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United States Republic Constitution 1789:
Amendment - 1: Congress shall make no law respecting an establishment of religion, or prohibiting the free exercise thereof; or abridging the freedom of speech, or of the press; or the right of the people peaceably to assemble, and to petition the government for a redress of grievances.
United Nations - Universal Declaration of Human Rights 1948:
Article 19 - Everyone has the right to freedom of opinion and expression; this right includes freedom to hold opinions without interference and to seek, receive and impart information and ideas through any media and regardless of frontiers.
United Nations - Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous People 2007 (Signed by President Barack Obama in 2010):
Article 16 - Sections 1 & 2:
1. Indigenous peoples have the right to establish their own media in their own languages and to have access to all forms of non-indigenous media without discrimination.
2. States shall take effective measures to ensure that State-owned media duly reflect indigenous cultural diversity. States, without prejudice to ensuring full freedom of expression, should encourage privately owned media to adequately reflect indigenous cultural diversity.
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Articles - 1, 3, 4, 6, 8, 9 & 37 sections 1 & 2
BLACKS LAW DICTIONARY 6th Edition PAGE 1489
[Definition]
-Tort (from Lat. torquere, to twist, tortus, twisted, wrested
aside). A private or civil wrong or injury, including
action for bad faith breach of contract, for which the
court will provide a remedy in the form of an action for
damages. K Mart Corp. v. Ponsock, 103 Nev. 39, 732
P.2d 1364, 1368. A violation of a duty imposed by
general law or otherwise upon all persons occupying the
relation to each other which is involved in a given
transaction. Coleman v. California Yearly Meeting of
Friends Church, 27 Cal.App.2d 579, 81 P.2d 469, 470.
There must always be a violation of some duty owing to
plaintiff, and generally such duty must arise by operation of law and not by mere agreement of the parties.
A legal wrong committed upon the person or property
independent of contract. It may be either (1) a direct
invasion of some legal right of the individual; (2) the
infraction of some public duty by which special damage
accrues to the individual; (3) the violation of some
private obligation by which like damage accrues to the
individual.
Constitutional tort. Federal statute providing that every person who under color of any statute, ordinance,
regulation, custom, or usage, of any state or territory,
subjects, or causes to be subjected, any citizen of the
V nited States or any other person within the jurisdiction thereof to the deprivation of any rights, privileges,
or immunities secured by the Constitution and laws,
shall be liable to the party injured in an action at law,
suit in equity, or other proper proceeding for redress.
42 V.S.C.A. § 1983. See also Color of law.
Intentional tort. Tort or wrong perpetrated by one who
intends to do that which the law has declared wrong as
contrasted with negligence in which the tortfeasor fails
to exercise that degree of care in doing what is otherwise permissible. See also Willful tort.
Maritime tort. See Jones Act; Longshore and Harbor
Workers' Compensation Act; Maritime.
Negligence. The tort or negligence consists of the existence of a legal duty owed the plaintiff by the defendant,
breach of the duty, proximate causal relationship between the breach and plaintiffs injury, and damages.
Stimson v. Michigan Bell Tel. Co., 77 Mich.App. 361, 258
N.W.2d 227, 231. See also Negligence.
Personal tort. One involving or consisting in an injury
to the person or to the reputation or feelings, as distinguished from an injury or damage to real or personal
property, called a "property tort." Gray v. Blight, C.C.
A.Colo., 112 F.2d 696, 699.
Prenatal injuries. See Child; Unborn child; Viable child.
Quasi tort. Though not a recognized term of English
law, may be conveniently used in those cases where a
man who has not committed a tort is liable as if he had.
Thus a master is liable for wrongful acts done by his
servant in the course of his employment.
Strict tort liability. See Strict liability.
Wilful tort. See Intentional tort, above; also Willful tort.
Tort claims acts. See Federal Tort Claims Act; Sovereign
immunity.
See also Federal Tort Claims Act; Government tort;
Husband-wife tort actions; Joint tort-feasors; Liability;
Negligence; Palsgraph doctrine; Parental liability; Privilege; Privity; Privity of contract; Product liability; Sovereign immunity; Strict liabiity; Warranty.