject. Could you please make another video explaining the orbitals, and how electrons stay in their designated orbitals, a little more detailed?

[@aquirkypenguinuwu5626]

That's why I rely on the subtitles, you should do it to. Only big con is that you'll be pausing a lot.

[@lucasxu5597]

I didn't get the orbitals either...

[@ParkorEnderman]

Episode 25

[@adamborison3054]

6:27 funny, but you're going to actually leave people thinking that there's a dog orbital

[@noahstanley593]

+Adam Borison lol

[@madisongore3132]

Adam Borison q

[@youre_totally_right_but_]

Lol

[@flabunny1]

thought that was a nice touch. hehehe.

[@hanneliseirrah4755]

I'm so glad he kept explaining it through music; I don't understand chemistry well, but I understand music, and this helped more than any teacher has.

[@marcinsobota14]

+Hanneli Seirrah Luckily, I'm better at science, and in particular chemistry, than music, so this does not apply to me. Win.

[@hendrickdias8366]

+Marcin Sobota same here, when he started to talk about notes, my mind had just blocked!

[@rayres1074]

+Hanneli Seirrah I remember an episode of Drake and Josh which was basically Josh teaching Drake chemistry through music.

[@islandkidd97]

well.. you want to teach me..

[@cammieknox7308]

This confused me way more. Couldn't even watch the whole video

[@glennsnare09]

Your musical analogies really help me understand this stuff being a musician. You're an absolute genius and I want to watch every single one of the videos that you have ever made and ever will make again

[@GoodGlitterGumdrops]

I watch CrashCourse the night before any of my tests (as I am doing right now). It really helps everything finally click into place in my mind before I am tested over the material. Thank you Hank and the rest of the CrashCourse team for keeping my grades up!

[@TheWanderbugChannel]

I feel so happy and smart whenever I finish watching a crash course video but this one made me scroll down to comment, depressed and suicidal because I didn't understand a single thing.

[@FROPDESAI]

***** Are you fucking kidding me?! A comment about a guy not understanding a simple video with obvious hyperboles makes you lose faith in the world?!

[@voyagerabove4034]

***** hyperbole is difficult

[@ryekis]

TheWanderbugChannel electronconfiguration.info/ this will help along with the video

[@kylelance4280]

+Tanishq Desai Are you fucking kidding me??? just about a joke wanting to make people laugh cause you to be so serious about everything?

[@BiggestBelieberForever]

Exactly

[@declanchang9864]

During summer vacation.. Crash course: watch me! Me: no On the weekends... Crash course: watch me! Me: no Monday.... Teacher : tomorrow is your exam Me : Crash course I need you Crash Course: no!

[@TheTexas1994]

I'm a chemical engineer, but I love learning the history involved in some of the chemistry that I study as well. I know a lot about chemistry, but I actually learned a lot of history from these videos.

[@somewright4440]

I recently decided to listen daily to at least 10 minutes of educational audio (can include video). Right now I'm swapping back and forth between "How to Win Friends and Influence People" and Crash Course Chemistry. While the previous four videos took around 15 minutes, this fifth one required 2 hours to complete due to all the additional research I did. Today was a good day.

[@TroggacomCactus]

A nice thing about your musical electron analogy is that having one extra electron makes an element want to get rid of it, like a supertonic resolving to tonic, and missing one does the same, like a leading tone. Furthermore, a half-full electron shell behaves kind of like a dominant or subdominant, not perfectly happy but stable enough.

[@djr5995]

Ahhh the elusive *d-og* orbital. 6:28 I believe it is only found in *wolf*-ram P. S. W (wolfram) = tungsten

[@sudeepjoseph69]

ok boomer, it is corona time

[@kaiwen1511]

"Electrons are like music." "I don't kow anything about music."

[@rahmabakhtiar4142]

The way you showed spdf shells with music tones was amazing idea !

[@marcelolauzurique9060]

You know how to tell a cation and an anion CATions are PAWsitive

[@sparklepawz1185]

nice way to remember. thanks

[@mkp898]

This makes A LOT more sense to me than how my chem teacher explained it. Thank you Hank, this is gonna help me not fail!

[@milasyt]

I AM SO FUCKING PISSED AT MY HIGH SCHOOL CHEMISTRY TEACHERS!!! The way they taught us about atoms and electrons is so fucking wrong! It's taken me almost a month to get this is because I had to unlearn all the bull shit they told me about atoms in grade school to try and understand what's actually happening here. God damn it!

[@milasyt]

+SilentMajority420 perfect point

[@TayzerStrike]

+Jesse Jacobs ...If you take AP Chem, they do teach you about electron clouds. They don't teach it to everyone because most people *cough cough*, would just get mad, and not understand it.

[@justintime3534]

+Jesse Jacobs chill bro

[@EvilSandwich]

+Jesse Jacobs To me, using the Bohr's model in school is fine for mental shorthand to count electrons. A bit like how you use an O-scope to measure waves even though real waves don't really look like that. Or using two dots and and curved line to depict a smilie face. However, that only works if when teaching the Bohr's model, the teacher stresses that the Bohr's model is NOT what atoms really look like. They're just useful symbols for an atom's make up.

[@bohan2843]

+justin lee LOL

[@NixxSings]

As a Science major with a background in music, this video not only made total sense, but it also kept me completely engaged. Thanks #CrashCourse !

[@dudedude3926]

Thank you, Hank, for giving me an appreciation for chemistry. For going into the backgrounds of chemists and incorporating my love of history to this subject, and furthering my understanding of it. Thank you for understanding that the statement my teachers constantly say, "School is for learning, not fun" is completely and utterly wrong and that entertainment is directly connected to retainment. Thank you for doing in 15 minutes what my teacher could not do in 180 days. Sincerely, a very grateful high school student.

[@banditrymile9241]

yo so as someone who gets music but pretty much cries as soon as someone brings up science out of confusion, and who also happens to be taking their actual exams that will determine the rest of their life... these videos have helped wayyyy ore than my actual "teachers" at school. lookin at you mrs chadwick. pretty much marathoning these videos rn.

[@elisemacdonald1859]

+Banditry Mile same, im practiclly teaching my self

[@sabinegray1450]

Actually binge watching this while taking notes was not what I came for. By the way, that musical metaphor was beautiful. I should've known this guy was a band nerd in high school. we have to stick together.

[@JungThug]

For those of you struggling maybe I can help because I was right there with you. 1. Slow down and rewatch some or all of the video if you need to, he's giving a lot of information rather quickly. 2. Grab a pen and pencil and write out his electron configuration chart with the diagonal lines and compare it to a pereodic table, going back and forth between that and the explanation. 3. Even if you dont understand anything about music theory "listen" the backtrack gives examples of everything he describes while hes saying it, by this point you should be starting to grasp the chemistry and the feel of the music might just bring it home.

[@MumboJ]

Music may be Art, but the mechanics of Sound are a perfectly legitimate field of scientific study. Not to mention that everything (including Art) has some basis in Science anyway.

[@emilylucie7502]

This is perfect for procrastinating revising my chemistry syllabus

[@Christian-wb7je]

Thank you, Hank Green, for making my CHEM 101 college class so much easier and less stressful than it needed to be.

[@kvothe2144]

Information overload!...>.

[@zeromailss]

SuperDude214 my brain is melting, I think I'm just gonna continue watching and after I finish 46 video I'll just rewatch the whole thing again in hope that will make it easier to understand this

[@kvothe2144]

don't do that that's counterproductive, try khan academy, its helpeful

[@journeeclouse4694]

Hank, you and your brother are both wonderful and equal contributors to the world of enlightenment. Don't feel like you're in his shadow, because the sun is shining on you both. You are a wonderful teacher, and I'm thankful to have access to this wonderful content!

[@rocky4976]

Thank you Hank Green. I am an old man semi-retired and am teaching my grandkids and using your crash course. #5 brought tears to my eyes. I lacked instrumental analysis in college to obtain a chemistry major and you've brought more light than many hours in college. Maybe I knew all this back then but I never understood the orbitals nor the brilliance of the periodic table. Trying to pass some on to the grandkids so they will be smarter than me.

[@sergeantsonso3490]

oh hey! i watched this a few months ago for fun, and now it's required watching for my college biology course! this is awesome!

[@DaesungMars]

highschool chemistry is a nightmare you guys

[@zuanyp.m.6231]

Daesung Mars agreed 😑

[@mohamedmohamud1727]

Daesung Mars is apt biology harder?

[@DaesungMars]

mohamed mohamud I took general biology last year. It was a lot of memorization but it was a lot easier than chemistry.

[@mohamedmohamud1727]

Daesung Mars but if you take chemistry you can learn how to make meth in a lab

[@sarcat6012]

facts

[@Kuraskvids]

Yeah I would have to agree with some of these comments. If you don't know music theory is just makes it more confusing.

[@alexcharles7712]

If you don’t understand the music reference then clearly you are one of the most stupid people ever because year 8 music class covered that but clearly you are a high school drop out!

[@musiccouturexo]

OMG MT TWO FAVORITE THINGS COMBINED: chemistry and music!!!! aghhh love the analogies

[@themightykyuss]

5:28 i really like that symphony/harmony resolution analogy. Hank's commentary is always the perfect blend of profound, informative and entertaining.

[@tiffanywells1312]

THANK GOD for crashcourse! I will be lost without it

[@vulcanangel735]

Thank you so much for making these! Chemistry is very hard for me to understand, and my teacher is so monotone that I constantly end up dozing off in class! These videos are the only reason that I am passing the class at all, and I am extremely grateful for that. These videos are very entertaining and easy to comprehend. It also helps that you are able to go back and listen to parts again :) Once again, thank you. -10th and 11th grade chemistry students P.S you are the only youtube series that I recommend to people for help with school subjects. Keep up the good work!

[@RickJaeger]

Binging some of the base Chem vids before I move on to going through more thoroughly the Organic Chemistry ones, just to re-familiarize myself with all the little stuff I've been forgetting between courses. Thanks a lot guys! You know you're doing a good job if newbies and oldheads alike can come to these videos to get a jumpstart on their classwork.

[@emmalielavers]

I want to thank all of you at Crash Course and everyone who works in part with Crash Course because you all have helped me realize how beautiful science is. Before watching your videos I never thought I wanted to go into a science field when i grow up but I truly do. Your videos have helped so many people and I want to ask you to please keep on making videos because there are so many children like me who don't know what the future holds but with these videos we can all figure it out together, Thank you xox

[@BrianLee01]

In 12 minutes I have learned more than I have learned in 2 weeks of my chemistry class

[@Jo-gj2nr]

god you're the only reason im passing any of my science classes rn lmao

[@emilyparks8635]

I took an entire organic chemistry class last year, and I just learned something new (or rather understood something new) because of this video. My mind is blown. I can't thank you enough, Crash Course! Because of your videos, I will graduate university someday with an actual understanding of the material! We need more teachers like you in school

[@samanthagamble8923]

I love these videos so much. The way you describe science, as a building block to something wonderful and awe inspiring, as helped me not only do well in my chem. class so far this year, but has made me become fascinated with the subject.

[@therongjr]

Someone please tell me that I am not the only one who cries every time I watch 4:23 - 5:53, from the simplicity, elegance, and very-near-complete accuracy of Hank's presentation, especially understanding wave-particle duality and standing waves in terms of music? (Oh god, I'm such a huge nerd.)

[@ChrisCB0328]

Watching 46 videos about my least favorite class before a final and actually enjoying it? Surprisingly yes.

[@wombatpandaa9774]

I absolutely LOVE the explanation of electron configurations as music!! I feel like I finally am starting to get what’s so special about electrons on a more fundamental level now! :D Thanks Hank!!

[@brandytanner8192]

Wow. I'm a chemistry teacher and I learned stuff watching this. Also, I can totally use this if I have any musical students struggling to understand electron configuration. THANKS!

[@niveenalkhourbatly841]

That part when you said:" its all lies Hank, I'm leaving!". ou made me laugh my heart off :D I love you Hank

[@Nsta1]

Even though there are 8 notes in an octave, there are 7 notes because the top and bottom notes are the same. In chemistry there are truly 8 different "Notes" of electrons, which is a flaw in the music analogy.

[@j.davidosorio1154]

all analogies have limitations. even if you're correct about the characteristics of an octave, it was a clever way to tie in music theory and chemistry.

[@trmn8tr3737]

also, it was stated in the previous episode that the periodicity was only seven before noble gases were added to the table

[@edug8047]

Incorrect my friend, 12 equal tempered tuning have "7" notes to the octave, youcan have n notes to the octaves my friend and even in the equal tempered tuning one can argue that a octaves is another note that we percive logarhythmic similar. have a good day :))

[@MusicByInterval]

Music is not flawed! The octave is a doubling of a frequency and is not the same. In music terms the note sounded by two people is unison and the octave is an inverted unison, Unisons are right side up and have no tension. Octaves are upside down with the root at the top and so is unstable and has tension. Simpler said. when people sing the same note you can't tell who the root is but the octaves root is always the voice on top. Try in on a piano. Top note on an octave is always louder with the same force applied to both keys the top note is louder ie. root. The real problem here is "What do you think the term equal means." In number theory the first thing mathematician do is define equals. Dec, octal, hexadecimal base what? Correction: There are not 12 but 13 intervals we composer have used for over 200 years now. There are 13 levels of tension that I use to emotionally move you. Other music systems like Harry Parke's have divided the octave into as many as 137 parts. Etc. Different tuning systems that still use 12 divisions have newer and newer points of view over "Equals" as the human ear learns to hear higher and higher over tones and science extends our hearing to the atomic with every tone having it's own Eigen frequency value and NO TWO TONES ARE EVER THE SAME. The REAL universe in absolute exacting truthful terms.... There is no perfectly equals.. Only domains. [] or () or {} or " " or this scale. There are no two angels that are the same and no two of anything that is exactly the same. ONLY ideas! Think in scale. Without Wax Natch (%

[@MusicByInterval]

Edu G Thank you. Your so right it's perception. Just a notion in our head. Most primitive cultures can't hear an octave or find themselves in a black and white photo because they haven't learned the convention... N(% Wink.

[@jenniferdoss622]

Thank you! You’ve helped me through Anatomy I and II, Microbiology, and now Chemistry (I’ve gotten all A’s so far). Couldn’t have made it through without you.

[@MajorShot]

99.9% of people don't know this So about 7 000 000 people do know this And this video has about 1 000 000 million views So a seventh of the people that know this you were the one that taught them

[@Rebecca-qj1uk]

7.2 billion, not million

[@fireybear]

That's assuming everyone who watched this video understood what they just saw.

[@kristianjuskiw8691]

There has to be more people than that, I mean all he talks about is the fact that electrons move in a wavy circle around the core.

[@safiaberry]

7.5billion people in 2018

[@silverdeamonz1211]

Took me two weeks to understand

[@kylelance4280]

+Silver-Demon Productions i may ask you in the next 2 weeks

[@milasyt]

+Silver-Demon Productions Still working on it....

[@Henry-gv4yj]

+Silver-Demon Productions Were you watching at 0.25 speed?

[@silverdeamonz1211]

no

[@izzyg.1933]

lol I'm gonna have to learn this in one night. wish me luck

[@rachelgoetz4288]

I WAS following along with my periodic table. HA! Do I get nerd points? >.< And I really appreciate this video. I'm cramming/reviewing before Chem 2, and I honestly didn't get the orbitals concept the way my professor taught it. I feel like I actually understood it this time! THANK YOU!

[@xandrewvondiue522]

I first watched these in highschool for fun, and as I rewatch them for nostalgia after college, I deeply admire all the humor in this. Awesome team, and amazing content

[@annahenderson7973]

I love your Crash Course chemistry! I have watched all of them just for fun. You do an amazing job teaching these!

[@rosh7388]

I did follow with a periodic table and noticed it! I exist Hank! Btw thanks a lot for the lessons!❤️

[@ericabourland1012]

I love you, Hank!!! thank you for everything you do. I and so many others appreciate your ingenuity, courage, humor, and overall awesomeness. John Green is my favorite author, and I love watching his videos and crash course stuff because I love english and humanities! But I'm so very thankful y'all are a duo because it got me into watching your science-y stuff which I have a really hard time trying to understand (...abstract isn't my thing) but you make it so much fun and funny. I love you two and the way you see life! You've made me feel such better about myself knowing that nerdy=awesome!

[@lisiisil2810]

Wooowww, this chanel is amazing, words can't even explain how good this is, helps, you don't know how much to understand chemistry. I am spanish and this is the perfect reason of why being bilingual, I feel privileged of knowing english.

[@joliecanoli5422]

Thanks for making Chemistry so much fun! I found this episode really fascinating, entertaining, and enlightening! What a feat!

[@grimmitachi]

Mind-fucked, barely got any of this.

[@ThePizzaassasin]

What's 9+10?

[@jadathomas4966]

AnthonyGiants 21

[@ThePizzaassasin]

Jada Thomas Thank you

[@alice16399]

AnthonyGiants 19.

[@nickstoli]

This is my third go-around of all these videos. I get maybe half of it. That said, I retain more each time. Keep at it. If I can learn this, anybody can.

[@kooshkack]

Is he a professor in a college, cause then I want to go to that college.

[@PineappleAwesomenes1]

look up vlogbrothers-all questions will be answered and you will laugh

[@isakoqv]

PineappleAwesomenes1 Who the eff is Hank?

[@PineappleAwesomenes1]

isakoqv Hank Green is a massive star that provides life for Earth. Hank is the center of the solar system, but in the dark ages people thought that the Earth revolved around Hank.

[@heartles_xyz]

isakoqv WHO THE FUCK IS STEVE?

[@davidbaldwin2833]

joeysucks42 hes the guy in minecraft XD

[@willlucas2491]

I love everything about your descriptive ability Hank, keep it coming!

[@omenapuuro9362]

Huge thank you for this blessed video! I was absolutely lost with electrons, energy levels and orbitals and electronconfiguration, but now I am able to understand them a bit more :)

[@nicolestarke9403]

Thank goodness, my chemistry book did not help, but this did! DFTBA

[@FROPDESAI]

Nicole Harris My book sucks. Thank goodness for the internet! DFTBA!

[@johnguerriero4608]

FROP DESAI

[@FROPDESAI]

John Guerriero Yes?

[@averdict1758]

5:27 Professor Snape? Is that you? Why are you holding babies?

[@squashyhex9818]

That is exactly what I thought!

[@g40rc378]

It's a bird, it's a plane, it's Octomom!

[@chrisrose375]

Thank you for music metaphor! it makes chemistry beautiful, and gives me a context that helps me understand the laws and properties of chemistry! So beautiful!

[@atthegates92]

The combination of music and the explanation for electrons is really elegant and beautiful, ty for that!

[@guyonacomputer1261]

We are now the 1%. Suck it, Occupy.

[@b3yourself91]

Crash course music theory now?

[@rachelburroughs2383]

Your amazing Hank. You taught me anatomy and physiology 2 years ago and I got a HD in that class. Next year I’ll be studying chem and I have no doubt I’ll get good marks again. Thank you so much!

[@timrasim1515]

Nice! This is actually the first time I got the wave-orbits explained. Hank really excels at the chemistry crash courses.

[@scahsaint6249]

I love studying the electron. It's a peculiar yet utterly important aspect of reality. It's the main reason anything in this world happens at all. Harnessing the electrons full power is like being a God yourself.

[@ordinarymind1804]

Scah Saint Can you explain to me the end of the video, about the electron field,the excitation, then the orbital, what is Hank talking about?

[@scahsaint6249]

phuong le It can get complicated but i'll tell you the basics. In regards to the electron field, like Hank mentioned don't thing of electrons as small negatively charged particles circling an atom. Think of it as a fuzzy cloud around the atom and where the cloud is the densest is where there is a higher PROBABILITY of an electron being there. It's a probability because of the uncertainty principal. We can"t know the position and momentum of the electron. In terms of the orbitals. Electrons occupy certain orbitals depending on the atom. Orbitals range from S to F(S,P,D,F etc). Now, a simple atom like hydrogen, 1 proton, 1 electron. The electron will occupy for first and foremost orbital which is S. Each orbital can hold 2 electrons. Once an orbital is filled the electron must occupy another orbital. The next one would be P. This takes us to electron configurations. This is basically putting the electrons in the orbitals in the correct order. Each atom has it's own electron configuration depending on amount of electrons. When an electrons gets excited it moves to a higher energy level, becoming unstable. It will then release that energy and return back to it's ground state(unexcited state) this emergy is usually in the form of light. I will stop here for simplicity sake. Hope it helped.

[@ordinarymind1804]

Scah Saint Wow. You sound like a professor. Thank you very much. I understand better now.

[@scahsaint6249]

phuong le No problem my friend. Keep learning and make the world that much of a better place. :)

[@Krazycutiegurlxxx]

+Scah Saint Thanks to reading up on quantum mech just a twinge before starting chemistry, the whole wave-particle duality and heinsenburg uncertainty principle stuff seems fairly simple, but shit, electron configurations still confuse me. The video helped though, and i THINK i get it now. However... What are shells?

[@felipegarcia5649]

how would shüdringer react if he knew that his cat is his defining feature

[@MOZOGuitars]

Absolutely loved how you made the comparison to music! Helped me understand it easily and it made it stick.

[@amardeepjhala6922]

Mind boggling , beautiful demonstration . Thank you so much for making this course ,it is amazing.

[@caro1942]

You lost me on this episode the first, second and third times through, but I came back armed with the first four chapters of the 'Chemistry for Dummies' ebook, an interactive periodic table iPhone app, and an actual pen and notebook (the nostalgia!) and I think I get wtf you're on about here. I just wish I could work through the rest of the Dummies book faster so I could understand the rest of these videos!

[@likain2]

Good for you :)

[@opeth51]

After watching this, my head hurts with massive smartness migraine. This is what your mind being blown feels like. It hurts!!

[@dhanyabinoy2186]

Thanks for the quick method to write the electron configuration with energy sublevels. It really helped me a lot.

[@jaycollins2135]

that last bit finally let me understand orbitals! Ive been so confused for so long. thanks for the help!