Transformers (how LLMs work) explained visually | DL5

[@3blue1brown]

Edit: The finalized version of the next chapter is out kzbin.info/www/bejne/m37PqWice7Oij8U Early feedback on video drafts is always very important to me. Channel supporters always get a view of new videos before their release to help inform final revisions. Join at 3b1b.co/support if you’d like to be part of that early viewing group.

[@bbrother92]

@3Blue1Brown thanks explaining these things - it is very hard for web programmer to undestand math

[@JohnSegrave]

Grant, this is so good! I've worked in ML about 8 years and this is one of the best descriptions I've seen. Very nicely done. Big 👍👍👍

[@deker0954]

Is this worth understanding?

[@bbrother92]

@@JohnSegrave sir, could you recomend video analysis framework any video description model?

[@didemyldz1317]

Could you share the name of the model that is used for text-to-speech generation ? Me and my teammate are working on a Song Translator as a senior design project. This might be very helpful. Thanks in advance :)

[@iau]

I graduated from Computer Science in 2017. Back then, the cutting edge of ML were Recurrent Neural Networks, in which I based my thesis. This video (and I'm sure the rest of this series) just allowed me to catch up to years of advancements in so little time. I cannot describe how important your teaching style is to the world. I've been reading articles, blogs, papers on embeddings and these topics for years now and I never got it quite like I got it today. In less than 30 minutes. Imagine a world in which every teacher taught like you. We would save millions and millions of man hours every hour. You truly have something special with this channel and I can only wish more people started imitating you with the same level of quality and care. If only this became the standard. You'd deserve a Noble Prize for propelling the next thoustand Nobel Prizes.

[@lucascorreaaa]

Second that!

[@kyo250996]

Same, I did a thesis about vectorize word back in 2017 and no one ever talked about the whole vector of word gives rise to meaning and context when you generate phrases. Too bad since noone was interested in ML back then, I leaned on web development and drop the ML :(

[@iankrasnow5383]

Funny enough, the other 6 videos in this series all came out in 2017, so you probably didn't miss much.

[@XMysticHerox]

Well transformers were first developed in 2017 so it was the cutting edge exactly when you graduated ^^

[@rock_sheep4241]

This is explained in layman terms, but in reality is more complicated than this

[@DynestiGTI]

Grant casually uploading the best video on Transformers on KZbin

[@drgetwrekt869]

i was expecting froggin electromagnets to be honest :-)

[@brandonmoore644]

This video was insanely good!

[@shoam2103]

Even having a basic understanding of what it is, this was still extremely helpful!

[@yigitpolat]

yeah but it did not talk about transformers in this chapter

[@stefchristensen47]

I wish I could retweet this post.

[@billbill1235]

I was trying to understand chatGPT through videos and texts on the Internet. I always said: I wish 3b1b releases a video about it, it's the only way for someone inexperienced to understand, and here it is. Thank you very much for your contributions to youtube!!

[@lmao8207]

no even the other videos are kinda meh, even if youre not inexperienced because they dont go in depth, i feel here people get a nice understanding of the concepts captured by the models instead of just the architecture of the models

[@goldeer7129]

It's kind of true, but if I had to recommend a good place to actually understand transformers and even other machine learning things I would definitely recommend StatQuest, its levels of clearly explaining what's going on are very high. But I'm also very excited to see how 3B1B is going to render all that visually as always

[@himalayo]

I was also just looking into transformers due to their extreme takeover in computer vision!

[@baconheadhair6938]

shoulda just asked chatgpt

[@ironmancloud9759]

NLP specialization by Andrew covered everything 😅

[@metapoynter]

The best lecture I have ever seen on the intro to Transformers. These videos complement the book "Build a Large Language Model (From Scratch) - Sebastian Raschka" really well.

[@haorancheng4870]

I listened to my professor explaining the crazy equation of softmax for a semester already, and you explained it so well with how temperature also plays a role there. Big RESPECT!

[@Silent_Knife]

The return of the legend! This series is continuing, that is the best surprise of KZbin, thanks Grant, you have no idea how much the young population of academia is indebted to you.

[@kikiroy5178]

I'm 26, young engineer. Thinking the same. Well said.

[@youonlytubeonce]

I liked your comment because I'm sure you're right but don't be ageist! 😊 Us olds love him too!

[@samad.chouihat4222]

Young and seniors alike

[@robertwilsoniii2048]

And by logic, Grant is indebted to his 2015 era Stanford education. That was a high point in the faculty and curriculum in general there.

[@tempo511]

The fact that meaning behind tokens is embedded into this 12000 dimensional space, and you get relationships in terms of coordinates and direction, that exists across topics is mind blowing. Like, Japan -> sushi is similar to Germany -> bratwurst is just so darn neat

[@amarissimus29]

And it makes the absurdly ham fisted model tampering behind debacles like the Gemini launch look even more absurd. I can hear the troglodytes mobbing in the nth dimension.

[@dayelu2679]

I‘ve come to this realization long time ago then I want to find isomorphic structures of concepts across different disciplines

[@TheKoekiemonster1234]

@@dayelu2679🤓

[@stefchristensen47]

You can actually try this out in your nearest large language model, like ChatGPT, CoPilot, Gemini, or Mistral. Just ask it to do vector math on the words. Since there isn't a predefined vector word calculus in English, the LLM defaults to just using a version of its own internal representation, and so it can eke out pretty results. I was able to duplicate Hitler - Germany + Italy = Mussolini and sushi - Japan + Germany = sausage (or bratwurst, bother score highly) in GPT-3.5-Turbo Complete. It also figured out sushi - Japan + Lebanon = shawarma; sushi - Japan + Korea = kimchi; Hitler - Germany + Spain = Franco; and Hitler - Germany + Russia = Stalin.

[@Flako-dd]

Super disappointed. The German Sushi is called Rollmops.

[@nicholaitukanov1162]

I have been working on transformers for the past few years and this is the greatest visualization of the underlying computation that I have seen. Your videos never disappoint!!

[@brian8507]

So if we "stop" you... then we avoid judgement day? We should meet for coffee

[@giacomobarattini1130]

​@@brian8507 "judgement day" 😭

[@beProsto]

​@@brian8507 bro's got underlying psychological issues

[@talharuzgarakkus7768]

I agree with you . Visualization is perfect way to understanding transformer architecture. Specifically attention mechanism

[@jawokenn8766]

@@giacomobarattini1130its later than you thinj

[@fvsfn]

I am a math teacher and one of my classes is about AI. I am making watching this mini-series a mandatory requirement. This is just what my students need. Thanks for the exceptional quality of the content on your channel.

[@StacyMcCabe]

What class and grade do you teach?

[@fvsfn]

It is a master 2 class on the mathematical foundations of AI.

[@goatknight777]

This channel also has a linear algebra course which is also pretty good!

[@ananthkamath1995]

Your teaching is an incredible way to stimulate my curiosity

[@parenchyma]

I don't even know how many times I'm going to rewatch this.

[@chlodnia]

True

[@RaoBlackWellizedArman]

3B1B doens't need to be saved in watch later folder because all his videos are worth watching later.

[@synthclub]

What will you set your weights n biases too?

[@oofsper]

same

[@arthurgames9610]

Me fr

[@yashizuko]

Its astonishing, amazing that this kind of info and explaination quality is available for free, this is way better than a University would explain it

[@lonnybulldozer8426]

Universities are buildings. Buildings can't talk. Therefore, they cannot explain.

[@lucasamadsen]

2 years ago I started studying transformers, backpropagation and the attention mechanism. Your videos were a corner stone for my understanding of those concepts! And now, partially thanks to you, I can say: “yeah, relatively smooth to understand”

[@mahdimoradkhani6610]

The genius in what you do is taking complicated concepts and making them easy to digest. That's truly impressive!

[@xiangzhang5279]

I have always been blown away by how great your visualization is for explaining ML concepts. Thanks a lot!

[@lewebusl]

This is heaven for visual learners. Animations are correlated smoothly with the intended learning point ...

[@gorgolyt]

There's no such thing as visual learners. Other than the blind, all humans are visual creatures. It's heaven for anyone who wants to learn.

[@lewebusl]

@@gorgolyt You are right. The human get input from 5 senses , but 90 percent of the brain receptors are directly connected to optical and auditory nerves. That is where the visual dominates the other senses ... For blind people the auditory dominates...

[@rinkashikachi]

@@lewebusl you said an obvious fact and then made a nonsensical bs conclusion out of it. there are no visual learners and it is a proven scientific fact

[@HydrogenAlpha]

@@gorgolyt Yeah Veritasium did an excellent video debunking the pop-science nonsense behind this very commonly held misconception / fake science.

[@PiercingSight]

Straight up the best video on this topic. The idea that the dimensions of the embedding space represent different properties of a token that can be applied across tokens is just SO cool!

[@JonnySolomon]

i felt that

[@MagicGonads]

orienting and ordering the space (called the 'latent' space) so that the most significant directions come first is called 'principal component analysis' (useful for giving humans the reigns to some degree since we get to turn those knobs and see something interesting but vaguely predictable happen)

[@andrewdunbar828]

I agree. I starting writing about that in a comment about 2 seconds into the video before I knew how well he was going to cover it since it's usually glossed over way too much in other introductions to these topics.

[@keesdekarper]

This video is gonna blow up. The visualizations will help many people that aren't familiar with NN's or Deep Learning to at least grasp a little bit what is happening under the hood. And with the crazy popularity of LLM's nowadays, this will for sure interest a lot of people

[@TheScarvig]

as someone who gave a lot of fellow students lessons in stem field classes i can tell you that the sheer amount of numbers arranged in matrices will immediately shut down the average persons brain...

[@lesselp]

No, normal people just want to party.

[@kalashshah6234]

This is absolutely one of the best videos for explaining the workings of LLMs. Love the visualisation and the innate ease with which the concepts were explained. Hats off!!

[@ogginger]

You are such an AMAZING teacher. I feel like you've really given thought to the learners perception and are kind enough to take the time and address asides and gotchas while you meticulously build components and piece them together all with a very natural progression that's moving towards "something" (hopefully comprehension). Thank you so much for your time, effort, and the quality of your work.

[@chase_like_the_bank]

You *must* turn the linguistic vector math bit into a short. -Japan+sushi+germany=bratwurst is pure gold.

[@XMysticHerox]

I am slightly offended it did not result in "Fischbrötchen".

[@marshmellominiapple]

@@XMysticHerox It was trained in English words only.

[@XMysticHerox]

@@marshmellominiapple ChatGPT supports 95 languages. Not all equally well. But as a German yes it works just as well with german as it does with english.

[@-Meric-]

@@marshmellominiapple Word2Vec and other vector embeddings of words like glove or whatever don't care about language. They don't "understand" the meaning of the words, they just eventually find patterns in unstructured data to create the embeddings. It works in any language and GPT has a ton of other languages in its training data

[@stefchristensen47]

You can actually try this out in your nearest large language model, like ChatGPT, CoPilot, Gemini, or Mistral. Just ask it to do vector math on the words. Since there isn't a predefined vector word calculus in English, the LLM defaults to just using a version of its own internal representation, and so it can eke out pretty results. I was able to duplicate Hitler - Germany + Italy = Mussolini and sushi - Japan + Germany = sausage (or bratwurst, bother score highly) in GPT-3.5-Turbo Complete. It also figured out sushi - Japan + Lebanon = shawarma; sushi - Japan + Korea = kimchi; Hitler - Germany + Spain = Franco; and Hitler - Germany + Russia = Stalin.

[@Mutual_Information]

Grant shows just how creative you can get with linear algebra. Who would have guessed language (?!) was within its reach?

[@abrokenmailbox]

Look up "Word2Vec", it's an interestingly explored idea.

[@Jesin00]

Linear algebra would not be enough, but a nonlinear activation function (even one as simple as max(x, 0)) makes it enough to approximate anything you want just by adding more neurons!

Given words are descriptors and numbers are just arbitrarily precise adjectives... aka descriptions...

[@Mutual_Information]

@@Jesin00 Yes, lin alg alone isn't enough.

[@psychic8872]

Well ML uses linear algebra and he just explains it

[@shubhamz2464]

This series should continue. I thought it was dead after the 4th video. Lots of love and appreciation for your work

[@The_Quaalude]

These videos probably take a long time to make

[@jaafars.mahdawi6911]

Man! You never fail to enlighten, entertain, and inspire us, nor do we get enough of your high-quality, yet very digestible, content! Thank you, Grant!

[@setarehami23]

Shame on Ruhollah Khomeini! He destroyed my country. He is a terrorist; a wolf in sheep's clothing.

[@claudiazeng5668]

I am a non-AI software engineer and I’ve been watching multiple transformer and LLM talks from OpenAI, Stanford online, NLP PhDs, and even some AI founding researchers. Some with code, some with the encoder-decoder diagram, some with Attention is all you need paper, some with ML histories. Still, visualization helps the best when incorporating everything in mind. It’s just beautiful, and love the way you organize the academic terminologies. Salute to this series 100%!

[@DaxSudo]

Writing my first academically published paper on AI rn and I have to say as a engineer in this space, this is one of the most complete and well nuanced explanations of these tools. Gold, nay platinum standard for educational content on this topic for decades to come.

[@Kargalagan]

I wish i had a friend as passionate as this channel is. It's like finding my family I've always wanted to have

[@katech6020]

I wish the same thing

[@sumedh-girish]

become friends already you both

[@TheXuism]

here we are 3b1bro now

[@cagataydemirbas7259]

Lets become friends

[@NishantSingh-zx3cd]

Be that friend to the younger people in your family.

[@avishshah2186]

You made my day!! This topic was taught at my grad school and I needed some intuition today and you have uploaded the video!!! It seems you heard me!!Thanks a ton!! Please upload video of Vision Transformers, if possible

[@luca_previ0o]

I love how clean and natural the transaction from “the difference between men and women is almost the same as the one between all kinds of gender-related words” to “the difference between Italy and Germany is almost the same as the one from the vector representation of a certain couple of very powerful, influent and somewhat worldwide famous moustached-people that lived in those countries in the 1940s” was. Being italian myself, this is utterly hilarious, even more than it could have been alone. This is a brilliant show of how simple things can be if explained in a very simple way. You hide some details that are tough to explain as they are, building step by step simple analogies that help you through a robust comprehension of the overall topic. And this, my friends, is a brilliant showoff of teaching knowledge at its finests. This man is just perfect for this job. Very good work indeed.

[@skinwalker_]

I can not explain how apperciative I am of this video and how the combination of visuals with the explanation explain what goes into AI. I am a software engeneer with many years this explanation is the best I have ever seen or read. 👍👏

[@punkdigerati]

I appreciate that you explain tokenization correctly and the usefulness of simplifying it. Many explanations skip all that and just state that the tokens are words.

[@pw7225]

Apart from the fact that tokens CAN actually be longer than a word, too. :) Sub-word token does not mean that tokens must be smaller than a word.

[@ratvomit874]

There is a related idea here in how Roombas navigate houses. They clearly are forming a map of your house in their memory, but there is no guarantee they see it the same way we do i.e. the different zones they see in your house may not correspond nicely to the actual rooms in the house. In the end, though, it doesn't really matter, as long as the job gets done correctly

[@jerryanyu8467]

Thank you! You're so late 3Blue1Brown, it took me 10 hours of videos + blogs last year to understand what a transformer is! This is the long waited video! I'm sending this to all my friends.

[@SidharthSisawesome]

The idea of describing a vector basis as a long list of questions you need to answer is exactly the teaching tool I needed in my kit!! I love that perspective!

[@ramanathreyan]

I’ve always sought teachings that succinctly capture the essence of a subject and connect it back to the main point of the story. Often, I’ve felt lost three lectures into a topic, mainly because I couldn’t grasp its core essence. You are the first teacher I’ve encountered who truly accomplishes this. While concepts like math and matrix multiplication are fascinating, understanding their real-world applications-the ‘so what’-is something very few educators have provided throughout my college and graduate studies. I still vividly remember your back-propagation video from several years ago; it has stayed fresh in my mind. I often base my discussion points on it during interviews or conversations with senior engineers. Thank you for everything you’re doing.

[@justinjohnson4516]

Your ability to add clarity to an incredibly complicated topic, and do it in an efficient way is just incredible. Thank you for your videos.

[@codediporpal]

18:45 This the the clearest layman explanation of how attention works that I've ever seen. Amazing.

[@eloyfernandez8668]

The best video explaining the transformer architecture that I've seen so far... and there are really good videos covering this topic. Thank you!!

[@TheMuffinMan]

Im a mechanical engineering student, but I code machine learning models for fun. I was telling my girlfriend just last night that your series on dense neural networks is the best to gain an intuitive understanding on the basic architecture of neural networks. You have no idea what a pleasant surprise it was to wake up to this!

[@baconheadhair6938]

good man

[@keesdekarper]

It doesn't have to be just for fun. I was also in Mechanical Engineering, picked a master in control theory. And now I get to use Deep learning and NN's for intelligent control systems. Where you learn a model or a controller by making use of machine learning

[@bewaterbewater]

This is by far the most organized explanation i've seen about transformers.

[@Ari_speaks]

Your videos are amazing! Anyone that can explain large complex subjects into short, fun, visual smart videos has master the subject. Thank you for sharing your knowledge with the world 🌎

[@1bird_d]

I always thought when people in the media say, "NO ONE actually understands how chat GPT works" they were lying, but no one was ever able to explain it in layman's terms regardless. I feel like this video is exactly the kind of digestible info that people need, well done.

[@alexloftus8892]

Machine learning engineer here - plenty of people understand how the architecture of chatGPT works on a high level. When people in the media say that, what they mean is that nobody understands the underlying processing that the parameters are using to go from a list of tokens to a probability distribution over possible next tokens.

[@kevinscales]

It's not a lie, it's just not very precise. No one can tell you exactly why one model decided the next word is "the" while another decided the next word is "a" and in that sense no one understands how a particular model works. The mechanism for how you train and run the model are understood however.

[@lolololo-cx4dp]

​@@kevinscalesyeah just like any deep ANN

[@metachirality]

Think of it as the difference between knowing how genetics and DNA and replication works vs. knowing why a specific nucleotide in the human genome is adenine rather than guanine. There is an entire field of machine learning research dedicated to understanding how neural nets work beyond the architecture called AI interpretability.

[@KBRoller]

No one fully understands what the learned parameters mean. Many people understand the process by which they were learned.

[@connorgoosen2468]

This couldn't have come at a better time for me! I'm very excited for this continuation of the series. Thanks Grant!

[@owenleynes7086]

this channel is so good at making math interesting, all my friends think im wack for enjoying math videos but its not hard to enjoy when you make them like this

[@thedermotify]

Without doubt, the clearest and most "down to Earth" explanation of embeddings I have come across - amazing work.

[@jucom756]

The funny thing about encoding in a "very high dimentional space" is that we are encoding vector spaces in the rationals, so this high dimentional space could just be represented as a subset of the reals (though it is not a very understandable representation since the UI also processes the representation into a rational approximation).

[@ai_outline]

We need more Computer Science education like this! Amazing 🔥

[@examforge]

Honestly I hope that in future, AI can produce such great content. This will probably tend to take a couple of years more, but I guess its possible. Even better: You got your own Curriculum based on your strengthens and weaknesses. For me this would be a combination of fireship and 3blue1brown content...

[@StephaneDesnault]

Thank you so much for the immense work and talent that goes into your videos!

[@JustinLe]

here's to hoping this is not an April fools

[@anuragpranav]

it is - you would be a fool to not watch this video

[@tinku-n8n]

It's 2nd April here

[@TheUnderscore_]

@@anuragpranavEven if you already know the subject? 😂

[@me0101001000]

@@TheUnderscore_ it's never a bad idea to review what you know

[@anuragpranav]

@@TheUnderscore_ you are almost certainly limiting what you might know with that approach

[@looppp]

The word embedding difference example is.. incredible I never thought about it this way Thank you so much for this!

[@krishivsinghal1566]

I think what makes these videos so good is just how naturally thought-provoking and inspiring they are

[@MaxGuides]

Amazing work, your simple explanations in other videos in this series really helped me get a better understanding of what my masters classes were covering. Glad to see you’re continuing this series! ❤

[@cone10ceramics]

I know the material of this chapter very well. Still, I watched it in its entirety just for the pleasure of watching a masterful presentation, the restful and authoritative cadence of the voice, and the gorgeous animation. Well done, Grant, yet again.

[@Astronomer6573]

Your explanation tends to always be the best! Love how you visualise all these.

[@samelliott1791]

This teaching style with the visuals is so incredible. I cannot describe how thankful I am for them.

[@timur.shhhhh]

finally this channel has an audio track in another language

[@RyNiuu]

ok, you read my mind. From all of the channels, I am so glad, it's you explaining Transformers.

[@Skyace13]

So you’re telling me computer models can quantify “a few” or “some” based on how close the value is to a given word of a number from its usage from training data? I love this

[@andrewdunbar828]

Well, a bit.

[@XMysticHerox]

Well it can encode any semantic meaning only really limited by the number of parameters and quality of training data.

[@gpt-jcommentbot4759]

@@XMysticHerox quantity*

[@ranajakub]

this is the best series from you by far. excited for its revival

[@hosamtalbi9740]

I watch youtube everyday for hours since 2005 and you're my 3rd subscription, simply amaing!

[@SreenivasNaalla]

Thanks! This is nothing when compared to what has been taught in this channel when institutions charge hefty amount and able to explain the concepts visually

[@y337]

This guy taught me how to build a neural network from scratch, I was waiting for this video, I even posted a request for it in the subreddit for this channel. I’m very glad this finally exists

[@CODE7X]

Im in highschool, and i only knew broken pieces of how it works , but you really connected all the pieces together and added the missing ones

[@LambdaMotivation]

I wish I had you as a teacher. You make math so much more fun than I know it already❤

[@TusharPhondge]

I came across your channel in way of exploring/understanding Bayesian Statistics and was blown away by your 15 mins visual method video. Your way of teaching is amazing and I just couldn't stop on one. Saw your TED talk on Math and how it be engaging by ways of visual story telling where one forgets about the "Where am I going to use this...?" question. I am really glad I ran in your channel.. and now on to exploring many visually engaging stories and learning from you. Thank you for all your work!! 🙏🙏

[@tldyesterday]

It's a tradition of mine to come back to this playlist every once in a while. what a piece of art. Thank you!

[@scolton]

Most exciting part of my week by far

[@davidm2.johnston684]

Hello 3b1b, I wanted to say a huge thank you for this specific video. This was exactly what I've been needing. Every now and again, I thought to myself, as someone who's been interested in machine learning for my whole adult life, that I should really get a deep understanding of how a transformer works, to the point that I could implement a functional, albeit not efficient, one myself. Well, I'm on my way to that, this is at least a great introduction (and knowing your channel I really mean GREAT), and I really wanted to thank you for that! I know this is not much, but I'm not in a position to support this channel in a more meaningful way at the moment. Anyways, take care, and thanks again!

[@3blue1brown]

I'm glad you enjoyed. In case some how you haven't already come across them, I'd recommend the videos Andrej Karpathy does on coding up a GPT. In general, anything he makes is gold.

[@shaqtaku]

I can't believe Sam Altman has become a billionaire just by multiplying some matrices

[@Dr.Schnizzle]

You'd be surprised at how many billionaires got there from multiplying some matrices

[@tiborsaas]

It's too much reduction, he added value on a higher level. But yeah, when you look deep enough, everything stops looking like magic.

[@FinnishSuperSomebody]

@@tiborsaas And that is a good thing in many cases, it casts away illogical fears when you understand that there is no any kind of magic or thinking behind this. In practice it is just overhpyed guessing machine what word normally might come after X.

[@kylev.8248]

@@FinnishSuperSomebody this concept comes from 2017. We should actually be very very worried and keeping our eye closely on the progress that AI is making. The amount of progress they have made since the 2017 paper 📝 “Attention is all you need “ is insane.

[@TheRevAlokSingh]

He doesn’t own any shares in OpenAI. His money is from before

[@conanf129]

I graduated with a masters in Machine learning 10 years ago, and wrote a paper on filtering outliers from results of a genetic algorithms implementation. I worked as a software developer since then and now that I am trying to go back to the field, it felt like I had much to catch up. Your videos make my life easier. much thanks!

[@justchary]

The quality of these videos and depth of openings of the deeper meaning is simply mind blowing

[@actualBIAS]

OH MY GOODNESS Your timing is just right! I'm learning about deep neural nets and transformers will be my next topic this week. I'M SO EXCITED, I JUST CAN'T HIDE IT! I'M ABOUT TO LOSE MY MIND AND I THINK I LIKE IT!

[@ahmedivy]

Without watching i can say that this is going to be the best transformers video on yt

[@robertwiebe]

Right you are.

[@Musthafamum]

It is

[@viola_case]

Deep learning is back baby!

[@kevinscales]

A short 6 year 5 month wait!

[@alyssachen1297]

Blown away by the elegance - both visually and conceptually - in which this extremely complicated topic was taught! I never comment but was moved to express my sincerest gratitude! Thank you for all the time put into these beautiful videos.

[@deildegast]

Finally an easy to grasp explanation of this, and at a speed that is just right. Thanks !

[@BobbyL2k]

As an ML researcher this is an amazing video ❤. But please allow me to nitpick a little at 21:45 It’s important to note that while the “un-embedding layer” of a Transformer typically have a different set of weights from the embedding layer, in OpenAI’s GPT model each vector for each word in the un-embedding layer is exactly the same vector as ones in the embedding layer. This is not the case for Transformer models that has the output be in a different domain than the input (e.g, translating to a different language), but since the video is specifically talking about GPT. This is the specific of the implementation detailed in the “Improving Language Understanding by Generative Pre-Training” paper by OpenAI. The reusing weights make sense here because each the vector from the embedding is a sort of “context free” representation of the word. So there is not need to learn another set of weights.

[@tomasretamalvenegas9294]

CHILE MENTIONED 🇨🇱🇨🇱❤️❤️🇨🇱🇨🇱🇨🇱 COME TO SANTIAGO GRANT!!!

[@bridgeon7502]

Hang on, I thought this series was done! I'm delighted!

[@rolinejohnaguilar5272]

It amazing that this knowledge is free, really learned a lot from this short session. Definitely will binge watch your videos.

[@a_desired_turtle]

The first 50 seconds of the video got me super impressed and engaged.

[@Jackson_Zheng]

YOU DID IT! I emailed you about this video idea about 8 months ago and I've been patiently waiting for you to release this since!

[@enpassant-d3y]

wow, great idea!

[@melihozcan8676]

YOU DID IT JACKSON! I texted you to email him this idea about 9 months ago. Now the bab- video is there!

[@Hateusernamearentu]

Things need clear up. 1.The embedding matrix and unembedding matrix are only used at first and last layer. 2.And these two are trained under supervised. It will not be inside our process of middle layer processes. Embedding matrix is turing text into number, unembedding is doing the opposite way. I thought these two unsupervised. Becoz deep learning is unsupervised. Took me long enough to figure out. Also, 3. embedding matrix is not used for dot product calculation, which is not specfically mentioned, so I was confused for a long long time. The use of embedding matrix is just "search". Like use "loop up" or "map" to find the column vector for a particular word.

[@undertheshadow]

Thanks, I was burning my braincell on how a 12,288D "embedding vector " can be multiplied with a 12,288x50,257 "embedding matrix" without having a huge freakin chunk of absent data.

[@dhruvshah3909]

I started my deep learning journey from your original videos on deep learning. They inspired me to work in this field. I am about to start my first internship as a researcher in this field. Thank you 3blue1brown for this.

[@dhruvshah3909]

Also this is the best video that I have seen through my many hundred videos from when I was stuck in tutorial hell on many of these concepts

Just in time to be replaced by them >:).

[@futuresmkt]

The best comprehensive, introductory overview of LLM/AI I have seen! Well done👍🏻

[@roncho]

You never cease to amaze me. This is a must watch for any engineer or data scientist. You deserve to be the top one youtube channel. Thank you brother

[@S8EdgyVA]

Does nobody find it odd that an understanding of language can be created using matrices in a way that is eerily similar to our own?

[@katielui131]

Think it’s fine because it’s just learning information that exists in the thing inherently? So it has no implication on how it’s similar to humans because we have used systems available to us as tools and engineered a way for them to extract information from the things in the world, ie language in this case. Even if we reach a point where we get a model that models our way of learning/understanding a language perfectly, I think that just means we have created the perfect model? Which I’m not sure if there’s even such a thing(!)

[@jortand]

Damit nice April fools joke, I got fooled into learning something.

[@newxceo]

Those who watched more than once gather here 😂

[@ethanmccormick3271]

I'm on my first watch but I'll be back

[@ThaiNguyen-je4gu]

This is gold

[@douglaswolfen7820]

Yup, I'll need to watch most of these multiple times. But with 3B1B, the animations are so beautiful and the explanations are so good that I'm always happy to rewatch

[@Wandfigur]

Yes!

[@sandeepaleti-w6g]

5 times 😂

[@KCM25NJL]

This my friend, is visualisation heaven! I personally.... like I imagine many people.... struggle to conceptualise the inner workings of machine learning processes. But this right here demystifies so so much in so little time! A true benchmark in teaching!

[@SenseiCC]

This channel is so good!! The way such complicated topics are broken down and explained is really of the highest standard. Please never stop making videos!

[@André-b3w]

So sad that so many people think AI picks bits of text and images directly from data and just makes a collage...

[@minds_and_molecules]

The different sampling has to do with the search algorithm, like beam search, or any search involving topk or some tally of probabilities for the final score of the output. Any temperature will not change that the most probable token is the most probable token, so in a greedy search the temperature does not affect the output. This is a very common misconception, I'm a bit disappointed that it was slightly misleading here.

[@alfredwindslow1894]

agree, what he said wasn’t logically complete and didn’t really make sense because of it

[@minds_and_molecules]

To be clear, rest of the video was great!

[@christianquintili]

This video is an act of democracy. Thank you

[@inperspective]

I do not know you, and have just stumbled upon your lessons. Though you have undoubtedly heard it often, you are a gifted teacher in both context and visual delivery. Thank you for sharing your gift with all of us.

[@Tonya-Haines]

The fact that meaning behind tokens is embedded into this 12000 dimensional space, and you get relationships in terms of coordinates and direction, that exists across topics is mind blowing. Like, Japan -> sushi is similar to Germany -> bratwurst is just so darn neat

[@z-beeblebrox]

3blue1brown released a normal video today. So did Numberphile. So did nearly all the channels in my subsd. There's no wacky bullshit on the google homepage. No stupid gimmick feature in Maps. Have we done it? Have we finally killed off the lamest holiday? Is it finally dead?

[@adnan7698]

First

[@advaykumar9726]

No one cares

[@guillermoe.sanchezguaida3787]

There's no blackbox, it's just math

[@josuecharles9087]

The black box here is that the weights can't be individually interpreted. What's the contribution of each weight in the output, given an input? Or How does each weight explain such an output? What's the explicative power of that weight?

[@johnpuopolo4413]

You are a genius who teaches extremely well. Thank you for all of your videos and what you give back to the community.