The Rise and Fall of the Khitans & Why They Wanted To Build A Chinese Dynasty - Liao Dynasty History

[@CoolHistoryBros]

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[@papazataklaattiranimam]

Shimunek, Andrew. "Early Serbi-Mongolic-Tungusic lexical contact: Jurchen numerals from the 室韦 Shirwi (Shih-wei) in North China". Philology of the Grasslands: Essays in Mongolic, Turkic, and Tungusic Studies, Edited by Ákos Bertalan Apatóczky et al. (Leiden: Brill). Retrieved 22 September 2019. quote: "Asdemonstrated by Ratchnevsky (1966: 231), the Shirwi confederation was a multiethnic, multilingual confederation of Tungusic-speaking Mo-ho 靺鞨 people (i.e. ancestors of the Jurchen), the Meng-wa 蒙瓦 ~ Meng-wu 蒙兀, whom Pelliot (1928) and others have shown were Proto-Mongolic speakers, and other groups. The dominant group among the Shirwi undoubtedly were ethnolinguistic descendants of the Serbi (鮮卑 Hsien-pei), and spoke a language closely related to Kitan and more distantly related to Mongolic." Andreas Hölzl (Munich) New evidence on Para-Mongolic numerals Para-Mongolic is a technical term that designates languages that were related to the Mongolic languages, but which split off from this lineage before Proto-Mongolic times. One source of knowledge for Para-Mongolic comes from loanwords in surrounding languages, of which borrowed numerals in the Tungusic language Jurchen are a well- known example. The paper presents new evidence found in Tungusic languages that were previously almost unknown in the West and briefly sketches the place of those languages within the Tungusic family. 1. Introduction Para-Mongolic is a technical term which refers to languages that were related to the Mongolic languages, but split off from this lineage before Proto-Mongolic times. There are several possible sources of Para-Mongolic data (summarized in Janhunen 2003b), of which loanwords found in surrounding languages constitutes one exam- ple (e.g. Doerfer 1993). This paper focuses on a particular kind of loans found in some Tungusic languages: “The most reliable source on the Para-Mongolic numer- als is provided by the Jurchen-Manchu set for the teens (11‒19). These were sys- tematically borrowed from an idiom clearly related to Mongolic, but different from the lineage of Proto-Mongolic.” (Janhunen 2003b: 399.) Since Grube (1896) and Laufer (1921) these numerals have been analyzed many times (see Róna-Tas 2016: 126 for a list), but the best treatment can still be found in Janhunen (2003b: 399f.). Nevertheless, new evidence suggests that some of his reconstructions have to be revised.1 Both Mongolic and Tungusic are part of what Janhunen (2007: 78) has called the Ural-Altaic belt, which is “united by a multitude of common structural features, covering all major areas of the grammar, including phonology, morphology, mor- phosyntax, and syntax.” Any explanation of this phenomenon such as in terms of areal convergence or genetic inheritance is necessarily based on the primary recon- struction of the participating proto-languages. The comparison of these is severely impeded, however, by the fact that Proto-Uralic is much older than any of the other language families. For example, Janhunen (2003a: 1) assumes that Proto-Mongolic was spoken only about 800 years before present day. However, Mongolic together with Para-Mongolic forms a larger and considerably older language family for which the name Khitano-Mongolic has been proposed (Janhunen 2012a: 114f.). The neces- sary precondition for the reconstruction of Khitano-Mongolic, however, is a better 1. Many thanks to Stefan Georg, Benjamin Brosig, András Róna-Tas, Vadim Ponaryadov, Kathleen Rabl, Philipp Rackl, Wu Yadi, Zeprina-Jaz Ainsworth, and two anonymous reviewers for their helpful comments on an earlier version of this paper. Of course, all remaining shortcomings are mine. understanding of all attested Para-Mongolic varieties. Eventually, this might bring us further back in time and thus put any comparison with surrounding language families on a more solid foundation. A special form of Para-Mongolic is Khitan (e.g. Kane 2009, Janhunen 2012a, Róna-Tas 2016, Miyake 2017b, and references therein), the written form of which was created by the Khitan during the Liao-dynasty (907‒1125) in what is today northern China and southern Mongolia (e.g. Franke 1990: 400‒412). Khitan will, however, only be briefly mentioned, as it appears to represent a slightly different or younger lineage than the language that influenced Tungusic. Juha Janhunen University of Helsinki, Helsinki OBSERVATIONS ON THE PARA-MONGOLIC ELEMENTS IN JURCHENIC 1. Introduction It is well known that the Tungusic languages incorporate a large number of Mongolic loanwords. Most of these were reviewed in detail by Gerhard Doerfer [1985], who showed that their distribution indicates a gradual infiltration of Mongolic lexicon into Tungusic, with the smallest number of Mongolisms being present in geographically marginal idioms such as Western Ewenki and Ewen. In the context of the "Altaic" group of languages, the Mongolic loanwords in Tungusic are secondary to the Turkic loanwords in Mongolic, showing that the general direction of borrowing has been from west to east and from south to north. The majority of the Mongolic loanwords in Tungusic are Post-Proto-Mongolic borrowings into Post-Proto-Tungusic, that is, into the various individual Tungusic languages and dialects - naturally only those that have been in direct contact with Mongolic languages. There is also a small corpus of items shared by Proto-Mongolic and Proto-Tungusic, for which the direction of borrowing is more difficult to establish. Ultimately we cannot rule out that there are also a few items shared on a genetic basis, though evidence for a binary genetic connection between Tungusic and Mongolic in the context of a distinct language family ("Khinganic") is still very scarce [Janhunen 1996b]. Shimunek, Andrew:Languages of Ancient Southern Mongolia and North China-AHistorical-Comparative Study of the Serbi or Xianbei Branch of the Serbi-MongolicLanguage Family, with an Analysis of Northeastern Frontier Chinese and Old TibetanPhonology. Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz, 2017, 519 pp., ISBN: 978-3-447-10855-3.Reviewed byJulia EscherandYves Trachsel,Institute of Asian and Oriental Studies, Universityof Zurich, Zürichbergstr. 4, 8032 Zürich, Switzerland. In this publication, Andrew Shimunek aims to construct a scientific and compre-hensive theory on the origin of the Mongolic and Serbi languages, an often-debatedsubject in the scholarly community. Prior to this study, he published a variety ofworks in areas such as Mongolian phonology and lexicology as well as the linguisticreconstruction of Kitan.

[@kuroazrem5376]

I actually have Surshark and just used it to find the movie. Interestingly, it wasn't available in Indonesia, so I had to look it up in Thailand, which is funny considering the movie is Indonesian.

[@CoolHistoryBros]

@@kuroazrem5376 Ironic isn't it?

[@The_Real_Kal-El]

Yo man is your accent real? It sounds and feel over exaggerated. I want to sub to this channel but I can’t get pass what I feel is an accent that is played up. It takes me out of it. If this is your real accent my apologies, I just hate it when Asian KZbinrs play up the accent.

[@dmitritelvanni4068]

Careful with that stuff man... the powers that be want it outlawed. If biden gets his way, you'll be a criminal lol.

[@elynoreasmr1870]

The Khitans have always fascinated me. Being from Vietnam, I got to learn a lot of Chinese history, and I remember reading a lot about the Jurchens and the Khitans! It is quite sad that you don't see a lot of coverage about them :(

[@cudanmang_theog]

Because you love CCP style lockdown. China history is a lot of deceptions

[@The_Art_of_AI_888]

@lati long Song was literally given up Annam (North Vietnam) because they were militarily too weak

[@mint8648]

Fun fact in the 1170s ambassadors from Jin reached Vietnam

[@teovu5557]

Fun Fact: The Khitan still exist today as a tribe in Kazakhstan(Kitay tribe) and in Afghanistan's Hazara people as the Dai-Kitai people (both groups comingfrom the Kara-khitans who fled china from the Jurchens to central asia. Also the Khitans who stayed in China are the modern Daur people(who still speak Khitan lanuage while the other two assimilated to Turkic and Persian language).

[@mint8648]

@@teovu5557 yes you are right

[@nenenindonu]

The Qara Khitai are a quite interesting topic, they were located in the middle of Central Asia which caused them to fight various neighboring rival states, glad youre gonna cover them soon

[@edenia9080]

@@toucanmasterx I learned about Karahitay (that's how it's written in Turkish) in first year of high school because of a battle between Seljuk Empire and Qara Khitai, Battle Of Qatwan, which Seljuk were defeated. Steppe people ran strong even in their weakened state. Not to mention that Seljuks were also coming from nomadic foundations , although they formed their state with Iranian administration.

[@condorX2]

Mongol and the Viking are my favorite in term of history and drama. The ming Dynasty buildings abs clothing are top of my list

[@middleeastrenwarriormen1017]

Khitai is Eastern Turk for China Çin is Western Turk for China

[@middleeastrenwarriormen1017]

@@condorX2 Moghulistan Eastern Chagatai was a Mongol Dynasty where the Khans becane followers of Ming Dynasty and proof that Moghulistan Khans paid tribute at low prices and Moghulistan was influenced by Turkic culture and Wetern Chinese culture

[@middleeastrenwarriormen1017]

@Erqĭn Məmbetjanuli 🇰🇿 Q̆iyat Khitai (Turkic),Chin (Farsi),Al Sin (Arabic) : China

[@Reneclemant]

Goryeo(Korea) played a crucial role in the collapse of the Kihtan empire. Kihtan's 100,000 major cavalry forces were greatly defeated by the Goryeo army in Gyujoo, Korea on March 10th, 1019 AD on their 3rd invasion to Korea. After that, their powers grew a lot weaker, and finally, Jurchens overtook them in the region.

[@leonidas_dragas]

This channel just popped into my yt feed and I love it, the aesthetics look really neat and the commentary by this man is great. Also he chooses great topics to make videos about such as the true origin of mulan and stuff, I hope he keeps uploading

[@BygoneChina]

It's a shame that although the Khitans had a very significant role in Chinese history, because they never controlled the entirety of mainland China and the fact that two mandates of heaven existed simultaneously they are largely overlooked in official histories of China today.

[@justafloatingcoconut1368]

Not exactly. Yes they aren’t featured as much as the other dynasties but for example if you go to Beijing, the city where people claim to be the “imperial capital of five dynasties”, they actually start with Liao so it’s def considered an important part of Chinese history

[@hishot1078]

Khitan wasted everything on war against Goryeo. After that, no more significant invasions by them.

[@yunpengwang4495]

@@dyingember8661 That's Nanjing, not Beijing.

[@justafloatingcoconut1368]

@@yunpengwang4495 I think you’re thinking of something else. Beijingers count the dynasties of us being the imperial capital from Liao Jin Yuan Ming and Qing dynasties. In the meantime of course Nanjing was also the capital for the Song and other dynasties for example.

[@yunpengwang4495]

@@justafloatingcoconut1368 Well, but I'm answersing another guy. He said Beijing is "imperial capital of six dynasties". I just point out that's Nanjing. He may just delete his comment.😂

[@andreascovano7742]

3:00 interestingly that was also the medieval name for china. Catai in Italian and Cathay in english. This is because when marco polo, and before him his father and uncle, arrived in china, they mainly stayed in the kublai's court up north and that's the first name they saw. Another interesting note. Madagascar is called such because marco polo couldnt pronounce mogadishu.

[@hishot1078]

That's funny. East Asians called China as Tang regardless the current dynasty.

[@LibeliumDragonfly]

I mean, Russians call China Kitan even to this day..... Doesn't have to be medieval

[@andreascovano7742]

@Shy Cracker it is in somalia. Marco polo did not have 21th century maps available. Hence the mistake

[@Reaper478]

Thank you for making Chinese history much more accessible. I appreciate it immensely. Stay cool bro.

[@justinianthegreat1444]

So this is the Chinese version of the rivalry between the Roman Empire and the Holy Roman Empire? Sweet!

[@서민국-c3n]

please do qing dynasty contents! i am always waiting for your vids!

[@CoolHistoryBros]

I'll get there eventually, lol! But I will mention it briefly in the next video.

[@서민국-c3n]

@@CoolHistoryBros after chinese history, please do more korean histories!

[@ajithsidhu7183]

@@CoolHistoryBros history of martial arts please

[@wanrong8538]

@@CoolHistoryBros Another request here! Otro pedido aqui desde tu audiencia Latinoamericana!

[@mrpotatochu6611]

Awesome video as always, congrats on 100k subs!

[@CoolHistoryBros]

Thank you!

[@elnuralymkulov5069]

I'm kyrgyz and my father's tribe is Mogol (mongol) mother's tribe is Kytai (khitan))))

[@bokonoo77]

I am afraid that those tribes are not what they are

[@tasbykekerey1203]

I am from Kerei tribe, which called Zubu in Liao Empire.

[@AethyrPrime]

I always play as a Khitan in any Conan game. I always love the aesthetic and play as a warrior empress. From Age of Conan to Conan Exles. It is nice to learn that my characters have been historically accurate. ;)

[@nootnoot3846]

Fantastic video, congrats on 100K

[@CoolHistoryBros]

Thank you!

[@mookangii]

Loving your content! Would you be able to cover the goryeo khitan war some time. It is an extremely interesting war considering how the first invasion was deflected through diplomacy

[@vladimirprostran1896]

Really good comparison of historical vs cultural narrative!

[@6principlesforcartography61]

Basically, Yelu Clan became stronger among other Khitan tribes because he absorbed many Han Chinese refugees during the fall of Tang Dynasty and they became an important part of his power. With their help as advisers and soldiers, Abaoji was able to claim himself the lifelong khan of Khitai (Before Yelu Abaoji, Khitan tribes elect their khan every 3 years and no tribes keep dominance in power.). It is understandable that Abaoji intends to sinanization.

[@jacobblack2381]

Thanks for not letting me Waste my time😒😒😒

[@YJSP893]

just like Roman Empire, every european country wants to be the next one. Same in east Asia Chinese Empire used to be like that, all country wants to be China Korea, Japan, even Mogul. They built Yuan Empire and claim that they rebuilt a new Chinese Empire but not Han. Note: Chinese ≠ Han people

[@mrj428]

they have to adopt Chinese system and culture before they can really rule China, so they are not Chinese but they need to be sinicization.

[@salvatorenostrade3331]

Except the premise of a "unified" China was literally a thing because of the Han people. Everyone essentially wanted to follow suite. Everyone else that held China and was an outsider had to sinicize to hold it. Just look at Qing, Khitai, Jin, Later Han, Later Tang, etc. They all had to sinicize moving away from their Para-Mongolic, Jurchen / Manchu, or Turkic backgrounds. Its a bit unfortunate as we've lost the Shatuo Turkic language due to that and the Manchu language is dying due to that and several other factors. The Khitans themselves (Daur as theyre called today) arent doing so hot either.

[@salvatorenostrade3331]

To elaborate more Yuan was the only dynasty to rule over all of greater China and remain mostly unsinicized which was their downfall. No one likes being ruled by foreigners and combined with a famine their rule pretty short with a ruling time of less than a century.

[@gu6670]

@@salvatorenostrade3331契丹不是达斡尔族 但达斡尔族认为自己是契丹

[@小灵子-z3h]

@@salvatorenostrade3331 你错了，元朝是因为他们都想自己的代言人做皇帝，如果不是自己的代言人做皇帝，只能杀到可以做为止

[@therearenoshortcuts9868]

would it be possible to do a video with some details on the Jin-Liao-Song wars? there were lots of interesting twists and turns: 1) like how the entire Song royal family was captured - except for Gaozong who established the South Song was actually the most competent of the potential heirs (he served for a time as a hostage of the Jin, who returned him to the Song because the Jin didn't think he was actually royalty (because he was not spoiled like his brothers) 2) the Song's joint attack on the Liao was so incompetently done that their 150,000 strong army was defeated by a relatively small Liao cavalry force of 9000, in the end it was the Jin who had to help the Song retake Beijing and hand it over to the Song (After plundering the City and relocating the population), it was the massive show of incompetence by the Song that encouraged the Jin to attack and end the Northern Song 2) and like how the Song capital of Kaifeng at the time was so large, the entire Jin army of 100,000 couldn't surround the entire City and only 2 sides, but they nevertheless threatened the city into surrender

[@Ohad6712]

well written!

[@rayray6490]

The bitter enemy of the Khitans, Yang Ye who was later glorified in legends, was used to be a Northern Han general. But I’m curious about this part. Northern Han itself was a buffer state/sort of vassal of the Khitan Liao, yet Yang Ye once proposed to his then N.Han ruler to ambush the Khitans instead. After his defection to the Song dynasty; per the History of Liao when Yang was captured, Yelu Xiezhen said (paraphrasing) “you’ve been fighting us for decades, what do you have to say now?”. That meant Yang was fighting the Khitans for a long time even before when he was under Northern Han. So was he fighting them independently or was there times when Northern Han and Liao were hostile?

[@kintongreen3625]

Yang Ye went by the name of Liu Jiye for most of his life. This name was given to him by Liu Chong, who founded Northern Han, as a reward for contributions in battle against Liao, so he earned this name rather early in his life and career. Although Northern Han became allies of Liao from its foundation, Liu Chong's older brother Liu Zhiyuan had been the last emperor of Later Han and often fought against Liao. While Yang Ye was probably a late teenager at the time, his father was a Later Han general, so he probably served on the field against the Khitans in some capacity as his subordinate prior to Northern Han's foundation. Yang Ye also didn't defect to Song. When the emperor Liu Jiyuan surrendered to the Song army, Northern Han was officially annexed, but Yang Ye continued to put up a resistance, defending the capital Taiyuan and trying to break the encirclement. The Song emperor had to order Liu Jiyuan to force Yang Ye to stand down before he would accept the end of the dynasty.

[@sinth4014]

Came for researching the name House Liao form Battletech / Mechwarrior. Unfortunately I didn't find any any relation except the name. But I learned about this interesting part of history. Thank you for making the video.

[@judok1426]

Very detailed video, i've subscribed. Your maps are clear and the narrator has an easy voice. I suggest you could improve your art and like some of the other big channels, compile your videos into specific and organized series. Cheers.

[@condorX2]

Mongol and the Viking are my favorite in term of history and drama. The ming Dynasty buildings abs clothing are top of my list

[@displeasedEconomist]

Excellent video as always. I learned about the fictitious Liao in "Demi-Gods and Semi-Devils". The true history is even more fascinating.

[@lyhthegreat]

yeah Qiao feng right? Leader of the begger sect but ends up being a Khitan.

[@teovu5557]

Khitans as a ethnic name and people still exist today the modern day Khitai of Kazakhstan and Uzbekistan and the Dai-Kitai of Afganistan as well as the Daur of China(who still speak the Khitan language).

[@teovu5557]

@R L. Actually the Khitans were a HIGHLY sinicied group and nearly completely assimilated into Han chinese culture and language just like there xianbei ancestors. Just like Jurchens and later Manchus of the Qing Dynasty they spoke Chinese as the official language and if it wasnt for their hairstyle and horse-culture you wouldnt e able to tell them a part from the chinese. It was kind of like us Viet people, we absorbed so much Chinese words and culture that it "nearly" erased our native culture. Fun Fact: only 100,000 people today speak the Mongolic Khitan langauge and they are known as the Daur people. And nearly a million people still used the Khitai/khitan ethnic name like the Khitay of Kazakhstan and the Dai-Khitai of Afghanistan.

[@navinkumarpk86]

Great video. Lookking forward to the one on the Jin and then one on the Tangut Xixia Empire.

[@teovu5557]

Xi Xia commoners were the Tanguts(Tibetan related people) but the rulers were from the Tuoba Xianbei tribe(Mongolic people) but the offical language was Chinese and Tangut. While the Jin were a closely related semi-nomadic tungusic speaking Jurchens who later renamed Manchu and started the Qing Dynasty. Crazy how a lot of ancient chinese dynasties were Mongolic/Turkic and Tungusic like the Northern Wei dynasty,Former Wei Dynasty,Nothern Yan dynasty,Western Yan dynasty,Tang Dynasty(most of the queens were Xianbei women),Liao dynasty,Yuan dynasty,Han Zhao dynasty,Liang dynasty,Tuyuhun dynasty etc etc

[@thomasantn]

All those once powerful states are now jus provinces of modern China - Khitans/Liao dynasty - Liao Ning province Jin/Jurchens dynasty - Ji Ling province Manchu - Hei Long Jiang province Mongol - Inner Mongolia province Western Xia dynasty - Ning Xia province Xiongnu - Xin Jiang province (+ Inner Mongolia province) Tibet - Tibet province Rest of other 20 provinces are mostly Han Chineses - the Middle Kingdom.

[@zephlodwick1009]

Fun fact, the old name for China in English, 'Cathay' is just an adaptation of 'Khitai', like the Russian name.

[@The_Art_of_AI_888]

@Erqĭn Məmbetjanuli 🇰🇿 Q̆iyat No it came from the Qin, the first united empire/dynasty of China. Qin is pronounced similar to Chin (the "a" got added later by the west). To this day Iranians (Persian Empire back then) still call China = Qin (Chin)

[@middleeastrenwarriormen1017]

@Erqĭn Məmbetjanuli 🇰🇿 Q̆iyat I'm half Arabian and half Persian China Farai : Chineچین China Arabic : Al Sinالصين Western Turk : Turkey,Gagauz,Azeri,Turkoman called : Çin Eastern Turkic :Turkmen,Kazakh,Uyghur,Uzbek,Kyrgyz called : Hytaý,Xitoy,Qitay,Khitai

[@AGS363]

If you are looking for additional information about the steppe tribes and especially the mongols, I cannot recommend the channel of "The Jackmeister" high enough. He is also the main expert for the topic on "Kings and Generals".

[@sezarnhakksezarafatihinhak5475]

Genghis Khanate was a Turkic state. Genghis Khan was also a Turk.

[@AGS363]

You can talk with "The Jackmeister" about that.@@sezarnhakksezarafatihinhak5475

[@IndraKatiK]

Your videos gave flavors to playing any of the cultures on the northeastern part of crusader king 3's playable map (last time tibet's and now the kithan)

[@salvatorenostrade3331]

Li Keyong was actually more than just a Tang general. He is the one who started the Shatuo Turkic lead dynasties of China. He's an ethnic Shatuo Turk, though his children and descendants were likely very much sinicized. Unfortunately, the Shatuo Turks are extinct and likely live through (genetically) a lot of Han populous as they were slowly sinicized and faded into the Han populous. Interestingly enough, it is speculated they spoke an Oghuz language and their name literally means "sandy slope" Turks. They were a previously somewhat insignificant tribe consisting of Sogdians and Turks who rose to extreme heights due to Zhuye Chixin, who was Li Keyong's father and his descendants through the Tang Dynasty and afterward, with Later Tang, Later Han, Former Jin, Later Jin, and lastly the shortly-lived Northern Han.

[@beeforuever]

You did a very good job pronouncing those names.

[@victorvonsteuben1728]

The fall of the liao and rise of the jin seems like its going to be really interesting. It seems like the Song dynasty made some bad decisions. I think removing their defensive forests was pretty devastating to their long term defense. I think they should have just kept their border at the same place it had been with Liao. But they wanted to take back the 16 prefectures. That was the whole reason they were helping the Jin was a chance to take that territory. Was there any way the Song could have taken the 16 prefectures and successfully defend that territory?

[@destiny_6204]

Korean Goryeo helped jurchens to establish Jin dynasty after little skirmishes between the Koreans and Jurchens.

[@mint8648]

@R L. jurchens werent seminomadic, jurchens were farmers with horses

[@عليياسر-ذ5ب]

​@@mint8648 There are no people trapped in a dam between two mountains

[@JinFX]

The Liao and Song had reached a costly stalemate, then peace created thriving trade and art, but also massive corruption. The most major reason for the fall of Liao and Northern Song was their alliance. It immediately caused their militaries to be heeled and corrupted by bureaucrats. You can see the same weakening and corruption of the US and Russian militaries after the so called peace that ended the Cold War. It was apparent only in Russia at first, but after Afghanistan and Ukraine, it has become obvious the massive US military spending is mostly corruption. It could very well happen that China's military atrophies after they finish Taiwan.

[@BigHenFor]

Lol. You do not know the history of the militaries you speak. Please do your homework. To compare a military that only existed as an independent since the 18th century, with a completely different culture before the first millennium is folly. If bureaucracy didn't matter, the People's Liberation Army would not have its own agricultural and manufacturing capacity today. And they use officers with managerial skills, i.e.,bureaucrats to manage these assets. The most powerful general is not the front line general, but the Quartermaster General, because an army runs on its belly first, and bullets second. Too few supplies, and an army cannot advance. So efficient and effective bureaucrats are essential for a successful army. China knew this, because it was amongst the first to develop an extensive Bureaucracy. And even now, governance of China is organised along vertical integration. Power moves downwards, delegated from above, which is the Bureaucratic Model. No ruler truly rules alone, because every man has only one mind, one body, and only two hands. Therefore, executive capability relies on management skills, and delegated power. That's why Shakespeare said: 'Uneasy lies the head that wears a crown', and it is hard enough to be in charge of a family, but to be in charge of an army, or a nation, is like herding cats, unless you have the skills needed. A wise leader chooses the right people to execute their vision, and leadership whatever your station, is not easy. Leaders need the right help to succeed. And an efficient and effective Bureaucracy can do that. It it though, often maligned, because it tends to attract people who are more interested in wielding power for themselves, rather than doing their duty. But that is a problem everywhere, and has been throughout human history. Only vigilant leadership can counteract that, and as societies become larger and more complex, that task becomes harder. And if we look at how the different doctrines of war have evolved, China in the 21st century is very similar in that regard to the USA. The only difference is that their evolution took diiferent paths to achieve the same result. America, once it had achieved independence, did not have serious opposition to its ruling class, and did not have enemies on all sides. It was a modern military from its inception. They could develop military technology independently under industrial conditions. It didn't suffer extensive periods of unrest, except for a civil war. China, if it's history had been more contiuously stable, and its leadership more aware of competition from outside, would have evolved very differently. But they chose to turn away from exploration. And that was an error. And perhaps the World would have been very different. But it is what it is. Hopefully, we will not see conflict again, in Asia. Peace is good for everyone.

[@SaretGnasoh]

@@BigHenFor learn to use paragraph because no one want to read a bs of wall text

[@jonathanwilliams1065]

@@BigHenFor the PLA only existed since the 20th century, and are not even loyal to China but only to the Party

[@mimorisenpai8540]

Well Russia military always Corrupt and have huge internal problems

[@عليياسر-ذ5ب]

​@@mimorisenpai8540 Yes, that is why they lost in Vietnam, Iraq and Afghanistan for 20 years, Somalia and Korea because politicians believe that Americans are mere barbarians who must be killed in wars.

[@Gojifann]

This is my favorite history channel

[@middleeastrenwarriormen1017]

bru ! where are Liao Khitan descendant now ???

[@zaynabds]

Wow, you got data about our legendary sultan too

[@grimgoreironhide9985]

The Qara Qhitans were once overlords of the Kwarizmian Empire and the Naiman Khanate.

[@middleeastrenwarriormen1017]

Turkistan !

[@middleeastrenwarriormen1017]

The Khitan tribe in North Eastern China although their appearance resembles The Tatar Tribe in North Eastern Mongolia The Khitan tribe adopts Chinese culture as their tradition,when Liao was destroyed by the Jurchen Kingdom some of The Liao went to Central Asia/Turan and defeated Gansu,Kara Qoco,Eastern Kara Khanid (Uyghur) and defeated alliance of The Seljuk (Turkoman)-Ghaznavid (Qarluq)-Western Kara Khanid (Qarluq) in the Battle of Qatwan in Eastern Samarkand and founded West Liao Dynasty and brought Chinese culture in his government so that the Turks such as Uyghurs,Karluks,Oghuzs,Kipchaks called Liao as "Kara Khitai": "Black China",The last Khitan Liao Kingdom destroyed by Naiman Mongolian ruler Kuchlug Khan

[@papazataklaattiranimam]

Naimans were from Mongolia but of Turkic origins descendants of Sekiz Oghuz

[@destiny_6204]

Khitans had Korean kingdom Goguryeo cultures not Chinese. Khitan language are very similar to Korean language. Khitans didn’t like Chinese esp their Confucius ideology.

[@middleeastrenwarriormen1017]

@@papazataklaattiranimam Yelu Zhilungu The last Khitan Gurkhan

[@middleeastrenwarriormen1017]

@@destiny_6204 Qidan Nomadic

[@ranfak]

@@destiny_6204 oh here comes the Korean everytime claim chinese history, every thing that exist in china is Korean isn’t it . Their was pyramid in china and I see lots of Korean triggering and start saying that was build by Korean 😂. Crazy ..

[@鐵桶少年]

The story and the scene were amazing!! I wondering who is the artist~

[@bjap1563]

15:36 Real talk up to this day.

[@陈早评]

In fact, the Liao and Song dynasties shared a fraternal relationship, marking one of the most peaceful coexistences between China and the northern nomadic peoples in Chinese history. From the royal family to the common people, there was mutual admiration. The culture of the Khitan people, who ruled the Liao Dynasty, was actually a blend of Han Chinese and nomadic civilizations. Like the Southern Song Dynasty, their downfall has always been a heart-wrenching moment in human history.

[@CARL_093]

goryeo was the empire until wanjong Mongols they become a kingdom except on the reign of Seongjong went empress chunchu took regency to his son emperor mokjong

[@navinkumarpk86]

Could you do a episode on the Kara Khitai and how they managed to recreate a Khitan state in central Asia?

[@tinkywinky1238]

Are you the voice of the Cuman campaign in AoE2 too?

[@ShinChara]

Who wouldn't want to build a Chinese dynasty?

[@wric01]

Castle fortified chinese dynasty (Self sustaining) )vs open field nomadic Khitan Liao empire (Food insecurities thus constant raiding.).

[@jherome95]

Time for Yue Fei to shine

[@hartantiastutik6772]

In arabic language khitan comes from the word khatana which means cutting the skin (kulfah) from the male genitals and all men who are Muslim are required to be circumcised with the aim of cleanliness and health.

[@middleeastrenwarriormen1017]

its Khitan/Qidan tribe of Liao Dynasty the Proto-Mongolic People

[@MrKeystroke]

Great as always! Absolutely addicted!

[@elskeralle]

Please do an episode on YUE FEI

[@CARL_093]

can you do goryeo nxt time bro and balhea dea jo young

[@nikolausphang]

hi. any good tv series recomendation for the story of General Yang and his family saga?

[@usvidragonslayer3091]

Excellent video

[@josephbelov6212]

The tribe Kytai in Kyrgyzstan is one of the biggest, but they consider themselves as Kyrgyz.

[@عليياسر-ذ5ب]

The Khorezmians and the Mongols say that you lie, you have killed this tribe

[@malagebide]

废话

[@gu6670]

契丹来自鲜卑，鲜卑来自东胡，东胡在东北，那么吉尔吉斯人其实是通古斯人😱😱

[@inamacalin1]

And this is why the Chinese and Turkic history is so confusing. The guy you know today as X is gonna come to you tomorrow as Y and be in another tribe. It's so confusing to know who is who.

[@teovu5557]

lmao so true. Turks and Mongol in China intermixed and changed tribal alliances so often.

[@mrj428]

Not really, Chinese history is very clear, but because you don’t read Chinese, you are confused. As for Nomads, yes, they don’t keep continuous history records like China, you need to find history record from China to know their history and China was their enemy or as a outsider, so the history record might be not very accurate. But again, there is no better choice of their history other than the Chinese records.

[@hidefreek6905]

Jin Dynasty was a predecessor of the Later Dynasty AKA Qing Dynasty.

[@lyhthegreat]

at this point almost everyone watching this channel knows that...

[@thomasantn]

Liao, Jin and Manchu are three “Norwegian” Viking states to we Han Chineses/Middle Kingdom 😀

[@papazataklaattiranimam]

Khitans, the Para-Mongolic people

[@middleeastrenwarriormen1017]

without honour😆😆

[@nullnull4010]

They are kind of represented in Crusader Kings 3 except the king of Great Liao is mongol King Hongji lol (no not Hongli thats emperor Qianlong of the 1700s)

[@CARL_093]

finally ty bro

[@mylesjude233]

Great video as always mate. I know this topic focuses on more modern history, but have you thought on doing history videos on the subcultures of Chinese diaspora across Southeast Asia, such as the Peranakans in Malaysia/Indonesia, some of the OG crazy rich asians 💰 😎

[@ennou1236]

I think that at one point one must realize that there's no such thing as the "history of china" but only the "history of the mandate of heaven"

[@moonsorrow77]

I came from the TANG DYNASTY…my ancestors lived..

[@songjunw8981]

Northern Nomads: I will definitely not accept these kind of things that'll drifted me form my nomadic life! Chinese: we have many delicious foods. Northern Nomads: hmmm! Taste good!

[@CARL_093]

i remember the khitan song war were goryeo will join the war song china gave the old balhea territory in exchange for a war involvement but kim hang / kim chi yang a sillan he made a moves the in the end song china lost the war in the emperor hyongjeon of goryeo they were invaded by the khitan lao song china did not send anything bec of the what happen on the previous war but goryeo repel it jin dynasty was soon establish khitan lao fell bec of mismanagement by the 5 last emperor of khitan lao

[@Willxdiana]

yay as a manchu jurchen and khitans are my ancestors. ty for much for this video and northern china Edit: got oroqen and daur on dna test! Yes they are my ancestors!

[@teovu5557]

Orochen and Jurchen are from the same Tungusic language root meaning Raindeer people Jurchen(raindeer) Orochen(Orchen) meaning the same. and wow youre the first person to mention the Daur people who are the only peole to still speak Khitan. Also fun fact: the modern day Khitay of Kazakhstan and Uzbekistan and the Khitai of Afghanistan still use the name Khitan but they only speak Turkic and Persian now they came from the Kara-Khitans who fled to central asia after the Jurchen Jin kicked them out.

[@عليياسر-ذ5ب]

@@teovu5557 The Persians, the Turks, and the sisters of Genghis Khan killed this people

[@SplatterInker]

A lot of women leaders in 10th cent world wide I think. Tends to occur when the menfolk of patriarchal societies are away from home or dying at a high rate. E.g. plague, economic collapse, war etc.

[@kweassa6204]

The Water Margins....

[@vegapunk100]

Love chinese history always epic

[@CultureDTCTV]

Can't wait for the Mongolian invasion episode

[@MarcosVinicius-hg4uz]

so awesome

[@bkjeong4302]

These fucking guys; they played a significant role in Korean history as well.

[@kasvinimuniandy4178]

Wait.. she cut her hands? Or hair?

[@winner1290]

is it actually true that khitai population make up included han chinese? or is it after they conquered the chinese territory?

[@jonathanwilliams1065]

Why do they Region lock?

[@commentnahipadhaikar2339]

4:01 I too agree with that. Like I am Indian, and when I heard about Indian history and culture from Japanese people, I was like wth!? Also, I studied about Japanese culture here, then from native Japanese people, it seemed like quite fishy. Both Japanese and Indians learn each other's history from western point of view. That is pretty much true for other countries too.. I saw, that most of the Indologists, Buddhologists, Orientalists were from West, so thier narrative is spread, it is believed blindly even if they clearly write in their works that 'It is speculation'.

[@therearenoshortcuts9868]

are you going to get to the Fall of Ming at some point if so, please do it in great detail , it's very irrelevant for the decline of the United States today.

[@eugenic12]

Same as Germanic people aren’t exactly people from Germany not called Proto Germanic or Para Germanic, Khitan people should not be called Para Mongolic or Proto Mongolic. Khitan people were Mongolic people. Especially since they are direct ancestors of modern Inner Mongolians and partially Northern Mongolians as they migrated to the north after the collapse of the Liao empire.

[@hantingliu882]

Chad Khitan > virgin song

[@migukin7492]

Khitan Liao dynasty is also one of Chinese history.

[@luisfestas4418]

Hi cool history bros, I think it would be very interesting if you could comment or even make a alternative version of this kings and generals video, kzbin.info/www/bejne/bnO7oaaYiLZ5gck because it looks different from what you normally post and I believe you're a much deeper scholar in the matter as they are

[@CoolHistoryBros]

I just saw their video. It's pretty bad, lol! Thanks for bringing it up. I guess I have a new topic I can make a video on.

[@MCorpReview]

Wait how about xixia? Surely they have mandate too yo. Khitans literally telling jin who’s ur daddy now

[@hishot1078]

Fortification from Korean perspective: 1) The border between Goryeo and Khitan is not correct. Just look at the Cheolli Jangseong (construction started in 1033 after the end of war & peace between two nations. The map here is the hypothetical innitial border (because Khitans did not administrate/occupied entire Balhae at this time) during when two nations first met. After the political debate, Khitan agreed with Goryeo in taking over the most land located over Yalu River to "establish trade route and to protect against Jurchens". However, Goryeo created heavily fortified defense structures in this region to fight against Khitans. 2) Balhae-Khitan War started much earlier. Liaodong (Little Goguryeo) was under Balhae control in early 900s. After Balhae capital fell by Khitans, people of Balhae met same fate as people of Goguryeo: many Balhae people were relocated to west (Liaodong-used as pawn of war, and northwest K peninsula-this group will join Goryeo, see #1) while hundreds of thousand seek refugee in Goryeo, and remaining population go multiple rebellions over period of century often creating independent state for years (ex: Jeongan). This brought Jurchens (non-Koreanized Jurchens such as Heisui tribes) to gain power in the former Balhae territory. 3) Goryeo was a imperial state and had its own emperors. Goryeo maintained diplomacy with both Khitans and Song, which angered Khitans. Goryeo didn't care much, and Khitans couldn't do anything about it due to the result of Goryeo-Khitan War. Even some Jurchen tribes sided with Goryeo instead of Song or Khitan after the war. The fight between pro-Khitan & pro-Goryeo Jurchens later results Goryeo-Jurchen War and the foundation of Jin dynasty.

[@Willxdiana]

Thank you korea for jin dynasty

[@hishot1078]

@@Willxdiana Balhae diaspora lived in Liao dynasty simply joined Jin due to oppression from Khitans while Jurchens calling Koreans as brothers.

[@Willxdiana]

Hi Shot! Yeah but Koreans like Ming more. Jurchens are more closely related to mongolic and Korean people with Chinese culture. Koreans have a ton of tungusic/mohe ancestry who are jurchen ancestors. Some Koreans call Jin dynasty a Korean one. I sometimes get mistaken for Korean even though I’m Manchu Chinese . Without Korean help maybe Jin dynasty won’t be born 😂.

[@hishot1078]

@@Willxdiana Majority of ancient Manchu tribes aka Mohe joined Goguryeo. By the 7th century, many of Mohe people were assimilated into Korea and even called or considered themselves as people of Goguryeo or some form of Koreanic ethnicity. Similar to Xianbei claiming themselves as Han Chinese. Koreans and Manchus had good relationship during Goguryeo. Many Manchus became officials of Guguryeo as well. Mohe people were praised by Koreans for being skilled riders and fierce fighters. On the other hand, Heishui tribes who lived in far east maintained most of Tungusic culture and ethnicity. After the collapse of Balhae and power vacuum in the area, Heishui will grab the power and Wanyan family becomes the leader of all Jurchens. And you are absolutely correct about modern Koreans do have Manchu origin bloods. You can find many cases of Jurchens joining Silla, Goryeo, and Joseon and becoming their citizen. Koreans and Manchu got mixed for 2 thousands years. Also, many Koreans joined Jin and Qing as well. As a Korean, best wishes to all Manchu brothers for being our neighbors for more than 2 thousand years.

[@hishot1078]

@lati long Free-for-all, exactly! Big boss is now gone, so we pick the new leader with sword hahaha Goryeo constantly provided Northern Song the best time to attcak both Liao and Jin as Goryeo was spying on both. But Song didn't make any move (Song wanted Goryeo to make the first move, "you attack first!" Stuff went on between Song and Goryeo). During the Jin conquest of northern China, Song asked Goryeo for assistance, but due to political reasons (Jin's promised to never attacking Goryeo again in exhange of returning all occupied Jurchen territories, and two nation built pretty good relationship) , Goryeo weren't able to dispatch troops to help Song. This brought anger in Southern Song court as they viewed it as "betrayal" (in defense, Song didn't help Goryeo during Goryeo-Khitan War, and Goryeo kept providing informations about Khitans and Jurchens for Song), and the diplomacy and trades got frozen afterward. After Song "lost" its best buddy, it looked for another group in hope to destroy Jin, so Song brought the Mongols......

[@jenzvoice]

I’m wondering if the Khitan were related to Koreans. The emperor’s name Abaoji sounds like the word for Father in the Korean language. Or maybe they mixed together later since the Khitans disappeared eventually…

[@hishot1078]

When Khitan first appeared in the historical record, they decided to raid Goguryeo, but soon got conquered instead. Khitan was under the banner of Goguryeo since the reign of Gwanggaeto, and continued until Tang invasion of Khitan by Goturk military. While some Khitanic words are borrowed/loaned from Koreanic language via Goguryeo, I doubt relation of Abaoji with meaning of father. Abaoji is also written as Abogi (A-bo-gi) by Korean.

[@migukin7492]

No khitans aren’t related to Koreans at all. They are related to Chinese.

[@hishot1078]

@@migukin7492 Han Chinese themselves wrote Khitan as a foreigner that originated from Donghuo and Xianbei. You may say that current China has a legitimacy over Liao dynasty, but in same time you cannot categorize Khitan as Chinese, because it is just wrong to classify that way. Emphasizing "One China One People", may be politically correct, but ethnically heck no.

[@bensontam]

Khitan is neither related to Chinese or Korean. They are on its own but later destroyed by Jin. This is one of the extinct tribes throughout the human history.

[@hishot1078]

@@bensontam Ethnically Khitan isn't relates to Chinese or Korean. I think the original commentor wanted know if the name of the person has meaning of father in Khitanic language as well.

[@MarcosVinicius-hg4uz]

cool

[@yancysiu]

大遼帝國趁唐朝衰亡後的亂局立國，它佔據了有很重要戰略地位的燕十六州，令宋朝立國後失去重要的防禦地，這讓遼人多次南下侵宋，儘管宋朝政府勉強能抵禦它的入侵，但遼國後方的金國趁遼國衰落迅速崛起，最終宋朝政府為了收復失地，竟然犯了錯誤的外交戰略，聯金滅遼，遼國雖亡，但宋朝不但不能重奪失地，還引狼入室，招致金國入侵，導致北方領土喪失，宋朝唯有退守南方，定都杭州，與北方的金國對峙百多年。而遼國的殘餘勢力西遷中亞，建立西遼，它曾經打敗中亞強國'花喇子模'，但好景不長，立國不夠一百年再被另一強敵'蒙古'消滅。

[@hagongda123]

对，当时的辽国实际上已经汉化，没必要去和他们撕破脸

[@yancysiu]

遼國的壽命有210年，但金國只有120年。

[@lerneanlion]

According to the cultural belief, the Son of Heaven is the most powerful individual in the world, right? After all, I heard that everything under this Heaven belonged to him and everyone in the world is his subjects. Does that mean he has the authority over the world and its peoples?

[@DanielLopez-sh2pp]

Technically yes. He can do stuff to people.

[@Demmindi]

So how did this small Goryeo was able to defeat the Khitans and Chinese Song lost to Khitans?

[@dingjf2219]

The borders of the Chinese dynasties ended in Korea in the east, Vietnam in the south, Afghanistan in the west, and Mongolian plateau in the north. Going further, it is a wild land, not suitable for soldiers to fight and survive.

[@عليياسر-ذ5ب]

@@dingjf2219 Tang and Han, even Cao Cao, Jin, Mongols and Jurchens say no

[@mrj428]

Why cannot American beat Afghanistan? The reason is actually simple, their focus was China, the richest nation in Asia back then. They could sacrifice millions of people if they could take China but not willing to sacrifice 100K for small country. It is mostly about cost benefit balance.

[@malagebide]

​@@عليياسر-ذ5بWhy has the Central Plains regime always occupied the best land? Isn't it cold to graze sheep on the grassland?

[@ElBandito]

Throat singing gets louder...

[@djtan3313]

Lol

[@iamgreat1234]

Russian called Khitan as Cathay and the Russian thought Khitan was a Chinese.

[@iamgreat1234]

@Sandy Idiot Khitan are Mongol people

[@teovu5557]

@Sandy Idiot Wrong the Daurs of modern china are the direct genetic descendants and linguistically as well of the Khitans. facts! Even during Qing times the record writers also mention Daurs as Khitans. But you are also right in that MOST minorities of china now idenitfy as Han genetically. Han is a generic ethnic name anyways as it was named after the Han dynasty. Originally ethnic group that gave the various chinese languages and nationality n culture were the Hua/Wah people(still used by some chinese).

[@keokhuatee2662]

Khitan 契丹 of Liao 辽.

[@teovu5557]

The modern day Dai-Kitai of Afghanistan and the Khitai of Kazakhstan and Uzbekistan are from the ancient Khitan people who fled to central asia as well as the Daurs of inner mongolia.

[@عليياسر-ذ5ب]

They were killed by the Khorezmians and Mongols

[@teovu5557]

@@عليياسر-ذ5ب lol there's still modern people called Khitan/khitai btw

[@عليياسر-ذ5ب]

@@teovu5557 No, they are pretenders, only the Khwarizmians and the Mongols killed them in Central Asia. Are you saying that they are lying?

[@teovu5557]

no, im saying you're lying. lol

[@عليياسر-ذ5ب]

@@teovu5557 You made Genghis Khan and Khwarezm Shah laugh

[@nazmulrupam7034]

Ah yes the kitten meow kingdom

[@bbr6444]

The Khitan were ahead of their time. They believed in term limits for leaders.

[@PakBallandSami]

Perseus approached Medousa as she slept and beheaded her with eyes averted to avoid her petrifying visage. On his journey back to Greece, Perseus came across the Aithiopian (Ethiopian) princess Andromeda chained to a rock as a sacrifice to a sea-monster. He slew the beast and brought her with him back to Greece as his bride. Upon reaching Seriphos, the hero turned King Polydektes to stone, and then travelled on to his grandfather's kingdom to claim the throne.

[@vitorpereira9515]

I had enough of those chauvinits greeks. Qin shi huang would bury that Alexander alive with his soldiers and generals.

[@cgt3704]

Interesting note: the Daur minority are the closest descendants of the Khitans

[@cgt3704]

@Yonky Lim actually there is no evidence for this claim

[@stump4522]

Doubtful. The Daur are probably the Jurchen considered themselves Khitan. The Daur share genetic with Manchu yet are considered Nomadic. Yet the Jurchen and Manchu are more pastoral and agriculture and semi-nomadic.

[@jvx5321]

Khitans probably resembled like central asian Turkics " eurasian " their Hoplogroup is also west eurasian along with eastern And they had more indo-european dna than modern wanna be iranics

[@shagaigan326]

I like your videos man. My honest opinion on why Khitan, Jin, and Mongol are considered legitimate Chinese dynasties is because the glorious history of China being the oldest continuous civilization will be tarnished without them. Reality is hard and you have kiss the boots of the barbarians to continue living and call them grandfather

[@shagaigan326]

@lati long Khitans Jurchens Mongols just wanted to make an excuse for ruling Hans. Also Khitans was not under Tang. So the continuity you are talking didnt exist.

[@shagaigan326]

​@lati long Yes. They were not part of Tang (upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/1c/Tang_Dynasty_circa_700_CE.png). I advise you to watch this channel's previous video on Xiongnu. Nomadic empires were sophisticated in governance and trade. The term Para-Mongol is also confusing. Why aren't any of the Chinese dynasties Para-Chinese? Are there any other historical occurrences called Para-Germanic, or Para-Roman? Never heard this term elsewhere.

[@The_Art_of_AI_888]

“Reality is hard and you have kiss the boots of the barbarians to continue living and call them grandfather” Except the truth is the barbarians were the ones who wanted to become as civilized as Han Chinese and always considered themself legitimate Chinese dynasties...hence the using of Han Chines name of their dynasites. Liao, Jin, Yuan, Qing...of Khitans, Jurchen, Mongols, and Manchu...

[@shagaigan326]

@@The_Art_of_AI_888 I doubt that Liao, Yuan, Qing, Khitan, Jurchen, Mongol and Manchu are Chinese names.DaLiao means ocean, DaYuan means grand, DaQing means warrior in Mongolian. It is a clever play between Mongolian and Chinese language when you subtract Da part. Khitan and Jurchen are ended with -n meaning it refers to people in Mongolian and probably Tungusic language. Manchu were Mongol and Jurchen alliance at the beginning hence Mon+Ju=Manchu. So these are all either Mongolic or Tungusic words.

[@The_Art_of_AI_888]

@@shagaigan326 It's a fact. They are Han Chinese words and names, according to the historical records written by Liao, Yuan, and Qing... themself.

[@moozillamoo2109]

Khitan men had very interesting hair style...(perfect for balding guys.)

[@Maggot4LifeSlipknot]

Theyre just basically ancestors of Mongols to my mind.

[@刘卫皇-v2j]

Nope. Mongols ancestors were call shiwei. khitan and shiwei share the same ancestor but eventually divided into two different groups much before liao dynasty be established. Therefore It more exactoy to say khitans are Mongol's cousins

[@stevapalooza1]

The Khitans were some of the earliest defectors and allies of Genghis Khan against the Jin, so I think they got the last laugh

[@hishot1078]

Last time I checked, Khitans were killed or enslaved by Mongol, Goryeo, and Jurchen alliance force.

[@stevapalooza1]

@@hishot1078 Well its a mixed bag. Some Khitans stayed loyal to the Jin and resisted the Mongols. But a lot of the frontier armies were lead by Khitans, specifically members of the Yelu clan, and they gave Genghis Khan a lot of the intelligence and manpower he needed to attack the Jin.

[@hishot1078]

@@stevapalooza1 I see. So each faction met different fate. One I mentioned is about Khitans in Manchuria who lost their homes due to Mongol invasion. Edit : what year are you talking about?

[@stevapalooza1]

@@hishot1078 The early stages of the invasion of Jin. 1211-ish. I think the Khitans were already scattered since the Jin took power.

[@hishot1078]

@@stevapalooza1 I'm talking about 1216 to 1219 when Later Liao, mainly from people of Eastern Liao, had war with Goryeo for their own survival from Mongols.