The Programming Language Guide

This is NOT another annoying top 10 programming language video. We will talk about how programming languages work including low-level & high-level, compiled, interpreted, etc. We will also talk about some of the popular languages and what they are good for.
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💻 Programing Language Crash Courses:
Rust - • Rust Crash Course...
C# - • Build a C# .NET A...
Go - • Go / Golang Crash...
Python - • Python Crash Cour...
JavaScript - • JavaScript Crash ...
Kotlin - • Kotlin Crash Course
PHP - • PHP Front To Back...
Ruby (Ruby on Rails) - • Ruby On Rails Cra...
Timestamps:
0:00 - Intro
1:02 - Low-Level vs High Level
1:43 - Machine Language
2:28 - Assembly Language
3:24 - General Purpose Languages
3:52 - C Language
4:47 - Compiled vs Interpreted
6:30 - C++
7:26 - Rust
8:46 - High Level, Interpreted Languages
9:23 - Java
10:50 - Statically Typed vs Dynamic
12:03 - Kotlin
12:58 - C#
14:40 - Go
16:00 - Python
17:20 - Ruby
18:54 - JavaScript
20:58 - PHP
22:37 - Swift
23:35 - Outro

[renuja de costa]

Congratulations Brad for being one of the favourite developers on the State of JavaScript survey 2021❤️❤️

[Treedbox. com]

Yeah!

[Traversy Media]

Thanks!

[Matthew Leisy]

Hands down you're the best crash course teacher I've ever had the pleasure of knowing. Just wanted to take the time to show my appreciation and admiration for everything you do for us.

[Alice Fraser]

Love the t-shirt Brad! Thanks for another useful video. As a self-taught beginner I'm glad I bumped into you in one of the many many rabbit holes I found myself lost in this year. You've played a huge part in helping me navigate the labyrinth of the web dev / programming scene, and taught me CSS and JS. Always great content, no fluff and to the point. Whenever my brain is ready to cram in some more, you're one of my go-tos and I keep learning thanks to you. Respect.

[djl]

The 1st ever program I wrote was in machine code using hexadecimal instructions and memory addresses. That was for Intel's 8086 processor :) -- part of an "electronics instrumentation" module for a Bachelor's degree in Physics, way back in 1996!

[silloo]

You wrote in binary?!!?

[Peter Cruckshank]

Great video! You cover many important details about how languages work, and their respective levels. This video is a must watch for anyone getting into coding 💯

[Dan Sanger]

These types of videos are very helpful to people who are just getting into or back into software development, or people whose careers have been very siloed. Both apply to me, so thank you.

[echobucket]

This is great, the one thing I think it's important to mention when talking about machine code and assembly is how different CPU architectures have completely different instruction sets. Other than that, this is great!

[Karnevil 999]

Sorry to see you didn't mention Elixir at all. Also a really good Python framework to use which is faster and more modern than Django and Flask is FastAPI.

[star seven]

@Gim Lam World is not ready for LISP dude. I love emacs and syntax seems annoying once you understand it, everything make sense. Ditch kotlin why not build android app in clojure.

[Gim Lam]

Since he didn't mention Lisp I think everything else is behind on the queue.

[go je]

it's on 13th

[Khfan213]

An add on for Kotlin, while Google still uses Java for a lot of their database and api code bases, all of their mobile development for Android has been switched over to Kotlin. Google is advertising and pushing Kotlin as the new standard for Android development so if you want to specifically do mobile app development, go with Kotlin and forget Java all together. Java still has its use cases but when developers of Android tell you not to go with java, it might be a good idea to atleast take a look at kotlin for mobile app development on Android

[D. PARADYSS]

Si quieres programar android sin duda ve a por flutter

[json Who]

"...forget Java all together." - lol!! Oh sure! we just re-write every existing java applications - no need for support or maintenance. Kotlin is _the_ answer. And when something else comes along that _you_ like better, we'll do this all over again... "Every green field project is a future brown field" - that's mine, you can keep it "Google is advertising and pushing..." - not sure if you ever noticed but google does a LOT of advertising and "pushing"! it's kind of how they make money... Groovy, Clojure, Scala Node, GoLang, Rust.. All of them have been Java killers at one time or another; Kotlin is just one more for the pile... some people hate Java - that's _fine_, you don't have to like it! I don't like Python - I can give you a list of reasons (probably half the list is 1 word: "TABS!?!") Saying Java can be discarded because something came along that you _do_ like or that the community support is meaningless... your lack of experience is showing And the fact that the creator liked this comment... well, that shows something also, doesn't it.

[Mexantos]

I think if you're a developer over a decade you can choose whatever you want, but for a beginner i highly recommend java first if you wannabe android developer. the reason is so simple, there are too many libraries and resources that could help you as a beginner, and all java's problem that tend to occurred, already resolved and tested also reviewed from time to time by senior developer

[Khfan213]

@Rayyan Amir oh and that wasn't me going after you or anything. I run into issues like this in the real world. Developers who are cookie cutter devs. Everyone now a days just learns a language, then a framework then goes to find work. They skip past the actual computer science that helps make a good dev. Knowing how to program is ok but not what I would ever hire for. I need devs who understand the language, the architecture and structure, I need people who can write tests and debug their code, I need devs who don't just Google solutions to answers. What I'm saying is if someone used community support as an excuse with me for not wanting to learn a new technology, I'd fire them and replace them with a dev who could. Stackoverflow, reddit and any other recource out there. 99% of your questions asked are found out by developers who don't develop and work on the underlying languages. How did they figure out the solutions to your Googled question that you can't find answers for? It's because they understand computer science deep enough to not need others to hold their hand. They can figure out things on their own.

[Khfan213]

@Rayyan Amir ok so since you don't seem to understand something let me break this down. Every new language, and major update to a language, changed things massively. While Java may have community support backing it, the newest and best features of Java are non tested undocumented. That's how every single programming language goes at some point. Python 2 vs python 3 are completely different languages. Python 2 had massive community support and now guess what, it'll be hard to find a python developer now a days who even knows python 2. If your company chose Java over kotlin because of community support then by all means your company is straight up waisting resources. Kotlin has been optimized for mobile development where Java is just a general purpose language (yes kotlin technically is too but it has been optimized for this purpose). You company is giving up performance for what, because it's devs can't read some documentation? Because their devs can't debug and troubleshoot? If your company is relying on community support to fix their issues then why are you even working there? Choosing kotlin over Java would be like choosing python over c ind terms of performance. It's a doable task but why would you use a tool that's not best suited for the task. This is probably an extreme example as i haven't personally speed tested kotlin, but you get the idea.

[AdamsTaiwan]

C# can also contain unsafe C code, which is where they often put code that needs to be performant. While mainly statically typed, it also supports a dynamic keyword. I use it for code that 'plugins' at runtime.

[Miracle Hesed]

Very insightful. Thank you for this. I really needed to know this coding history and you just summarized it with precision. Awesome.

[Viorel Mocanu]

As always, excellent video, Brad! :) Keep up the fantastic work!

[Daniel L]

Thank you Brad, sir, for all the wonderful KZbin tutorial videos you have been making and I am following, I have also taken and completed some of your Udemy courses since 2019, they have vastly improved my skills and understanding as a Frontend Web Developer, thank you sir :) Just a request, could you make a tutorial video on the new CSS Cascade Layers please? Thank you.

[Christian Schubert]

PHP was also my first language I really learned! (with Actionscript being the first language I ever used - together with what was then known as Macromedia Flash). Just sad to see that PHP gets so much hate nowadays, I think it's really come a long way in the last decade(s?) and certainly deserves better. P.S.: maybe a short introductory course to PHP 8 by the legendary Mr. Traversy himself would open a few eyes (although I do see why that wouldn't be a priority as there ARE - as outlined in this video - great alternatives out there)

[Marcos Reál]

ActionScript taught me OOP. I miss Flash. If only CSS could evolve into a Flash-like system.

[Miguel Lansdorf]

I use PHP daily for my work and I hate it very much. The nail in the coffin for me is its syntax. Even clean code looks very ugly compaired to other languages. But this is just a personal bias of mine. The language is powerful, but also very ugly.

[Dan Green]

My first true programming language was Action script 3.0 as well. I made some pretty terrible websites back then lol

[Hamza Assa]

Hi brad Thanks for all the amazing knowledge that you give for free. I just wanted to ask if you could provide these slides ( that mostly your videos have ). It would be amazing. Thank you.

[emmanuel Aumsuri]

I never found the quality content, and well explainable video like this for programing languages. Thanks so much! Your video is very useful.

[TheDudeAbides]

Assuming type does not have to be because of dynamic typing. In languages like for example Golang, they have type inference which assumes type but is still compiled. I think java also uses "var" for type inference.

[Vlad Burlutskiy]

Great video Brad!Thanks a lot for what you've been doing and creating!

[AdamsTaiwan]

JuliaLang looks promising. Here's their description: MIT Julia is designed to combine the speed of C with the usability of Python, the dynamism of Ruby, the mathematical prowess of MatLab, and the statistical chops of R.

[ThunderBayRider]

Great explanation! Would you recommend a coding boot camp for someone wanting to start a new career in web dev, etc.? Or some other educational route?

[Jasper Lawrence Feliciano]

Hi brad, I’m your #1 fan in webdev. I just want to request if you can make a course on udemy for bootstrap 5 just like you did on your bootstrap 4. :) I really like you teaching style so much. God bless

[mike v]

I've used assembly language, Fortran, Cobol, PL/1, Pascal, VB Script, C++, C# and several others. C# is easily the best environment. Also, there is another language between assembly code and machine code. It called micro code and defines the CPU functionality.

[ShaneBrained Plays]

I have been interested in Flutter, and also saw some comments on pros and cons. I'm not sure how relevant Flutter is in the current tech industry. This might sound like a novice question...would you recommend to go for Swift and/or Kotlin instead of Flutter?

[Average guy vs the world]

Definitely appreciate you talking about web assembly, recently found out about it and it seems like it could be awesome

[Scott Woodcock]

Awesome topic! Great to have you share your insights on these languages and their use cases. Popcorn worthy! 🍿🥤

[Sumit Panwar]

I am Learning programming for the last 3 years right after high school I skip college and Brad ( Traversy Media ) is the best instructor for programming, and web development. I am done he's javascript course it was amazing after this I don't have to learn every single language from scratch I just need to learn the basic syntax. after all of this now work in Flutter, Web Dev, Starting Unity, all of this because of him ThankYou Brad ❤️

[Marc Roelofs]

Thanks. Very useful to show people an objective view on the different languages.

[Bharat Kumar Gupta]

Best content for programmers, thanks for the wonderful presentation. Neat slides 🙂

[Cole Caccamise]

Great video Brad! Everything was really well explained

[OldSloGuy]

A well paced delivery! Lots of info succinctly presented with good audio. No background music is a big plus for me.

[Toran Shaw]

I still have to master the basics of CSS and JS but after that I plan on learning Ruby. Not sure where I'll go after that, as there are three options in the running for me, at this moment in time: Go, Python and Rust.

[X19]

Great info Brad. Watching your videos is always time well spent.

[Noble Light]

Thank you, Brad. This is very helpful for a beginner like me.

[Ishtiak Ahmed]

What a awesome video on Languages on The International Mother Language Day! After hearing about them, I choose C++ and Go for general purpose.

[Mr. Berry]

Go is great. C++ is like having a life goal to become an astronaut. Not easy, but with time and strong determination it can be learned.

[Eva M]

Could you make a video about a methodology to follow when you’re an experienced developer and you want to learn a new language/framework for freelancing? Of course you can’t charge your client for learning… so what is your strategy in that case? Do you try to build something on your own before finding some work? At what point do you feel confident enough with that new tech? Thx

[Bernd Colve]

Nice programming languages overview for general entry purposes. Do you plan an overview over specialized so called domain specific languages: automation & robotics (Siemens S7), data science (R), mathematics (Mathematica, MAPPLE, MathLab), CAD/ECAD (Verilog) etc.

[avatarhzh]

Great video as always Brad. One suggestion for this video is that I wished you included something like Haskell and then quickly described the difference between OOP vs FP. As it stands now the video is a bit biased towards OOP languages.

[Tobi Medase]

Thank you for this amazing video and for breaking it into bits.

[Venkat Kosuri]

Thanks Brad I got a job as a react js developer fresher just following your videos Keep sharing front end videos 🙏❤️❤️

[BuIIetBiII]

So glad this isn't a top 10. Some developers can get very high and mighty about programming languages, putting some on a pedestal and turning their nose up at others. There's no best programming language. They all have strengths and weaknesses and all have their quirks. Use which ever works well for you or your company

[Miguel Lansdorf]

Hey Brad. Excellent video as always. I noticed in the Ruby slide that you consider Rails as one of the best frameworks out there. Have you ever heard of Elixir and the phoenix framework? Elixir is a programming language that looks very similar to Ruby but it uses the Erlang Beam virtual machine. It is honestly a really cool programming language and the phoenix framework is also very nice to work with.

[Miguel Lansdorf]

@Ian Wanyeki I'm doing my best. Putting comments on big dev youtube channels

[Ian Wanyeki]

Spread the Elixir gospel!

[rage]

Thank you for this information, noted all of it down and it might be helpful for me to choose what to learn and aware of the other programming languages and yes learnt new things too.

[Greg Helton]

6:45 "C++ is object oriented". C++ supports OO development but a lot of C++ code is written that isn't OO.

[Miguel Lansdorf]

Originally the purpose of C++ was "C with classes". It has only become more and more functional in newer versions, but in most of it's lifespan C++ was used with OOP in mind.

[Traversy Media]

I just realized I made it sound like it has to be OOP. Thank you

[Richard Antao]

Brad can you make a video on task queues??? Either using Redis, Bull, or bee-queue in node.js

[Lunolux]

great video, the first programming i start learning was JAVA, i hate it because i was a beginner in this world, and installing JRE, SDK of java, find it very complicate, bad chose from me, when i found PHP that was more easy to learning

[samuel malupeng]

I love the message in your T-shirt, thanks for spreading the autism awareness. I love your contents too, it helps me a lot in my learning.

[Saman Fayazi]

Informational as always, thanks a lot Brad.

[AdamsTaiwan]

I created a micro-script language that I use in all my apps frontend and backend. Basically, a loop reads a text block and processes lines like a command line. var=value // sets a value on a Dictionary cmd args.... //all other lines are processed as commands x DLL.Class //if no command is found, it checks to see if DLL(C#) , or .js(Javascript) exists, loads and applies the instance to x which is stored in the dictionary. very simple and powerful scripting which can be customized as needed.

[Aқcaқaл]

Hi Brad, can you share with your list of most favorite frameworks please. #3 is Jango as we already know

[James Friedman]

One of my favorite tricks is naming a JavaScript file with the PHP extension, .php, and then embeddeding PHP in the JavaScript file - makes for great variable assignment using values strored in a database. let myage=""; The

[Kenny Yip Coding]

Almost thought you made one of those top programming language clickbait videos. Good thing I was wrong ! :)

[CoolGuy Nikolay42]

Been looking for a vid like this

[Piracy advocate]

@Maxfrischdev no lul What does "Go has robust standard library" even mean? "Ruby doesn't use curly braces, we have indentation syntax" lul - and he said he had worked with Ruby for a year

[boing]

even when i searched up for this 5 other videos were about something like 'hard truth about coding' 'best languages' so unhelpful

[Leonard Davis]

All of his videos are excellent. You may want to subscribe to the channel if you're looking for this type of info.

[Quentin Caldway]

@Kenny Yip Coding You'll never find Brad stooping to click baiting brother. He has a pretty sold rep. Appreciate all the content you push out for us Brad!

[Jose Vila]

Great video as always - thank you for making this! But why not include Dart?

[jomy10]

If you want to learn Swift, it has evolved a lot over the years. It can compile to Linux, Windows and WebAssembly. It's used for scripts, backends, etc. The most common use case remains apps for Apple Platforms ofcourse.

[Tolulope Okerayi]

Your videos are so helpful. Thank you!

[Александр Fox]

Hello Brad, I am a junior full-stack javascript developer from Ukraine. And some part of my success was thanks to you! And now I need to make a migration from npm to yarn3. And I was trying to find some guidance on KZbin, and I cant. Maybe it could be interesting for someone else, and it would be interesting for you too))) I know you are best in guides creation.

[M Maranta]

Are you in Ukraine now?

[JT]

This is really insightful for noobs like me. Thank you!

[Erik Paulsen]

C is about increasing the amount of CPU agnostic code in UNIX. Rust is only simple, relatively speaking, if you do tens of thousands of lines of C++ and ignore Go standard library. C# can be accessed via Powershell.

[Mr. Berry]

@Balla jallow Not talked about as much as Python, Javascript, or Java. Although it is better quality OPP than Java, less issues debugging than Javascript, and runs faster in production than Python.

[Balla jallow]

@Mr. Berry why?

[Mr. Berry]

C# is underrated.

[Bruh Trippin]

Brad, were you looking to do another Javascript course or will you wait on that until next year?

[Michel Chaghoury]

great vid like always, can you make in the future some C#/NET Projects ?

[Siddhesh Abnave]

Hello Brad sir , when will the updated version of modern javascript course will come??

[Karnevil 999]

not sure about putting C# and Java at the same level as JS and Python though.

[x Furiouz]

Very positive video. Well done!

[Zero Sleap]

14:00 I would correct only a little thing about C#, it has in the later iteration of the language and its ecosystem transitioned to a Multi-Platform language now, it's not specifically tied to Windows for making desktop apps anymore.

[raianmr]

multiplatform is still a painful and neglected side of dotnet tho. maui for example doesnt support windows's biggest competitor, linux.

[William Castro]

Hi Traversy, I have a question? I know Java Is considered an Objected Oriented mid-level language, Haskell is considered to be purely functional language. I know JavaScript is a highly scripting language that is prototypical. But when I ask developers is javaScript primarily a functional language or object oriented? This is where it gets confusing. Can it be said that JavaScript primarily a functional language, similar to Haskell? I googled prototypical languages and I got a very broad answer which wasn't clear to me.

[Pippa's cracker]

C & C++ is a must learn, along with JavaScript, and Python, and maybe Java (I prefer C# tho). Other than that, I'm a fan of Rust, Go, and php. I'm probably going to start with Rust, cus I think it's very interesting, then maybe C/C++, then JS and Python. After that I'll just see

[Pippa's cracker]

@CobraKaiOwner Idk bro I don't even know the language, I just see that it's used a lot and it's quite exclusive

[CobraKaiOwner]

Hello, could you tell me why C & C++ are a must?

[Malkiat Singh]

Thanks for the Guide really helped me and I found the language for myself thank you !

[Ralph Schumacher]

Thanks for the fantastic overview!

[Orji Maxwell chukwuemeka]

Thanks for your amazing teaching thanks I love your teaching. Sir can you give advice on language to learn in 2022 that offer high payment and places you in the technology high ends?

[christi flame]

Thank you so much for this Video it Really helps to clear some things up!

[GameTroll]

I'd like to request an updated modern crash course for GoLang and Rust (and possibly Rocket framework as well) please?!?!

[Henry Munoz]

Just finish your Mern tutorial last night. It was amazing thank you so much Brad

[Traversy Media]

Awesome. Congrats on finishing it. It's not easy to complete a course or series.

[Don]

Quick note, CIL stands for common intermediate language, not csharp intermediate language.

[Nikola Vukovic]

Great content, tnanks a lot! Means a lot. Would like to see some devops build/deploy and automation strategies .. Thanks take care.

[Mad Man]

I already know all of this but it was entertaining to watch so thanks :)

[Mahmoud Al Hussain]

Hi Brad thanks again for ur amazing content, i have a question, is it good to use xml http requests for submetting data into a database? and, how can i use it safely without security problems and injections?

[David]

Like all injection-based vulnerabilities, the best defence is server-side input validation and output encoding. XML as the source format of the data doesn't create any additional injection-based security issues. If you're worried about SQL injections in particular, you can prevent them by validating the input on the server-side and ensuring this data interacts with database queries using prepared statements. A concern with XML though would be XML External Entity (XXE) attacks if your XML parser permits enternal entities. I'd recommend searching up the prevention sheets on OWASP for both SQL and XXE.

[Ray Triboulet]

This is awesome. Thank you for this.

[Flaming Gasoline in the darkness]

@Traversy Media, could you please explain compilation process in the low level language's compilation and bytecode run into high level languages virtual machine then what? And what do you mean by saying that "C" is a compiled language itself? Could you please explain these topic more briefly in a separate dedicated video...

[Real Fejiro]

Oh Brad!!! You never fail to deliver. Thanks Boss. God bless you. With love from Nigeria.

[chirag khandelwal]

Hey Brad Can you do some tutorials on System design btw new intro looks dope

[Jerome Altariba]

Thks for your video. Have just started Kotlin. Good language but still far from typescript in terms of productivity. But it makes life easier when creating android apps

[Kingkor Roy Tirtho]

So we all forgot about Deno, A modern runtime for JavaScript and TypeScript.

[sid A_G]

Please do a video on type of programming language means functional programming, object oriented programming things like that also some paradigm must be cool to see that

[Алексей Якимчук]

Hi! Thank You for such understandable video. 🤓🤝

[ClinicMaster INTERNATIONAL]

Thanks for this update Brad, insightful. I was expecting to find Dart on list though, Kindly share thoughts. Wilson Kutegeka-Kampala Uganda

[Dereck de Mézquita]

Have you used R? I'd like to hear your take on it.

[Kyouko]

7:00 - I feel as though this is a common misconception with C++, or at least, not sufficiently elaborated upon. You don't *have* to manage memory manually, you *can* manage memory manually, the option is there, though this (mostly) only applies when working with heap memory, and in those cases, you can just as easily let a smart pointer be responsible for "owning" the memory it points to (a la Rust) and let RAII deal with freeing it. I feel as though the whole manual memory management stereotype comes from C and was carried over to to C++, especially in the early days where C++ was nowhere near where it is today, but in the modern age, using modern C++? It's really not as big of a deal as it's made out to be.

[raianmr]

ikr. Rust literally *borrowed* C++'s smart pointers and single-dispatch model. Rust is a true successor to C++ in every way other than interoperability.

[lone wolf coding]

for me best is docker compose or kubernetes with node js i hope pwa app are full support on mobile

[Karnevil 999]

Also you are talking about C# and .Net from a few years ago and not .Net Core which is open source and cross platform. Also really fast as a web backend... Great video though.

[Umaru AbdulMalik]

Thanks Brad, much appreciated!

[Maged WafiK]

When are we gonna see a Golang course by Traversy Media? I have been waiting for it for an eternity by now😅

[Beatrix Ducz]

Omg, I've learned these 30 years ago, how much the world has changed since then. Some things still remain though.

[Andre]

It's too bad C# and .NET are still painted as these "Microsoft/Windows" only tools. In reality, ever since .NET Core came out like more than half a decade ago, C# has been amazing for literally any platform and can be written in any text editor (as long as the .NET sdk is installed on your machine). I regularly write .NET 6 Web API code with C# using VS Code and it's running in linux containers. Idk, I feel like if you're not describing .NET in it's current state, it definitely does language and the platform an injustice.

[llamasarus1]

Can you develop WPF apps in Linux?

[Ardhi Sasongko]

You are great mentor sir, 10 thumb from me

[Lost+Found]

I think there's the difference in language and implementation. C as a language is codified in ISO and ANSI. As implementation there's for example gcc. Of course there is ISO conform just in time C. Just as precompiled python. In short words, classifying the language according to their implementation is not fair.

[Steve Smith]

Excellent summary.

[Rouge Gorge]

Yes, Rust is here, I would have add Flutter Dart language 😀

[Panom Apet]

Please update your Django project. We will appreciate if you do so. Thanks

[Walid]

Thank you, very helpful

[AUGUSTUS CAESER]

Can you make a video on the Django Rest Framework?

[praveen gopu]

Nice introduction. 💙