There Probably Aren't Different Strains of SARS-CoV-2 (Yet)

[@LaviniaDeMortalium]

Bless Scishow and Hank for providing solid facts and information without any of the fear-mongering or fear-led speculation that so many of the current outlets are providing.

[@africanizedhoneybee3363]

Trump 2020

[@bye5223]

It's not just trump. The news outlets, China, WHO, Taiwan. Every party is partly guilty of trying to politise the pandemic to their benefit.

[@kdavis4910]

Mutation has and is happening

[@simonpeter5032]

This is practically clickbait because I haven’t heard of any new strains, only mutations that are what we actually have to worry about

[@MuddinNYC]

The media is spreading fear because fear leads to clicks. Clicks leads to money. Take everything you hear from the media with a grain of salt, especially from shady sources like CNN or fox. Go for official sources , WHO, CDC etc

[@samrudhik8757]

Hank I just wanted to say how much I appreciate you constantly generating informative content on the health crisis we are currently facing. I do understand that it requires you to constantly be updated about the news, verify it's legitimacy, make the animation, draft a script so that people without a sciences background could understand it - and then make non COVID videos too. Really appreciate the good work Sci Show is doing during this time instead of sensationalism driven stuff that media is.

[@samadritapathak9944]

Love that some people are spreading genuine knowledge rather than just spewing "this is what I think and do rn"..

[@zalzalahbuttsaab]

Yeah - this video is not doing that at all is it? "We don't really know", "perhaps", "maybe", "errmmm". Typical researchers. It's the reason why I unsubscribed from the What the Math channel. Endless conjecture which is fine, but most of the time it's good to have hard facts. That's why we watch videos in the first place, i.e., to learn things not learn that researchers are trying to learn things but don't have anything definitive yet.

[@xouric0]

Chris Baines but it’s as important to know what we don’t know as what we know mate. Knowing that we still don’t know X or Y allows us simple people to not fall into fake news, conspiracy, etc

[@Magmafrost13]

@@zalzalahbuttsaab You wont get harder facts going anywhere else, but what you might get is lies about how hard those facts are

[@SHAZZZZZA]

Knowing what they don't know still shows that they do know enough to know what they don't actually know. If they didn't know know what they didn't know then we would be in a lot more trouble and they would need to research it longer to know more and learn more about what they don't know. Then they will be able to know what they need to find out and work on knowing what they didn't know previously.

[@AnonYmous-qi9rb]

Well, this is not a Indian KZbin channel or a godi media youtube handle dedicated to feeding hatred and fake information to the whatsapp university graduates of the country.

[@musclehank6067]

There actually are but (and you can thank me later) I have been consuming them to keep the public safe.

[@toddwasson3355]

On behalf of the entire world: Thank you.

[@reggaerarify]

Thanks Muscle Hank

[@majermike]

my hero

[@eggs8021]

Thank you muscle hank

[@chrish7583]

I like how you mention the date that the video was filmed. Thanks for doing that. At least we know that the videos are up to date.

[@linefortier8595]

It's honest

[@marioreds7826]

the 2 strains in the u.s. are coherent with air traffic: planes from asia usually land in california, those from europe usually land in new york.

[@johnduffy2777]

marioreds yes

[@williambaugh3048]

@@johnduffy2777 A nice post on FB from a MD that I found that shows the movement of the 2 strains talked about here. D614 and G614. facebook.com/jp.j.santiago/posts/10216364626685219

[@cheryldeboissiere7824]

University of Cambridge Study reveals the first Lineage of CoViD 19 occurred in the USA 🇺🇸. Federal Health Department Document leaked by Anonymous shows it was around in Seattle as early as November 2016. Then there is the famous Vaping Pneumonia epidemic from March to September 2019, whose symptoms match CoViD 19

[@ShiftyCDN]

The silver-lining of all this is that it highlights how much more we have to learn about the complex world we live in. We are constantly polluted by our ego's into thinking we know so much, when in fact we arguably know very little about the universe we live in from the micro to the macro level.

[@mrJety89]

do you even want to know more

[@dejapoo5508]

@W S " Ignorance is bliss " could be the campaign slogan for the political right to the public , while they really keep right up to date so they can dumb down and counteract any new science they don't like .

[@gg3675]

Wellp, just found out why aspartic acid is labeled D. The TLDR is that it's logical in the context IUPAC was working with and only makes sense if you're considering the other amino acids in the one-letter codes. Aspartic acid got the short stick because it's less important than alanine xD

[@therongjr]

Alanine is short and nonpolar, and aspartate tends to be negatively charged. I'd argue that aspartic acid is "more important" as it is more reactive and likely to participate in bonding and such. EDIT: I originally said that aspartate was positively charged. Forgive me: it's been a long, stressful week.

[@JapaneseChefHELLYEAH]

Theron Gilliland, Jr. yup I love me some aspartic acid in an enzyme’s active site

[@Evello37]

There are several cases like that, the most extreme of which is the trio of threonine, tyrosine, and tryptophan all competing for the letter T.

[@therongjr]

@@JapaneseChefHELLYEAH I cannot tell you how much I appreciate your comment. Learning about active site catalytic triads were one of the most fascinating parts of grad school for me!

[@richardschuerger3214]

I'm glad to see the date at the front. Please consider also putting in the title since this pandemic is evolving quickly

[@Padoinky]

The only issue with factual non-opinionated updates like this is that they only appeal to those that are already interested in detailed fact-based discussions, whereas the world is still populated by large numbers of short-attention-span dolts, who gravitate towards “newsertainment” sources, wanting just a little bit of pseudo-fact with their WWF-type hyperbole and theatrical performance art

[@justinulysses]

While it’s true that most mutations harm the virus rather than help it, those mutations - for that very reason - aren’t likely to spread widely. If a mutation spreads more widely than others, it’s presumably because that mutation helped the virus survive and reproduce more effectively.

[@iammaxhailme]

Thanks for saying when you filmed... given how fast the situation is moving, more youtubers talking about current events should do this

[@tammyelizabeth5157]

Thank you all the essential workers on here who are Sci show fans. Keep your heads up and your masks on. You keep this country moving every day.

[@omegaXjammur]

Hank and everyone at Scishow are some big heroes

[@Kawaiitwo]

Let’s hope it doesn’t mutate Total Organ Failure once everyone is infected.

[@arthas640]

Nah, I hear the player character accidentally blew all his points on hot weather resistance by mistake.

[@itsthevoiceman]

Already has it. Spent a lot on everything all at once, instead of strategizing and going unnoticed. Total noob build.

[@firstname405]

@@arthas640 that hits too close to home

[@rolfs2165]

One theory that I read about the different strains is that one of them is less severe in its symptoms, so it can spread farther because it puts fewer people in hospital (where its journey would end).

[@RaoBlackWellizedArman]

Yeah I read that too. Makes sense. Except that I don't think it's journey really ends in a hospital. Many doctors and nurses died as a result of contact with patients IN HOSPITALS.

[@GrahamRomero]

@@RaoBlackWellizedArman Could also be the deadlier a virus is, the more effort is put to contain and vaccinate against it (ex. flu vs cold). And when people die, that's a lost host for the virus to spread from (though like the video points out, likely too early to know for things like that).

[@Michael-kp4bd]

Yes, this is a theory, but it's pretty much a theory you could assume about any virus. If there is a different strain, it might have less fatal symptoms, and thereby might transmit more. I don't know if there is any evidence that is happening here. But yeah, you can make that "theory" about just about any transmissable virus with a given fatality rate.

[@arthas640]

@@RaoBlackWellizedArman yeah but doctors and nurse may die at a relatively high per capita rate but they make up a fairly small percentage of the population and they're generally very good about not spreading disease so even when they do catch it they make up a small percentage of infections and are less likely to spread it on leaving the virus with less ability to reproduce or mutate.

[@saltypork101]

The takeaway from this is: categorising things is hard.

[@ericchiu6653]

Keyword: *YET*

[@whiskeypixels]

www.wisn.com/article/coronavirus-researcher-finds-2-strains-in-wisconsin/32587911# 🤔🤔 That was fast

[@Living_Life242]

If it’s mutating half as fast as the typical flu, does that mean that once we do get C19 under control either by a vaccine or herd immunity, that we won’t need to have a new vaccine as regularly as we do the typical flu?

[@simonroy2123]

Yes

[@SkepticalCaveman]

I hope they combine it in the yearly flu vaccine anyway for convenience.

[@JapaneseChefHELLYEAH]

Simon Roy it’s not yes for sure. It could be yes, and from a frequency POV likely yes but it could also be no

[@butterflyfx57]

Maybe. Probably. That is if a vaccine is possible.

[@Assywalker]

Immunity Tests on SARS patients from 2003 show working anti-bodies even today, so they last quite a while. In Germany the infection rate peaked in march, before counter measures like a lock-down could do anything. But today anti-body tests only show around 3-5% of the population got infected with Sars-Cov-2. So it´s very likely, that cross immunities against similar corona viruses have helped a lot. But that would mean, that the "new" virus isnt so new to our immun system afterall.

[@ИванСнежков-з9й]

I just want to point out that one beneficial mutations for the virus would be not causing strong symptoms. We could select that mutation if we do tests and quarantine, like most advanced countries. My country has the infection mostly under control (for now), we've been having less than 50 new cases per day for some time. Since the spread is low we can check everybody around the infected and quarantine them too. You know, contact tracing. Think about it. If every case that is detected leads to quarantining the strand, only strands that are not rising the alarm would be able to spread around. This means that having the virus spread under control would put evolution pressure on it. It might even be possible for the virus to mutate in that direction before vaccine is massively deployed. On the other side, if the virus is spreading out of control, then harmful mutations would be more beneficial for it. Like making it more contagious.

[@neilcreamer8207]

The original SARS mutated away from pathogenicity and towards infectivity. That is a sensible strategy for a virus in evolutionary terms. Since there is no serological test for either SARS or SARS-CoV-2 we have no idea how many people have antibodies which would be protective against Covid-19 but a couple of small studies in the USA indicate that we might be seriously underestimating the number of asymptomatic or mild cases by a factor of 50 or more. One thing about this outbreak has been a focus on the number of cases. Most cases do not result in death and every recovered case is someone who is protected against infection. That is, they are good news not bad.

[@mrJety89]

@@neilcreamer8207 The most beneficial mutation the virus has that I know about is a 12-base insert mutation which allows it to be a Furin cleavage site. Actually we don't know if this was an insert or a mutation, because it happened before the virus began to spread among humans.

[@therongjr]

A - alanine S - serine P - proline A - alanine (again) R - arginine T - threonine I - isoleucine C - cysteine Huh, I never realized that before!

[@AnimeShinigami13]

i direct you to the game mass effect and one Mordin Solus, and his Protien song with all the amino acids sung to the tune of "the battle hymn of the republic" XD *sings* From Protien we are formed! XD

[@lewis7607]

@@AnimeShinigami13I totally forgot about that! Mordin was a brilliant character! Link for anyone that wants it m.kzbin.info/www/bejne/eHSkhpSPpcd7rbs

[@TheRealFlenuan]

serine glutamic acid asparagine aspartic acid asparagine selenocysteine aspartic acid glutamic acid serine

[@andyt1313]

I greatly appreciate your measured and contextual approach to reporting on the science surrounding this virus.

[@mkleejr34]

Thank You Hank, everyone is freaking out about the virus mutating and getting stronger you explanation should put some people at ease.

[@Spitfire_2600]

It has mutated in the US.

[@JapaneseChefHELLYEAH]

Nick Burris yes but not significantly from what it seems like. A single amino acid difference is a mutation but it could do nothing what so ever. So yeah all life and things with genetic material mutate so what’s new

[@Ragnarok540]

Mutations are mostly bad, rarely they make it better. At infecting or killing.

[@shomikoto7558]

@@Ragnarok540 exactly.

[@garatex1156]

Mutations may be bad for an individual virus, but over the trillions of virions produced by the many infected we now have, any bad mutation will fare worse than purer strains, especially given how slowly the virus mutates to begin with(else it would mutate itself to extinction). So it's more likely that any persistent mutation carried by a strain of the virus is beneficial to its ability to spread and/or infect

[@sirdellovan]

D for aspartic acid, yes, thank you biochemistry

[@wreckingopossum]

Alanine took A Serine took S Proline took P Alanine took A Arginine took R Threonine took T Isoleucine took I Cysteine took C Alanine took A Cysteine took C Isoleucine took I Aspartic Acid takes D

[@wreckingopossum]

It is still better than the W, for Tryptophan

[@wreckingopossum]

The Tryptophan amino acid is shaped like a W though, so even that is better than Q. Q, as you probably guessed, is for Glutamine. G was already taken by Glycine L was taken by Leucine U was taken by Selenocysteine T was taken by Threonine A was taken by Alanine M was taken by Methionine I was taken by Isoleucine N was taken by Asparagine E was taken by Glutamic Acid Naturally you are left with Q, for Glutamine

[@mrsb50]

Thank you for always putting together such high-quality, carefully produced work! And a very specific thank you for explaining the differences between research that’s made it through peer review to publication and research posted to preprint servers. I’m a layperson when it comes to science but someone who’s worked in scholarly publishing for my whole career, yet I struggled for a long time to understand the concept of preprint, in part because my journal’s speciality moves much more slowly, which makes the demand for preprint much lower. Watching the research around covid develop was what finally made it click for me, but I had the foundation to delineate between preprint and full peer review, where most consumers don’t... and they’re not being told the differences very clearly in articles that report on the latest research that’s popped up around covid. Where a nugget of information fits within the bigger scientific context is rarely laid out. I’m grateful for your efforts to clearly and concisely spell out the limitations of the findings, including caveats related to the mode of publication (or prepublication in the traditional sense).

[@ForeverLumoz]

I love this channel. So much great info and always transparent about what's known for sure and what isn't. Oh - and do you sing?

[@minimuffin5312]

Hank and the SciShow team needs a news channel to just play their videos instead of just assuming stuff and spreading misinformation. “Today for our corona virus news, we turn to Hank, Hank take it away!”

[@alphi.2053]

I’ve been watching this channels videos for years now, the whole time I thought I was subscribed and I just found out I wasn’t 🤭 I’m shaken

[@darubicon1501]

@ 4:55 “mutations are more likely to break something...” is key strategically in combating this and many more new viruses we may face in the near future. If we can broadly simulate the mutations of the virus in advance, we can accurately predict which one is successful for the virus and therefore “where it’s going “ Just an opinion.

[@Dog_Botherer]

Science, gotta love it... It doesn't babble or self promote, it just produces facts!.. even if those facts are subject to change... The beauty of wisdom is that it evolves with knowledge not separate from it.

[@jaythompson7149]

You look far younger than 40, and I want your shirt.

[@christelheadington1136]

Flattery will get you nowhere.

[@hiiamelecktro4985]

Christel Headington Except his heart ❤️

[@christelheadington1136]

@@hiiamelecktro4985 -But he's trying for Hank's shirt.

[@TheMeatMon]

@@christelheadington1136 Why does would have anything to do with the other? Also did he be accept his heart?

[@lux3090]

I like his shirt as well

[@matthew_reeves]

So now I want to know what factors influence a virus' propensity to mutate? Why do some viruses mutate frequently and others less so?

[@salvadorhirth1641]

As for the change of codons for glycine instead of aspartic acid, ( mentioned by 1:50 ) that would require the substitution of an adenine for a guanine as the second base in both codons.

[@mrJety89]

It also has an insert mutation of four more codons for PRRA which predates all known spread in the wild.

[@andrei1637]

@Willow Rose biology*

[@theblackryan]

Never expected to see/hear scientific information anyone wearing a denim jacket, but I'm here for it. Love Sci show. Thanks for keeping us all informed.

[@GZxuanChannel-nx9vi]

AMAZING Video, @SciShow

[@HenryMcGuinnessGuitar]

Talked to a friend who's a hospital consultant (different specialty) & she'd read 2 papers, one claiming 8 strains, the other claiming 31! From our conversation this may have been because of the loose definition of a strain - sure there's *some* genetic mutation, but perhaps not leading to significant behaviour change in the virus

[@brolydictcumberbatchmontou401]

Well SciShow keeps mutating from week to week so we seem to have a pretty good chance. Just gotta adapt faster like the Borg. Cheers!

[@arthas640]

I always found it kind of odd how the Borg assimilate billions but seem to develope at a relatively slow rate. Like the Borg from Enterprise werent that much more developed or advanced than the ones in TNG even though it took place 200 years later, whereas Humanity/the Federation had gone from a small, recently warp capable group of species to one of the most advanced and powerful groups of species in the galaxy. They're issue is they actually seem to adapt pretty slowly since they need other species to develop the tech for them to copy, then they have to assimilate that species in order to hopefully steal the tech, meaning they're always a step behind rather than innovating.

[@brolydictcumberbatchmontou401]

@@arthas640 Considering how spread out at that point the Borg is by that point could kind of explain the lack of technological advances as by then till Voyager timeline the Borg had over expanded and that in of itself would lead to stagnation. They aren't free thinking, so no Borg scientists and inventors, engineers, etc. Also related to over expansion issues, the Borg state they don't assimilate races they deem inferior technologically or biologically. Considering how big Borg space is it safe to assume they over consumed their resources in to a technological corner so to speak. Without any races exhibiting ingenuity and technological innovation that would ironically have lead to stagnation in advancements in the collective. Like an economy they had already reached the bubble along time ago any Ferengi could easily argue. So yeah, I think that I see your point. They didn't know when to stop assimilating the same way an invasive species does in our ecosystems they aren't native to. They bloomed and we actually were past their renaissance and were headed into their decline in a lot of ways when they were introduced and they should have been more like sports fishermen and thought about the longevity of the stock. Interesting comment Arthas Menethil! Cheers mate.😃

[@azlanfoodscapes]

Thank you, a really complicated subject very simply and clearly explained. You’re awesome!

[@garylee8132]

Why doesn't main stream news report the same way SciShow does?

[@culwin]

Because the #1 "news" network is a right-wing propaganda machine.

[@leogama3422]

Thank you very much for your enlightening work, Hank and crew! 🤗

[@rainbowsongbird13]

Thank you for sharing this information!

[@JamesHardaker]

What does "relatively slowly" mean? Is that per capita slow or per planet?

[@verumillic1424]

Relative to the rate of influenza mutation was the idea.

[@JamesHardaker]

@@verumillic1424 The problem with that is the mutation rate overall is going to be higher if the number of infections is higher. It has more opportunities to mutate. Are we comparing a 0.00001% chance of flu mutation per 100,000 people infected (for example). Because COVID19 is novel (new) it has infected a lot more people than flu in the last 3 months. The flu mutation rate is a made up stat for example sake.

[@verumillic1424]

@@JamesHardaker Correct, in general and all else equal, higher rates of infection will contribute to a higher overall mutation rate. We don't have to know absolute rates, but the fact that SARS-CoV-2 is mutating more slowly despite being presumably more highly transmitted than influenza, would indicate that something is "holding it back" (pardon the poor phraseology) -- that "something" is probably negative selection.

[@ResidualSelfImage]

can you cover SARS2-cov-2 virus as possible cause of PMIS ( pediatric multisystem inflammatory syndrome ) and when it jumps to felines (cats)

[@themarsquatch420]

I love SciShow so much 🥴

[@salvadorhirth1641]

Thanks for this video! Talking about mutations, there are parts of the genomes of viruses that are less likely to suffer mutations: the palindromic regions that typically form hairpin segments. These palindromic segments could be targets for restriction enzymes. Since the genome of SARS-CoV-cpsR-19 is +mRNA, the probable source for a protective restriction enzyme should be a bacteria Infected by a bacteriophage that contains also +mRNA. I couldn't find yet information about a restriction enzyme specific for the sequence AAGCUU, but the restriction enzyme HindIII is specific for the sequence of DNA AAGCTT. I don't know if restriction enzymes can cross the cell membrane with the help of fusion peptides. Of course, celular mRNA containing the target sequence AAGCUU would also be cleaved, as long as the restriction enzymes remain active in the cytoplasm. Interleukins can activate genes encoding nucleases; I wouldn't be very surprised if some endogenous restriction enzymes could be found inside euxariotic cells, too.

[@PixieStixx]

blinks

[@mrJety89]

This virus has a 12-base insert which allows it to be cleaved by the human enzyme called Furin. I wonder why nobody talks about that.

[@jessel1217]

....Pardon?

[@danielcadwell9812]

@@mrJety89 you been watching Peak Prosperity?

[@midnight8341]

Restriction enzymes can cross the cell membrane, if you fuse them with a protein that gets taken up naturally. But, HindIII is a DNA endonuclease, it doesn't cleave RNA, since it's structurally different. However, if you don't add a nuclear exclusion signal, it would travel into the nucleus and cut your genome everywhere where it finds its target sequences. So, not an option. But there are CRISPR Cas proteins able to cut RNA, albeit not perfectly, they'll still cut DNA sometimes, too.

[@Cupcake4me]

Love your videos. Thank you !!!

[@syd6654]

I totally forgot you guys had a KZbin channel e I’ve just been listening to tangents and forgot to watch scishow

[@Pona12]

It does seem like the virus in Europe and the East Coast has been more deadly and infectious than the one currently on the West Coast, however the West Coast tends to be a lot less densely populated than either area, cities like LA are well known for their sprawl, so I'd probably err on the side of the skeptics until more research on the topic is done. I'm curious now to know which strain is hitting the Midwest, Great Plains and South Central US, or if its a mixture of the two.

[@mrJety89]

Might have something to do with how densely packed New York city is..

[@Michael-kp4bd]

With the lack of ability to get true infection numbers, it's most likely the case that the more "deadly" areas simply had more cases.

[@abram730]

There were 108 strains, last I checked, hundreds of mutations, and thousands of inserts.

[@andrejolie644]

Where did you get your giraffe shirt I NEED it!

[@vialle100]

Hey, Hank. I know you won't read this but where did you get your shirt?

[@mr13579100]

Wait, does more infections mean more chances of mutations? Since there are more generations of the virus being produced?

[@Thumbsupurbum]

Well yes, that's how it works. The more genetic material the virus has out in the world, the more random mutations that will occur. But most of those mutations won't offer the virus any advantage over the previous version. So they will either fizzle out on their own, or just live happily alongside other "strains", without any meaningful difference between them.

[@RaoBlackWellizedArman]

Exactly. And that's why I think there has been some meaningful mutation so far. The more mutations happen, the more likely it is to witness a meaningful mutation.

[@JustAnotherAccount8]

Something to remember is that not all mutations are bad, there theoretically could be a mutation that limits the amount of damage it can do to the body, and if that’s the case, we could breed this strain and use it to vaccinate against the more virulent strain. (Similar to how cowpox was used as a vaccine against smallpox)

[@mrJety89]

Where did the PRRA insert came from?

[@MrMatches616]

Thank you! 💪

[@danielcadwell9812]

You should do a video about Gain of Function research.

[@christophervalkoinen6358]

Would love to see a video explaining what theories (if they exist) might explain why some viruses mutate faster than others.

[@AnonymouseVR]

Good video scishow

[@wasabi42]

there’s so much misinformation out there. it’s always refreshing to see a sci show video, sources linked and little to no personal bias.

[@ABadassDragon]

I just like how it says 'yet'

[@KY_CPA]

What a great explanation of the differentiation between strains and lineage! Thank you for keeping us informed, so we can battle the rampant misinformation we come across in our feeds!

[@MOISECRIMI]

9 months later, guess what!

[@marcobernardo2527]

Hi Hank. The main point that I want to make is that the large amount of infections world wide allows for greater opportunity for mutations, including mutations that are beneficial for SARS COV 2. I have no doubt that with natural selection those mutations were able to establish themselves. According to medical professionals that have looked at the study that you are referring, the study suggests that the "Italian strain" seems to more aggressively spread than the "Asian strain" and that New York has the "Italian strain." SARS COV 2 has gotten better at infecting humans since the initial species jump. It's simply natural that it would continue to do so as it got more opportunity.

[@katharineyork8067]

There were questions in the news today about how vaccinations would be rolled out, with the focus on the fact that wealthy countries would certainly get the vaccine first. I'm more interested in the effectiveness of different roll out strategies both within country and globally. Do you do it geographically, demographically, randomly, based on vulnerability, perceived value to society, first come first served or via an auction - and what are the likely consequences of each approach?

[@metzzzo]

Does anyone know where to get that shirt that Hank is wearing? I'd love to have it too.

[@hubbitut]

answaring the description... YES :D iam looking for a video you did with contaigious vs fatality rate and why a more contaigious would actually be worse unless fatality rate drops alot due to expotionel growth makeing it hit more people (omicron) .. annoying cant remember wich it was so guess ill just keep looking thru

[@peterkettenis4665]

Great info, but please stop with all the jump-cuts. A person (in this case English as a second language) needs time to process information.

[@leogama3422]

You can always slow down the video a bit

[@bellerichmond4149]

This is a culture chock after binging ancient scishow videos

[@joaomatheus6222]

CHOQUE DE CULTURA, PROGRAMA CULTURAL, COM OS MAIORES NOMES DO TRANSPORTE ALTERNATIVO DO PAÍS, SEMPRE FALANDO SOBRE CULTURA, E HOJE, CINEMA

[@TheMeatMon]

I know right? Reality sux...

[@Tralfaz2007]

Most mutations that are very deleterious are never recovered. If a mutation is very prominent in a population, it is likely that, at worst, it is neutral for fitness.

[@lamishasalim5124]

Nice shirt Hank❤🦒

[@SacredCowStockyards]

The turnaround time is impressive.

[@svenmorgenstern9506]

"...and thank you for your support." This episode of SciShow brought to you by Bartles & Jaymes...🍷

[@TheMeatMon]

🤣😂😆🤣‼️☸

[@samadritapathak9944]

*I LOVE your username tho.. *

[@firedreams1]

we should stay aware that this mutation will most likely have a difference because of the basic structures of the amino acids and how they affect protein folding. I mean look at sickle cell anemia that is also just one amino acid change. I believe that scientists have been looking into the virility of the virus mutation because of the recorded infectious disparity between which populations were infected with each form of the virus. Also, because the mutation effects the spike protein, it is likely that if it changes anything it will change how the virus infects cells because it uses the spike protein to do so.

[@belindaweber7999]

Listening intensely throughout... Then I spot the Giraffes... Hehehe that's a blast from the past Hank 😁

[@JakusLarkus]

Please don’t stop making these videos.

[@alexhurst3986]

D maybe for the chirality of the molecule?

[@verumillic1424]

Actually, no, this became an IUPAC naming convention but was begun by an eminent biochemist and molecular evolutionist in the 1960s/70s- Margaret Dayhoff. See here: www.biology.arizona.edu/biochemistry/problem_sets/aa/Dayhoff.html Chirality -- 'D' and 'L' amino acids -- are from the latin 'dextrotatory' and 'levorotatory' (literally, right- and left-handed). All amino acids in nature are considered 'L'-amino acids.

[@stickersoneverything7976]

Can you guys explain the solar minimum soon please?

[@jackwardell2174]

You can’t explain it because the functions behind it are still unknown

[@leebarnes655]

It's over spaceweatherarchive.com/2019/12/25/reversed-polarity-sunspots-appear-on-the-sun/

[@hellospontos]

Does anyone know the paper mentioned at 3:12 ?

[@williambaugh3048]

Link is at the bottom of the article. facebook.com/jp.j.santiago/posts/10216340900772086

[@hellospontos]

@@williambaugh3048 Thank you very much!

[@killapicklepiratepanda7373]

So the plague Inc in real life yikes 🤕🤕

[@AnimeShinigami13]

I felt that way a long long time before this. like freakin march yo.

[@TheMeatMon]

@@AnimeShinigami13 no way? A whole 2 months ago! You are prophetic.

[@neveraskedforahandle]

Godspeed researchers, godspeed.

[@blackmeinu1]

Vancouver city metropolitan is 2.5. Vancouver city itself is the five largest cities in Canada at half a mill. Richmond & surrey makes Vancouver the therd largest metropolitan in Canada. The city of Edmonton city is larger.

[@bevinboulder5039]

Like your giraffe shirt Hank!

[@RaoBlackWellizedArman]

4:53 "A good rule of thumb in biology is that a mutations are more likely to break something than be beneficial." I'm not a biologist, but I work with genetic algorithms which behave pretty similarly and based on that, I'd say "Yes, and No!" The majority of mutations break something, right! But those which break something won't survive, and hence it' is far less likely for a scientist studying COVID-19 to come across those! If a particular (different) strain has been shown to be more prevalent in Europe for example. It means it has NOT resulted from one of those harmful mutations. The mutation, must be one that works to the virus's advantage, like spreading faster or lingering more in the air, etc. (Sorry, I may not be using the correct jargon in biology, because to me... it's all binary code.)

[@verumillic1424]

Edit: FWIW I guess I could have mentioned that I AM a biologist, with a Ph.D. obtained in the field of molecular evolutionary genetics... Very much what I was thinking during this part. If it were truly "broken", we most likely wouldn't be seeing it -- and certainly not as an epidemiologically significant lineage. Far more likely that the change is neutral or nearly so, and that the prevalence in the European --> NY lineage is happenstance from the exigencies of the human travel that happened to spread it. If this is the case, the good news is that it's not all that "functionally significant", and won't necessarily be increasing virulence or transmissivity. This is the only quibble I have with this excellent program though, and I get that it's down to Hank's understandable oversimplification of a complicated topic.

[@brwnipoints]

Biology Student here. I understand where you're coming from but at the same time, I believe Hank's statement is more correct. Remember that there are so many possibilities with genetic code, and even more with virus vectors. When a recombination event occurs within an infected cell, there are so many ways that the code can change and so many of these mutations don't allow the virus to survive. This isn't even including problems within replication, etc. So this is survivorship bias. I know you said that yourself. What I particularly disagree with is that a virus strain COULD have most definitely resulted from harmful mutations because harmfulness is a spectrum and is situational to many factors. Sickle cell anemia is harmful in humans because it reduces lung capacity, but slows the progression of Malaria and even HIV-1. Many diseases become less capable in many ways, but still, retain the speed in which they spread simply because of proximity and transfer rate.

[@catbeara]

"Yes, 'D' for 'Aspartic Acid' because it seems 'A' was already taken. An apparently all the other letters in Aspartic." 😂

[@Red_Alixx]

Those who disliked this video is those who didn't stay at home and now has the virus.

[@fenhen]

Why would one virus mutate faster than another? My (ignorant) first thought would be that a virus new to humans would evolve and change faster as it is adapting to being in a new host (and new locations). Am I wrong? Or is it that mutations =/= evolution? I gather it’s more complex than what I think, but I don’t know why.

[@AveryTalksAboutStuff]

Hank has giraffes on his shirt and that's super cool.

[@decree4644]

Bruh i was about to say the same thing

[@TheMeatMon]

Giraffes are cool?

[@TheMeatMon]

Yup!!!

[@wildgr33n]

didn't take long for that to change lmao

[@ninjabiatch101]

Aaaand 7 months later and we’ve seen multiple :D yaaaay. Lol

[@brettshannon4032]

I've seen a pretty credible source show a slide show that had 4 different mutations in a month. And that it's possible this virus had been tampered with gain of function studies.

[@aarongorsuch7857]

Digging the shirt!

[@Ace45015]

We already know there are, there were 8 separate strains identified in the US months ago

[@a.bookmonkey6790]

Source?

[@majurbludd]

I thought this was common knowledge. I knew about this months ago.

[@JapaneseChefHELLYEAH]

According to my immunology professor there have already been 5 types identified here in Nee York. The point is “strain” doesn’t mean all that much and they functional seem to be the same at this point and they’re hemaggluttin and neuraminidase (the receptors mentioned in the term H1N1 for example) which are their surface proteins, those are essentially the same. So it seems like if you get one, you’ll have immunity to the rest unless the antibodies you produce can no longer bind to the H and N proteins. So I wouldn’t be worried about the “different strains” because it seems very strongly at this point like the mutations are insignificant. But no one knows for certain!!!!

[@JapaneseChefHELLYEAH]

Excuse my horrible grammar lmao I didn’t proof that at all

[@HazzronIV]

​@@a.bookmonkey6790 There's so much fake news out there, it's hard tell if anything is real anymore. As far as I can find after few minutes of looking around, there are different strains for the generic term of "corona virus", unrelated to this current disease causing issues. China claims there is at least two strains, maybe more, but I wouldn't be so quick to trust the communist overseas after their last little stunt and as far as most usa news sources are concerned, there may as well be twelve thousand different strains. I remember hearing people claim Italy had three different strains back in April but as far as I can see, it just hits some people harder than others, like pretty much every disease ever, and this is causing people to claim that there are different strains. So the tl;dr answer is, there may or may not be different strains.

[@unkown0815]

As of Dec 15, the UK have found out a new strain, 70% more contagious.

[@sgnMark]

Just got an A- in Genetics and still didn't know D was code for Aspartic Acid. huh.

[@lolicon453]

That’s cause Aspartic acid doesn’t do well in class

[@mrJety89]

What does PRRA stand for

[@Tinky1rs]

@@mrJety89 proline - arginine - arginine - alanine, why?

[@Killer_Turnip]

You might see more of it in biochem 😅 I didn't do so hot in that class though...

[@mrJety89]

@@Tinky1rs that's the four amino acids that appear in the novel virus as an insert mutation. They are right where they need to be to enable the virus to exploit the enzyme called Furin. proteinmusic.blogspot.com/2020/05/prra-smoking-gun-of-genetic.html The PRRA sequence 681-684 is the site where the SARS-CoV-2 sequence is noticeably different than the other CoV samples where it is simply naturally missing (see red circle). Take a look below at the yellow highlighted prra. This is a polybasic furin cleavage insert (where p = proline, r = arginine, a = alanine) It's not enough to prove anything, but it's enough to raise my eyebrow... my eyebrows.. both of them.

[@baref1959]

love your jean jacket. where from?

[@SP-oi7cm]

Levi's

[@SirBoden]

Please tell me we’re not going back to patch n pin covered jean jackets. **remembers full back Def Leppard patch on my jacket in high school and shudders **

[@Fighterjet227]

Wait I thought there was at least two strains in the beginning, the S strain and the L strain where S is the original strain from China and L is first mutated strain from Europe? Also I heard from someone that there might be like 40 different strains at this point with the person citing nextstrain.org although they might just be wrong or has a different definition for strain

[@khills]

As Hank said at the beginning, the problem really is partly in how "strain" is defined. L and S don't fit the definition of strain SciShow worked with any more than D and G do (or any of the other lineages right now).

[@williambaugh3048]

@@khills D and G refer to the Amino Acid made at that spot in the RNA. It's actually at CODON 614, and its called D614 & G614. Different genotypes might be the best term for this in stead of strains.

[@wreckingopossum]

So, wondering why Aspartic Acid is a D? Alanine took A Serine took S Proline took P Alanine took A Arginine took R Threonine took T Isoleucine took I Cysteine took C Alanine took A Cysteine took C Isoleucine took I Aspartic Acid takes D Still better than the W, for Tryptophan But that at least lets us remember that tryptophan is shaped like a W

[@samuelcid1726]

Could you guys make a video about Animal behaviors, Social behaviors and if reptiles actually only act out of instinct. And if all animals have the same or similar kind of consciousness as us humans? Appreciate you videos ^^

[@ashman2712]

Love the shirt