Universal Grammar by Chomsky

[@lastprince9199]

Thank you for such valuable information. You made hard concepts easy to understand. Well done.

[@soutafrca]

Thank you for such valuable information. wah huja nice lang..saya menjadi the sekola Malaysia. i still memry sm bahasah malayue.

[@arifahmardiningrum9983]

Glad you feel that way. But, I'm really sorry. I don't really understand what you said after the word "information". Also, I'm not from Malaysia.

[@rosminazuchri636]

My name is Rosmina Zuchri. Miss . your explanation very clear and you teach use good english. Thanks

[@arifahmardiningrum9983]

Thank you, Rosmina.

[@juniperbanerjee5755]

This is incredibly helpful and your sooooo dam intelligent in breaking these model into very simple ones.

[@shawkataziz-ts8vr]

Useful lecture thanks alot

[@shawkigahrani9589]

Thank you so much for this great explanation😊

[@yassinkharbouch2955]

Thank you so much for your insightful explanation, it is very helpful.

[@arifahmardiningrum9983]

Glad you found it helpful.

[@rusdinoorrosa9155]

Great. Good effort.

[@mintygood]

Thank you for uploading this!

[@ateeqrehamn5854]

Brilliant! Absolutely brilliant

[@kkhodzairie]

Thank you. Semoga dipermudahkan.

[@hwongcheeying5835]

hahahah zairie, hope it helps. btw it is not from the books that we use, our boos is called second language learning theories.

[@stevernb7214]

Thanks madam

[@tereboke9494]

thank you

[@DjameldjamelStaifi]

Thank you so much.

[@kollisoraya2938]

Thank you very helpful

[@Englishasskill]

1st time I'm here mashaallah❤

[@bivyallya33]

Bivy Callista Putri Allya 20190810178 LLA Class B Hello miss... I want to ask regarding the inner capacity of a child. Miss how about if the child is studying in international school so that they learning with both of the language as native speaker and also with second language. Is their inner capacity will get the improvement in learning second language? Thank you.

[@arifahmardiningrum9983]

According to one theory called Critical Period theory, as long as the child is still in certain age (the age under the range of Critical Period), it is still possible to acquire languages fully as native. By the way, it's "innate capacity", not inner capacity.

[@azmilathifah5590]

'Azmi Lathifah 20190810128 I am very thankful for your explanation, miss. I would like to ask you, miss. Is the transposition technique like modified-modifying in Indonesian language and modifying-modified in English language also considered as a parameter? Is that what is meant by the element including the head?

[@arifahmardiningrum9983]

I'm not sure what you mean by "modified-modifying". Can you give me an example?

[@azmilathifah5590]

@@arifahmardiningrum9983 for example buku merah and red book, miss.

[@arifahmardiningrum9983]

@@azmilathifah5590 Yes. This can be considered parameter. Your example is a Noun Phrase. The head is "book".

[@azmilathifah5590]

@@arifahmardiningrum9983 Okay, miss. Thank you for taking the time to answer my question.

[@pancakeelove9489]

Talitha Z.N.Q.S.A 20190810197 LLA Class B Good day, Miss. Very informative and simple to digest. Mind if I ask, is innate capacity determines how many languages a person could master or acquire? Could a person no longer able to obtain new language?

[@arifahmardiningrum9983]

Great question! As you may have known that some people have multiple L1s. I think all of us in Indonesia at least have two L1s. So, I think Language Faculty helps preparing a human being for as many languages they acquire in their critical period. However, I believe each child has his/her own capacity. Thus, each individual is different. There is a phenomenon called "silent period". This is the period where a child just doesn't want to communicate verbally. I have heard one child experienced this because of the stress of being exposed to too many languages. This might means, there is a limitation to how many languages we can take in our brain. Yes, there is always a special case where one person can acquire more than seven languages. But I think this is a different topic of discussion.

[@riiyaan6123]

Hardian Gunadi - 20190810111 Assalamualaikum ms Arifah, I would like to ask you, Without inherent/innate grammar, will language be acquired? Thank You

[@arifahmardiningrum9983]

If you see it from Chomsky's perspective, the answer is NO.

[@lastprince9199]

You might end up developing your own communication system.

[@syedamjadali5255]

Good lecture

[@evinanila9871]

Evina Nila Andriani 20190810047 LLA Class D Good morning, miss. Miss, I am still confused about the language faculty that could be a potential solution to "logical problems" because they don't need to learn the underlying system, but only build it. My question is, can all children or learners build this system on top of other inner resources activated by limited and fragmentary linguistic experience, or can it occur naturally? Thank you.

[@arifahmardiningrum9983]

What you mention in your questions are actually the logical problems of language acquisition proposed by Chomsky. The answer is yes they can. That is actually the fact that made Chomsky think and try to find the answer by all of his theories. He tried to understand how a child that only hears a little bit and bits and pieces from his/her caregivers and the people surrounding can gradually understand how to create a full sentence and finally reaches maturation.

[@johnalbertdevadosanselwyn2993]

Do you have other videos following this as a series for me to follow up. It is very helpful. Thank you John Albert Devadosan Selwyn, Bangalore India

[@annastyawahyupramesti9286]

Annastya wahyu pramesti 20190810021 Lla B Hello miss, may I be given an easier description of parameters?

[@arifahmardiningrum9983]

Please check my answer to Ismi's question.

[@levireee4468]

Muhammad Reza Pahevi | 20190810110 Thank you for the explanation ms. I have a question, if children can acquire languages heard from surrounding without learning them. As adult, can also we do it?

[@arifahmardiningrum9983]

What you ask is called acquisition. This is what Krashen believed as subconscious learning. As adult, you can also do that. If we see it from Krashen's idea, as long as the learning is voluntary and fun for the adult, and use real natural communication, then you can acquire the language. He believed and support Extensive Reading to reach that goal.

[@levireee4468]

@@arifahmardiningrum9983 thank you so much for the answer ms

[@emadalihassan6819]

I have question, according to chomsky children are

[@arifahmardiningrum9983]

I'm not sure I understand your question. It seems like your sentence is cut.

[@emadalihassan6819]

@@arifahmardiningrum9983 how can I send question to you,,, it's blank I mean complete the sentence

[@arifahmardiningrum9983]

@@emadalihassan6819 oh. Do you mean you're not clear about what I say about Chomsky's idea on children? Can you show me the minute and second of the video that you're talking about? Or if you have an issue of understanding what I was saying, you can turn on the subtitle. Did I answer your question?

[@karinasafira9526]

Karina Safira - 20190810027- class A Assalamualaikum ms Arifah, I want to ask please , does adjective and adverb use could be used as parameter in universal grammar? Thank you

[@arifahmardiningrum9983]

Waalaikumsalaam. Anything specific to one language that makes it different from the others' grammar can be called parameter.

[@dearynnn]

Diany Rachmawati (20190810059) / D In the L1 acquisition, is the child will only catch the easiest words when they see an adult is talking? Or they will get try to imitate a sentence they are saying, even it's difficult?

[@arifahmardiningrum9983]

This is a question that will not have an exact answer because it can be very individual. Each child has a different process. Some scholars (see Dulay, Burt, Brown) believed that there is a natural order of acquisition that every child has similarly. But remember, this theory has also been debated a lot.

[@Loejung]

Lu’lu Luthfiyyah N (20190810004)/D Thank you for your explanation miss, that really help my understanding. I wanna ask about the parameter miss, so many L2 learners including me still confused with the formula of L2 because as you said in the video that Bahasa Indonesia has a different formula with english in the writing of sentence. So how we increase our skill in grammatical and is there always a mentor to keep watch our progress? If we haven’t a mentor what should we do for increase that skill? Thank you miss, sorry if my question isn’t really related to the material🙂

[@arifahmardiningrum9983]

Since our discussions here are related to SLA theories, then I would answer by using the ideas of the theories. If you are a behaviorist, support the idea of CA, then you can do a lot of practice. Habits are the key. If you are Chomskyan, supports UG theory, then you might use EA by recognizing and analyzing your errors and try to avoid it. If you are a supporter of IL theory, you can try to avoid fossilization by correcting errors and mistakes right away. If you believe in Krashen's idea, then try to learn from something that is not too difficult and choose something that you like, so you can acquire the grammar subconsciously.

[@Loejung]

Ohh okay miss thank you for the solution☺️

[@allandharmawan6149]

Allan Dharmawan (20190810196) What is the parameters ? give explanation about that miss

[@arifahmardiningrum9983]

You can use "Could you please ..." when asking for explanation Allan. :D For your question, please check my reply to Ismi Nurul's question below.

[@mosu100gaming]

ACHMAD FAUZI 20190810096 KELAS "D" Assalamualaikum. Miss. if Chomsky believes that vocabulary is the most important part of language acquisition, so do we have to keep studying grammar more deeply ?. Wassalamuailaikum. wr .wb.

[@arifahmardiningrum9983]

Waalaikumsalaam. Grammar is the structure to use vocabulary. So, it's impossible to understand vocabulary without grammar.

[@anggunalfi288]

Anggun alfi maharani-20190810141-class D Why every language has the same elements including head miss?because why? Thankyou

[@arifahmardiningrum9983]

That's what Chomsky believes. There is no why or reason. Asking such question is like asking, "Kenapa kok kalimat harus ada predikatnya?" Jadi bingung kan jawabnya? :D So, it's not about why. It's just Chomsky's idea to analyze the structure of language.

[@hershmiradali8798]

jazaKaAllah from iraq

[@novaindrianapratiwi3846]

Nova Indriana Pratiwi (20190810136) Why children understand grammar only by limited or fragmanted? Even though it can be said that young children have the easiest brains to remember.

[@arifahmardiningrum9983]

From UG perspective, the reason is because of the "language faculty" or the LAD.

[@safaahtiyas]

Syafa'ah Setyoningtiyas 20190810025/class D Hello ms Arifah, thank you in advance for the explanation. Noam Chomsky states that every human has an innate capacity to acquire L1, does every human also has an innate capacity to acquire and master the L2? And does learners L2 can speak English like native speaker?

[@arifahmardiningrum9983]

Please replay the video and watch the last part. The question you ask is still a mystery that no one has answered until now. Your second question can be found in the video discussion and material on Week 4 about CA and EA. Let me know if you already found the answer.

[@safaahtiyas]

@@arifahmardiningrum9983 okay miss, thank you for the answer and the information🙏

[@donitasyaa]

Donita amars tasya 20180810077 Class B Thank you for sharing the presentations miss, miss i have a question for you about the universal grammar from Chomsky, why Chomsky called as "language faculty"? Thank you miss.

[@arifahmardiningrum9983]

That's the question I cannot answer. You have to ask Chomsky, himself. :D But my prediction is the word "faculty" if you see the meaning in Google translate machine, it means "an inherent mental or physical power". So, Language Faculty can mean an inherent mental or physical power on language.

[@fathiaazzahra7169]

Fathia Azzahra 20190810117 Class D Thank you, Miss, for the clear explanation and giving us question and answer session. This is what I am wondering about. Children have innate ability in recognizing the principle and parameter in L1 unlimitedly until they become the native speakers. How if a child grows up in English speaking country since he was born, thus he acquires English as his L1 and produces it naturally with no any effort, meanwhile his parents are Indonesians. For case like this, can he be called English native speaker? Can children L1 which also called mother tongue be different to their mother?

[@arifahmardiningrum9983]

Yes. His L1 is different form his mother in your case. Please reread an re-watch videos in Week 4 about the definition of "native speaker".

[@septiyadwiutari2909]

Septiya Dwi Utari_20190810045_A Hello, Miss. Thank you for your explanation, its helps my understanding. I want to ask you, Miss. Why are language faculty a potential solution to "logical problem"? Thank You.

[@arifahmardiningrum9983]

Please check my reply to Evina Nila below.

[@baihakiluqman8157]

Luqman Baihaki Suprapto (20190810102) Thank you very much, for example, for the explanation which is very knowledgeable to us, but I want to ask one thing, for example, about memory and language grading power, I used to go to a boarding school, then my environment speaks Arabic and English but is more dominant in Arabic , and now I am majoring in English because I want to learn more and I like English, in my junior high school days when remembering a new vocabulary was very easy and when learning something new in Arabic especially it was very easy for the brain to digest but now I have a little difficulty digesting lessons, especially English, even though I often devote special time to studying, is it related to age or environment in studying the language?

[@onyourme_han]

Name: Hanania Azhari NIM: 20190810090 Miss, I have a questios. Is LAD will exist forever in someone? Or will stop at a certain age? Thank you🙏🏻

[@arifahmardiningrum9983]

It's something that no one has answers yet.

[@onyourme_han]

Thank you, Miss🙏🏻

[@harunnoorr_]

Harun Noor Rochman (20190810024) Class B Why is universal grammar important?

[@arifahmardiningrum9983]

It's important because it becomes one of the early foundations of many more recent and modern theories in SLA. It is no longer believed nor used, but, it is part of the history. Just like any other history, it was one of the pioneers in SLA.

[@IKIchannel]

Muhammad Fikri Yazid 20190810062 LLA CLASS D First i would like to say thanks for great explanation in first and second video, and i understand the content,but I want to ask about the principle part. you explain that in one circle. it is mean like noun phrase, verb phrase in common formula. my question is how about combination phrases which also has head? for example uncommon noun phrase " an ancient bamboo house in yogyakarta" in my opinion the head is house. is it a part of principle too ? it is just for making sure

[@arifahmardiningrum9983]

Yes. You're correct. Your example is just a longer phrase than my example.

[@calandra.craft00]

Difa Alfa Niya 20190810087 LLA A Good Morning, miss. In the parameter 'subject must be clearly expressed or not', in the video there is an example in English "Wow, it's raining!" and 'it' becomes a 'subject'. Sometimes I hear people said that (and see in people's posts in comment) 'Wow, so amazing!" or "So beautiful!" is that the right word to say? Should we add a subject too? Thank you.

[@arifahmardiningrum9983]

The example that I gave you is a sentence in a very base form. Expressions like "So amazing" which has no subject is already a transformation if we see it from UG. There is a newer idea from Krashen called Transformational Generative Grammar that can explain that transformation but I did not explain it in the video. Please be reminded that it's not about right or wrong. We are talking about how UG see language development.

[@falahshefiaulia4034]

Falah Shefi Aulia Rahma 20190810129 Hello Miss arifah, thank you for explanation. I Will ask Why are children to have innate abilities, so they don't have to learn principles and parameters? Thank you Miss

[@arifahmardiningrum9983]

Well...the question you ask, only God can answer. It's almost like asking why do you have hands and feet?

[@lastprince9199]

@@arifahmardiningrum9983 According to Chomsky the evolution of the UG in human was possibly a reflection of the one of principles found in Nature called computational efficiency.

[@arifahmardiningrum9983]

@@lastprince9199 That is interesting. Can you explain what the concept of Computational Efficiency is and how UG can be placed in this concept or how both are relatable?

[@lastprince9199]

@@arifahmardiningrum9983 Hi Arifah, the concept "computational" describes the process by the human mind when it applies one or any of the UG principles with the aim to produce a sentence. Such process has to be efficient enough to yield an acceptable grammatical structure. For example, in " The woman is in the shop" , a computational process of adjacency links up the copula " be" to the "woman" , then transforms it into "is" to establish agreement. I hope this answered your question.

[@arifahmardiningrum9983]

@@lastprince9199 That's very interesting. Does this relate to Chomsky's idea about LAD? That this computational efficiency is something the LAD is capable of doing?

[@chikakalistadanila4000]

Chika Kalista Danila 20190810030 Hello Miss Arifah, i want to ask question. If a child's ability to master L2 is from birth or born, why do some people find it difficult to learn foreign languages even though only basic knowledge? why they can't develop words through their own imagination Thank you Miss

[@arifahmardiningrum9983]

Please reread and re-watch my videos and your friends' previous videos. The ability to master a language from birth is called innate capacity in Chomsky's theory. That, according to Chomsky" only exists in L1, not L2. Just like what I said in the end part of the video, whether in L2, people still use innate capacity is still a mystery.

[@chikakalistadanila4000]

@@arifahmardiningrum9983 okay miss thank you

[@saridewi4950]

Sari Dew Ningsih 20190810007 Class B Hi miss, I want to ask a question, Do you think Universal grammar is the answer to understanding (human) language? Give your explanation please. Thank you

[@arifahmardiningrum9983]

All theories that we have learned and will learn in our class this semester are people's way of understanding human language and their acquisition process. Universal Grammar is Chomsky's way to try to explain some phenomena that are unique and astonishing. For example, why children, by only listening to adult talk, can acquire language so rapidly? How do they do that. Then UG emerged as Chomsky's idea to answer that question. But then again, this is only a theory. It doesn't mean it's a fact. In fact, many scholars have debated him.

[@alymoe26]

Alya Rahma Moedjiyanti (20190810015) Class D Assalamualaikum miss, what a great video explanation about universal grammar. I want to ask you a question about is there any correlation between innate hypothesis and idea of universal grammar? thank you.

[@arifahmardiningrum9983]

"Innate hypothesis"? What is that? Can you tell me what you mean by "innate hypothesis"?

[@fathanwafi9467]

( Fathan Akbar Al Wafi - 20190810093 - Class D) Hi Miss... Thankyou for the great presentation. Here I wanna ask a question. Do environmental factors have a major impact on the development of our second language acquisition process? Because in the presentation, it was said that the process of first language(L1) ingestion in children mostly depended on their surroundings(parents). Thankyou.

[@arifahmardiningrum9983]

Let's go back to the discussions of material on Week 3. We talked about intermediate state of L1 and L2. It had been said that L2 is influenced by so many things and L1 is facilitated by reciprocal interaction. This means, yes, environment does play a part. Every little thing can influence L2 development.

[@isminurulaslamiah4021]

Ismi Nurul Aslamiah 20190810035 LLA class B Assalamualaikum miss, The presentation has been presented is very easy to understand, however, may I request a few more examples of the universal grammar the principle verb phrase?, thank you .

[@arifahmardiningrum9983]

In every language, we have what is called as phrase. Verb phrase in English is the phrase that has a verb as the main component. For example: study hard, cook the rice well, run daily. In these phrases, there is the verb head (the verb that becomes the center of the phrase). Without the head, the other words will have no significant meaning. The word hard, well, and daily in those phrases cannot go alone because they must explain something. Explain the "head". Well, Chomsky believes that all language have a head in every phrase. Well, we can argue that in Bahasa Indonesia, we do not always need a verb head. For example, in the sentence, "Kamu pintar sekali." There is no verb here, but this is also a full and correct sentence. However, in the theory of universal grammar, this is considered as parameter. What makes each language different, because they have their own rules. According to UG theory, children understand this from they were born. Thus, they don't have any issue to understand their L1. They will not be confused why some sentences have verb head like "Adek makan jeruk" and some don't have the head verb like "Ujian ini sulit sekali."

[@isminurulaslamiah4021]

@@arifahmardiningrum9983 thank you miss, for the explanation. Now i have begun to understand.

[@ferdyfadillah3937]

Name: Muhammad Ferdy Fadillah NIM: 20190810044 Miss I have a question, I still don't understand with the explanation of parameter because I couldn't fine any better example

[@arifahmardiningrum9983]

What Class are you? For the answer, please check my reply to Ismi Nurul Aslamiah.

[@nrfaizah804]

Nurfaizah (20190810188) Class B Hai miss thank you so much for your explanation, this vidio really help me to understand more about the materials😊 But I have a question miss How utilize and develop children's (LAD) in the learning process? Thank you

[@arifahmardiningrum9983]

To my understanding on Chomsky's idea, LAD is a tool. So, it cannot be developed. It is used to grasp and acquire whatever exposed to the child. Automatically, LAD will work or function when reciprocal interaction takes place. You don't need to develop it. It's already there to help the child.

[@nrfaizah804]

Thank you for answering my question, miss @@arifahmardiningrum9983

[@emadalihassan6819]

I have send my questions to your page on Facebook if you please me my teacher

[@SalmanRS14]

Thank you very helpful