The History of Computing [Documentary] (Vacuum Tube to Transistor to Integrated Circuit)

[@OptimisticFuturology]

Want to learn more about the Technological Revolution? Watch our playlist here: kzbin.info/www/bejne/e3-6pKKNn999irM - ALSO - Become a KZbin member for many exclusive perks from exclusive posts, bonus content, shoutouts and more! subscribe.futurology.earthone.io/member - AND - Join our Discord server for much better community discussions! subscribe.futurology.earthone.io/discord

[@muhammadkashif5609]

Sir scope of solid state electronics and circuits in future. Kindly tell me plzzzzz

[@DanielDavidKings]

I have a question with Quantum Device's is possible to turn microscopy cameras to view the eazdropers, though their own device's right.

[@stryltelle245]

ج

[@stryltelle245]

@@muhammadkashif5609 ج

[@gspaulsson]

I remember sitting around with some of my fellow programmers around 1970, in a computer room the size of a football field, full of tape drives the size of refrigerators, disc drives the size of washing machines and CPUs with lots of blinking lights that would fill a living room, and speculating that someday there would be a computer the size of a desk. Maybe a pull-out drawer with removable hard drives.

[@melonking9752]

You are so old

[@tespointespoin6497]

@@bobbykamer3042 LL

[@tespointespoin6497]

@@bobbykamer3042 ñ

[@tespointespoin6497]

@@bobbykamer3042 p

[@kemaruproduction]

You must be 70 years old or so 🤔 damn, we owe you more than you think.

[@NoosaHeads]

What a wonderful presentation. Is it just me, or were people *way* better at explaining things in the olden days?

[@aresgood1]

back then the working class was respected. if someone doesn't understand you, it's not because they are dumb/uneducated, it's because you can't explain it

[@soylentgreenb]

If you're making a presentation for an interested audience who might actually use your devices you get a very different level of quality and depth. Much of documentary content today is made for the lowest common denominator and everything is "explained" by means of parables and other means of dumbing down until only hot air is left.

[@JerehmiaBoaz]

Back then -the working class- people had an attention span of more than 10 seconds and actually read books for fun instead of ogling and stroking their smartphones all day. In other words the lowest common denominator got a lot lower.

[@MrC0MPUT3R]

@@JerehmiaBoaz Funny that someone is probably watching this on their smartphone 🤔

[@michelangelobuonarroti916]

More attention was paid to performance in education. The three R's.

[@metaforest]

Fairchild understood educational marketing much better than most tech companies today.

[@blameyourself4489]

Today you make a 3D presentation of the product. But the product is never made. In old days, you had the product and made a presentation.

[@zerolbcool]

I studied electronics and physics but ic chips and cpus etc nano manufacturing is STILL MIND BLOWING.

[@AISlopForHumans]

Dude these videos are tragically under viewed. You're helping me fill in so many gaps in my knowledge, thank you my dude ✌

[@Choronzon39]

Spread the word. I work in IT for a major telecom. I've watched most of the videos on this channel.

[@jamesmhango2619]

I went through Physics classes with no clear understanding of these concepts. it was the way the information was imparted. i have redoing all my knowledge wayback from Euclids elements. Thanks for sharing this info. James from Malawi. A student again at the age of 43.

[@russfleming3169]

dude, did you like his vids dude? dude, dude dude dude dude. dudedudedude. fucking clown.

[@dustinhellstern7728]

YES!!! No overwhelming, pretentious British accent to sound like the narrator is as smart as the inventors. THANK You for a regular, 🇺🇸, non-accent narrators. It’s seriously a breath of fresh air!

[@tooplanx]

”non-accent narrator ” 😂 there isn't such a thing 😂

[@Bobcat665]

Never forget that Fairchild Semiconductor is the estranged father of both Intel and AMD.

[@peggyfranzen6159]

Bobcat665 True.

[@gbigsangle3044]

The incubator of silicon valley semi conductor firms is Shockley Labs, not Fairchild. The traitorous eight all worked and made their bones there before leaving en masse and forming Fairchild. Gordon Moore (Intel), C. Sheldon Roberts, Eugene Kleiner (Kleiner/Perkins VC), Robert Noyce (Intel), Victor Grinich, Julius Blank, Jean Hoerni and Jay Last.

[@johntuttle3245]

GBigs Angle that's called entrepreneurship.......shockley stabbed his 2 co workers in the back while he was at bell labs

[@gbigsangle3044]

@@johntuttle3245 Sure. That's why Shockley won the Nobel for the transistor and none of the goofs that were lucky enough to work for him and learn how to do it before stealing the tech and taking out of the company.

[@petermcintyre7284]

Fairchild Semi is now owned by Texas Instruments.

[@pooyafitness]

I can't believe that I watch all of it and expected that it didn't end.

[@MohammedShahrukhKhan]

no unnecessary music, no Animation. Just Great presentation skills..... 🙏

[@PhoenixNL72-DEGA-]

@30:41 "But first, let's have a commercial" Seems like some things never change! ;)

[@DCFusor]

I cracked up when they got to HH Scott. My first real high paying job (yes, I'm old now) was in a warranty station for them and many of the Japanese companies' stereo gear. Those IC receivers (they were actually good when they worked) *all* failed - worst rate in the business, some as many as 3 times, and drove Scott out of business. The blame is some Fairchild for those IF ic's that *all* went bad due to running too hot and poor encapsulation (they'd just gone from metal and glass to cheaper epoxy and didn't get it right at first) - there was more than one, and they didn't all fail at once. The Arrhenius curve has some sigma...and every single stereo demux chip failed - Scott's fault - because they used it to drive an incandescent indicator for stereo (which had an inrush current 10x the running current and ICs of the time didn't like that). Scott also used cheap molex type connectors for all the boards, and designed the circuits so that if one went loose (and they did) the output stage went up in smoke - expensive transistors... Being as how warranty repair fees were making us rich - and overloaded - anyway, we petitioned Scott to just let us fix all the things that we knew by then were going to go wrong in one go for the one time price, instead of seeing each one 3-4 times (not all stereo repair were ripoffs) but Scott would have none of it - till they went out of business.

[@marcandrews3945]

Doug Coulter Andy out wonder why American consumer electronic companies lost out to the Japanese in the '70's and '80's. Poor and short sighted business decisions.

[@DCFusor]

@@marcandrews3945 I lived through those times. MITI and Japan's Article 9 had a little to do with it too (as well as dumping). They're paying the price for trying to solve their recession the same way we are now. once they'd squandard that advantage - but they started printing money a lot earlier. One may draw conclusions about where we're going to wind up with the same failing plan - we have this great example from them now.

[@marcandrews3945]

Doug Coulter We have that example to learn from, but we won't.

[@woodywoodlstein9519]

This is actually really great. All in one shot. The oldies explained thins quite well.

[@nathanokun8801]

The vacuum tube portion is a very good movie. I learned some things and I was an Electronics/Computer Engineer for 41 years.

[@gabrielrivera1915]

Thanks for putting this together. Answered alot of questions about electronics.

[@teltri]

Your videos are very good and educating. Keep going!

[@fmartin59]

This was better than my actual degree program. We didn't even cover vacuum tubes.

[@whateverman2723]

@Southeastern777 woah dude, thanks! Another book for the digital shelf XD

[@duncanmckenzie2815]

These old documentaries are wonderful. Thank you.

[@anthonypatella2501]

RIP Edward Harris's social security and salary information. 52:57

[@goodkarma7490]

* *snicker* *

[@gunsunnuva8346]

Yes. Yes. Yes. 47:46. This Fairchild, pre-Intel era aesthetic is freaking cool, man. Abstract patterns printed on solid colors, displayed on a bright white background. Utterly clean. Like it's straight outta 2001 by Kubrick. Heck, I think it looks futuristic NOW even. 48:30 I want this book. Just look at it. Are there any existing copies out there known? 36:43 And I would love to have this abstract retro-future schematic on a T-shirt. Just awesome in orange and white. Everything is just so cool. Fairchild, come back...

[@glennkrieger]

Seriously, one of the best hours I've ever spent on KZbin. Nowadays the level of education is at the level of the user. Just think of how many ways you can use Microsoft's Word program. Most folks don't know half of what it can do. And, it takes time and energy to learn its nuances. So, why would you even want to go to the level of understanding how the hardware, and then software, runs beneath the user friendly Word program. It just doesn't make sense any more for most people to learn and understand the components of electronics. That's most people. For the rest of us, this kind of video is awesome! Thanks so much for the upload.

[@dbx1233]

I've been a garbage man my entire life. After viewing this video I suddenly understood all there is to know in the field of electronics. I've since won 2 Nobel prizes and effectively advanced mankind forward more than one can possibly understand. So thank you for this video presentation!

[@larryshaver3568]

Hard to believe these things were done so long ago

[@tekneiq]

The more I study in this field, that fact never stops blowing my mind.

[@BangMaster96]

+Larry Shaver It's crazy, most of the technology we use today, has had their foundation or inception nearly 4 or more decades ago. For example touch screen, video communication, self-driving cars, artificial intelligent, machine learning, graphical interfaces, and many more. These ideas, and concepts have existed for a long time, it was just the hardware limitations of those times that prevented them from becoming real, or used in full scale.

[@steveodonald1979]

Its astounding isn't it... I cant believe that some of the most important IC's I use these days really could have even possibly been built back then. But also never forget the tubes, the master predecessor to all we have today..

[@michelangelobuonarroti916]

The IS portion was 1966. Just some 50 years ago. Imagine the next 50 years.

[@bob4analog]

At 2:06, the debate was still going on about curent flow vs electron flow. I'm glad they said it correctly- electron flow.

[@ecospider5]

“Many hundreds of integrated circuits.” O how far we have come.

[@runningbear1982]

I wish they still showed stuff like this in school. It seems that modern teachers are more worried about the Kartrashians then actually teaching kids and inspiring them.

[@luisponce3580]

Also, who the hell built those incredible automatic machines to build the vaccuum tubes or the transistors or the ICs? Those are heroes too

[@theodysseyinancientgreek8812]

This is genuinely wonderful for so many reasons. Thank you for sharing.

[@drumtechchch8721]

6 seconds in and off to a great start with April Showers by Proleter!

[@Choronzon39]

Reminds me of my naval training, a lot of which I have forgotten. I just keep it my head that you can switch electrons or increase their amplitude/amplify.

[@borisdorofeev5602]

Careful... Precise. Precisely careful and carefully precise.

[@jafferhussain15]

beautiful presentation of the history of electronics !

[@susanwang2548]

you are right！

[@daddyebzy]

Off topic do you notice there are no obese people in old-time recordings

[@Account.for.Comment]

Less car, more walks.

[@RCAvhstape]

Everyone smoked.

[@lochinvar00465]

I took the electronics tech school(US Navy) back in '72. Not only were IC's not part of it, but once out in the Navy, I saw few items that actually HAD IC's. Most of what I worked on was tubes.

[@MasterArtMason]

Awesome video, brings back memories and forgotten knowledge.

[@dzee9481]

I love watching these documentaries cause they explained things so the average person can come away with some knowledge and understanding how things work. America then was GREAT. People then had the ability to make strides to making themselves better and valued to society. Its sad today those qualities that are not there today.

[@jyotiradityadeka2905]

Make America Great Again

[@johannsebastianbach3411]

america is great today also. for the musks and bezos' of the country. it's a big club, and if you're in it, it's always great. if you're feeling sad today that america is not great, maybe you're better off talking and befriending people who also say america is not great today, but also the people who said it wasn't great 30-50-100 years ago as well... because the folks that make it not so great for you, were the same folk who made it not ao great for a lot of folk back then, and today. you know, the way these folks make it "not so great" for a lot of folk, the strategies they use, are not so different from how they did it way back. It might even help you make america actually great for you, if you bonded with people who got the short end of the stick before your time. Maybe you guys could gather and try to find ways to combat these folks who make it not so great for a lot of other folk. - friendly neighborhood greek guy

[@robertdouville74]

Loved it, things that were neglected in my studies, the technology had progressed, the interest was no longer a pity, later some of my projects led me to renovate certain engine control systems where these technologies were used, elevator, machines industrial, these old technologies were surprising, these large lamps emitting flashes of light in operation.

[@billspence1799]

Im 84, programming since 1964, I recall in 1975 agreeing with M A Jackson that one day quite soon every programmer would have a computer built into his desk. Jackson said " and the chips will cost less than the chipboard". That's foresight

[@0011-b2s]

At 9:47 if you modify circuit by putting in a capacitor and rectifier you can draw radio waves into the circuit and get more power back, antenna and tuning cap can dial in on frequency or pull in all RF waves creating a dead zone!

[@michaelfixedsys7463]

I think I just found my new favourite channel

[@adamcolinbrentalfrey4602]

Binging your videos and learning so much. Thanks

[@RCAvhstape]

I'm watching this on a thoroughly modern computer over a global data network, both of which were just dreams when I was born, but the best way to find out the basic principles of how my equipment works I am watching digital copies of films made over 70 years ago, because nobody makes instructional material that is this clear and concise today.

[@stevekellett6934]

I complain when I struggle to hear what people are saying on a movie or TV program and I'm told its my seventy year old ears that's the problem. Funny, I can hear every word spoken perfectly on this 70 year old film. !!!

[@goodun2974]

At 28:12, " Transistors may someday go under the sea to amplify your telephone calls". Vacuum tubes installed inline with submarine telephone cables were already being used to do this, decades beforehand. Think about that for a second, vacuum tubes in water-tight, pressure-sealed enclosures attached to telephone cables at the bottom of the ocean! They lasted for many years.

[@SciHeartJourney]

I think it would be really cool to have a very small scale factory to make vacuum tube in high school science class. The student builds a tube the first half, and the second half is making a cool tube amplifier with a simple PCB kit.

[@FreemonSandlewould]

Lee DeForest should have won the Nobel prize.

[@DarkKitarist]

I love me some Proleter at the beginning!

[@PhoenixNL72-DEGA-]

@20:26 "Incredibly rugged" That's the first time I heard anyone describe a vacuum tube as "rugged". Usually you hear they are fragile and quick to wear out.

[@vijitkothari6502]

Incredible documentary, especially the last 2 parts of Transistors and IC.

[@tm502010]

I once worked as an operator in a computer room with 200 meg disk drives the size of washing machines, and gigantic removable multi platter hard drives made of copper - which were not light to carry. Not that many years ago either!

[@krazykillar4794]

fantastic, from start to finish

[@goodun2974]

In addition to Radar, the other then top-secret invention that helped us win WWII was the proximity fuse, a special vacuum tube which allowed artillery and bombs to be set to explode at certain heights above the ground (for maximum damage) or only when in proximity to large metal objects such as moving aircraft. PS, one of the American engineers working on radar systems in England during the war came back to co-found Tektronix and design oscilloscopes.

[@mellertid]

I believe that the tubes were not special, other than being ruggedized. It was, I think, ordinary pentodes. These radar fuzes were indeed extremely important - and I only learned about them thanks to your comment. 😊

[@PSKResearch]

Actually for lots of DC used in small industry, rows of large gas-filled tubes were used in those days, not vacuum tubes. For large industry DC, AC motors driving DC generators were used to provide large amounts of DC. It was much more efficient than running rows of power hungry tube heater cathodes, actually required less maintenance, & lasted longer. Some factories even had their own DC power plants to provide lots of DC. Those high voltage DC air cleaners create lots of ozone -- especially when they get a little dirty. Ozone is a corrosive that eats away your lungs, plastic, rubber, gaskets, & paint. Do not use them in occupied spaces. Also those "sterile" lamps also produce ozone that eats away your lungs.

[@davidvanniekerk356]

Dankie/ Merci Futurology 4 this video. It was very educational.

[@curtislowe4577]

At 52:56 Edward F. Harris's personal info looks authentic. He was making $975/mo or $11.7k/yr in 1966. In 2020 dollars that would be $7.9k/mo or 95k/yr. Ol' Ed was doing OK. I wonder how his retirement went. He'll be 90 in a a bit over two months if he's still kickin'.

[@donwebber7034]

The electron tube is just a switch,...BUT WHAT A SWITCH !

[@TCGView]

"But first...a commercial."

[@clasystems]

And then the ad voice is the actor who played Patty Duke;s father on her self-named show. And announcer is Ronald Reagan.

[@stevencooper2464]

@@clasystems You're thinking of William Schallert; he had a very distinctive voice.

[@alexejfrohlich5869]

Veridian Dynamics

[@jdtv50]

Weird.. as I was clicking the comment above this one, i read THIS comment and when I pressed the time stamp on the other I actually got a commercial first😂dude.

[@stephenwilliams5201]

The automatic doors. At Kroger, the doors in elevators. Pay toll roads. And electronic gates. All were photo diodes work.

[@victorpinasarnault9135]

I don't see all, it's night over here. I love computer history videos. Did you know the computer history archive project KZbin channel? I highly recommend that.

[@wmffmw]

Chapter 3, of the 1972 TTL Hand Book told you everything you needed to know to design with TTL Logic.

[@tanyamauldwin9367]

This was very well done. Straight and simple and should be a requirement in every classroom. Not once did the video say the circuit failed because it hates Trump or did the circuit in the video punch a elderly person in the face.

[@madgamer1830]

Thankyou very much bro for posting such a useful video ....

[@jjameson3035]

The ads were so excessive that I got fed up and decided to play a Blu Ray disc instead. Advertisements every five minutes is bunk.

[@0011-b2s]

A CRT tube can also make sound!😎 I cut the wires to the deflection yoke on CRT TV tube horizontal and vertical I wired horizontal to right channel of stereo I wired left channel to vertical wires on coil. Turn on TV! See small dot turn down brightness a little bit. Then turn on stereo and see music, place ear to tube and hear music coming from TV tube😀

[@jannemannus]

The intro music made me think this was a redstone documentary...

[@P-Drum]

They tells us that three guys practically stumbled over the discovery of the transistor. I would be very interested in how the development from vacuum tubes to the transistor looked in more detail.

[@danc2014]

Search bell labs or schokley labs for information on development of the modern transistor.

[@P-Drum]

@@danc2014 Yeah I've tried. But I find nothing that details the development/research process. It was just vacuum tubes, 30 years of silence, then out of blue air the transistor was there. Considering how extremely advanced it is compared to the tube, I'm quite astonished over the lack of information.

[@frankowalker4662]

I've often wondered how they made IC's. Thank you for this.

[@twistedyogert]

I still don't understand it.

[@sarmadnajim4839]

Amazing video , thank you

[@Youtube_deleted_my_favourites]

Thanks for the upload

[@GroverCricketDaisy]

Fantastic really learnt allot thank you

[@robertdix8515]

Also when you can cover the electromechanical relay and storage scopes (a type of oscilloscope) and patch boards used in the earliest computers. Indeed it was a moth that got caught in the lever of a relay that begat the term "debug" when technicians were tracking down the malfunction of the machine they were running. To think how far the technology has advanced in a scant 70 years.

[@waterfuel]

Dr. Henry Moray senior invented the solid state transistor, or Moray valve as he called it, as a sub assembly of "The RE". The dated lab documents prove it , in his son's book " The Sea Of Energy In Which The Earth Floats". Bell laboratories did not invent the transistor, only filed patent after Dr. Moray visited Bell to show the "RE", in 1950, which sub assembly contained the whisker crystal amplifier diodes device. The RE was about $500,000 dollars to build, back at that time . High frequency current through step down transformer applied free 20,000 watts to banks of light bulbs. The glass cold cathode tubes contained radioactive particles to freely operate tubes- no battery.

[@devrim-oguz]

The sound effect on 38:41 had me dying xD xD xD

[@HighestRank]

Ali Devrim OGUZ ultrasonic emissions are a critical part of wafer cleaning.

[@pilotavery]

That was ultrasonic cleaner sound, it sounds like that in real life. Dropping something in a powered on ultrasonic bath does that sound.

[@earlspencer5696]

Lovely stuff💯💯👏

[@mezzofresh3521]

YOU ARE THE MAN!

[@operatorjeffdeathstar7759]

Now Valves are all the rage again...

[@invaderzim_8833]

15:06 Light as a switch. Using the light as the switch, ... The Phototube. Phototubes operate according to the photoelectric effect: Incoming photons strike a photocathode, knocking electrons out of its surface, which are attracted to an anode. Thus current is dependent on the frequency and intensity of incoming photons. Unlike photomultiplier tubes, no amplification takes place, so the current through the device is typically of the order of a few microamperes. Basically kicking electrons into higher valance shells creating a less resistive path for the load current to flow thus increasing the flow of electrons.. Yeah.. some technical stuff. ... The photoelectric effect is the emission of electrons when electromagnetic radiation, such as light, hits a material. Electrons emitted in this manner are called photoelectrons. The phenomenon is studied in condensed matter physics, and solid state and quantum chemistry to draw inferences about the properties of atoms, molecules and solids. The effect has found use in electronic devices specialized for light detection and precisely timed electron emission. Great video. +1

[@jackilynpyzocha662]

My parents had a large tv that had a tube in the back, I remember when it almost exploded!

[@saskiavanhoutert3190]

Thanks for showing, I have light-bulbs which contains tubes, it gives perfect light, kind regards.

[@diegogmx2000]

interesting to know that not so long ago science and engineering subjects were explained on tv without crashing cars or some other idiotic stuff

[@goodkarma7490]

Fairchild was clearly a unionized environment, given that Edward F. Harris's status at the company was "Exempt" (see 52:57).

[@ArcticSeraph]

Hello, English is not my first language so I am not very good. In the beginning of the video you speak too fast I have trouble understanding. Can you slow down just a little in your future videos. I really enjoy your content and find it very educational. Thank you.

[@deeplearningpartnership]

Very interesting.

[@luisponce3580]

Is it too late to write the letter? I want the book

[@adochshanov]

Subscription by default! :) Great Job!

[@BlaseAnDerHand]

thx for the vid

[@theodoreroberts3407]

I have activity watched and participated, as a user and coder, through all of the growth. From binary pertech to Windiws 10 and NT. I want to understand and use the new quantum computers too.

[@prashantbharti2650]

Link for previous video please ...

[@halfsourlizard9319]

Relatively informative for corporate propaganda/marketing.

[@0011-b2s]

There's a video on KZbin that shows hand made vacuum tubes. Dr morray made power supply with a homemade vacuum tube

[@briann_9]

아주대 화이팅!

[@सीताराम-च4न]

Can you provide subtitles for this video? Please.

[@canfelgie8559]

Why do you need a subtitle? It's already in english.

[@ZBostOneR]

@@canfelgie8559 judging by the name "चित्रकला : श्रेष्ठ कला " english is probably not his main language and cannot completely understand, so reading while hearing it will make it way easier to comprehend.

[@harrisonhaverly3516]

there are a bunch of websites that that can give subtitles and translations (votch.tv, etc.)

[@Rickety3263]

Ah, the beginnings of the turboencabulator

[@breceeofficial]

"You may be able to get music with the flick of your wrist, from the so-called Dick Tracey radio. With a portable television set, you may be able to enjoy video entertainment anywhere you go." I can only imagine what the folks involved would think about today's tech, with smartphones, spotify, youtube etc....

[@colchronic]

Those wafers are tiny! The ones nowadays are about a foot wide

[@tekneiq]

While your sarcasm may seem obvious, please refrain from commenting false information on educational material.

[@HighestRank]

Everett Jefferson only a smartassarcastic packaging engineer would make a TO-18 physically smaller than a TO-5, so if the shoe fits, wear it.

[@danc2014]

The silicon wafer today are ~15 inches and have hundreds of thousands of ic chips on them. The old ones you see here started out about 3 inches wide with hundreds of ic.

[@MrWilliamBerbari]

Apaixonado com eletrônica, desde que levei um choque com meus 10 anos em 1963 ao desmontar um G.E. raboo quente, sempre admiro os videos com este, fantástico .

[@dhdhlee9449]

This is awesome.

[@wolfswan5124]

thank joseph swan for the light bulb and the new discovery

[@GAIUSJAKE]

Do you think it would be possible to replace the vacuum tubed in an old tv with transistors?

[@lochinvar00465]

Short answer, no. Not completely. Diodes, yes. Triodes most likely no. With a complete redesign of the circuit, yes of course as we know there were solid state TV's(except for the picture tube. That is the one tube who's function has no solid state replacement) Flat screens operate differently than picture tubes and require a different circuit to drive them.

[@GAIUSJAKE]

@@lochinvar00465 huh, never knew. I wondering how much of my Philco predicta could be replaced with solid state parts. Thanks

[@soteful9949]

I am just as confused after watching this as I was before.