Ice-Covered Moon, Nature of Spaghettification, Adapting to Mars | Q&A 281

[@FrancisFjordCupola]

I know how spaghettification happens. It starts with tagliatelle and then descends into cliche.

[@JohnMuz1]

Mmm pasta... 🎉

[@andreask.2675]

Brightness of the moon if it was covered in water ice? I think... the actual albedo is 0,12. Lets assume the moon had an albedo of 1, so it would be roughly 8 times brighter. One magnitude is about 2,5. Two magnitudes would be 2,5*2,5=6,25 times brighter. So the moon would have a little more than 2 magnitudes of additional brightness, bringing it from -12,7 to something like about -15. I hope I got that somewhat right. As a comparison: The sun seen from Neptune has a brightness of -19,3 (according to Wikipedia), so roughly 50 times brighter than a hypothetical water ice moon seen from earth.

[@jaxdragon1723]

so we can definitely read a book together at high moon.😂😆

[@ronald3836]

Just by sitting on my couch I am working out harder than the astronauts in the ISS.

[@aalhard]

11:41 Local Hot Bubble, sounds like a champagne bar franchise😂😂😂

[@ElitePhotobox]

A large centrifuge that can be used to put a Bed on, that will push blood to the feet, and can be used to increase the effect of gravity !.

[@PitchWheel]

Hello and thanks Fraser for being a constant source of curiosity! Why planets in the solar system have such different aspect and composition? Rocky planets, gas giants, icy worlds, methane worlds... They don't seem to have been generated by the same gas cloud! Why are they so different?

[@bernhardjordan9200]

Spaghettification is your Roche limit

[@jackesioto]

It's also when you become only a few atoms wide but several kilometers tall.

[@BabyMakR]

11:04 Would we be able to find the remnants of those 2 supernovae?

[@dwayne_draws]

I thought I read that our solar system drifted into this bubble after it formed, so we weren’t subjected to what caused the bubble, but we collected the debris as we drifted into the bubble.

[@mmbello]

Nasa should have send me to Mars with the Rover. I really don’t mind going there.

[@guyvandenbroeck8405]

I would consider taking the Hilux!

[@trevdawg94]

The Secret Level episode for Exodus is incredible, I'm much more excited for the game than I was before watching it!

[@aurtisanminer2827]

I’m curious who’s been looking at Jupiter with binoculars lately? With my 10x magnification binos I was able to see 4 of its moons last night from the middle of a city. I can imagine how much better it is with higher power magnification!

[@bbartky]

13:35 There's a great Artemis I photo with the Earth and the Moon in the distance that really shows how much brighter the Earth is than the Moon.

[@davesatxify]

thanks as always fraser

[@lucidmoses]

If you get extremely close to the speed of light it takes a great amount of energy to speed you up. Due to the drag of the Higgs fields. Why doesn't that same field slow things down that area already going that speed?

[@Smljhndnsmr]

I have virtually no knowledge of the Warhammer 40k universe, but that episode is arguably one of the best animated short films I’ve ever seen. It really made me wish it could be extended into a multi-season series with that level of world-building, animation, and intensity.

[@frasercain]

Good news. Henry Cavill is making a series for Amazon

[@Smljhndnsmr]

@ I really hope Amazon puts more effort into that show’s production value than what Netflix has done with the Witcher series. Cavill brought a lot of passion to the production of that show, but unfortunately much of it felt like somebody simply brought a camera to a renaissance faire.

[@jackesioto]

It's likely to be easier to adapt to Martian gravity after months enroute than it is to readapt to Earth gravity after more than a year in microgravity.

[@TheOicyu812]

Who knew that "The 3 R's" were actually "Running, Riding, and Rowing?"

[@markmortimer3009]

Great Q and A, can concur that the pac man episode has been my favourite of the secret level series.so far.

[@arenadi5776]

The D&D short in Secret Level made me feel like such a nerd, and seeing Tiamat like that wow

[@mrxmry3264]

Is it just me or are the colours different in this one?

[@MelindaGreen]

Of course add the galactic cosmic ray flux to the whole Mars round-trip and I think it's pretty clear that a trip to Mars is essentially a death sentence.

[@jonjosenna5581]

I think robots and drones etc. should be the vanguard to Mars. Once the robots have completed the initial base of operations, then humans can think about going. The Journey for humans should only be attempted, if they have some way to get 1G gravity. maybe spin gravitation.

[@jackesioto]

It wouldn't have to be 1G, even a little bit of artificial gravity would help.

[@BoredIsAScrub]

Could we ever develop a coordinate system for navigating to a specific point in space like we do on a planet/moon? Or would everything be relative to the current location(s) of celestial bodies?

[@downbelowu1928]

A supernova makes a star, what makes a supernova? I just had a stroke

[@michaelmcchesney6645]

I think that any manned missions to the Red Planet should wait until we are able to construct a spacecraft that can keep astronauts in spin gravity for the duration of the trip to and from Mars. That could be either a ship with a rotating section, as seen in The Martian, or a ship with 2 sections connected by a tether that rotate around their center of mass. The crew living area could be in one section, while equipment for landing on Mars (along with provisions for the return trip) could be in the other section. Once the ship was in the Hohmann transfer orbit, the two sections could separate before beginning to rotate. It also makes sense to wait until more effective radiation shielding is developed. I have read about certain aerogels that are thought to hold promise as an effective low-mass radiation shield, but if I were making the trip, I'd prefer a meter of water surrounding the crew compartment on all sides. Unfortunately, the mass penalty for that much water would be prohibitively expensive (in terms of the necessary fuel/propellant, but also financially.

[@calpowell1624]

Might be fun to mention that the world as you know it would age and possibly disappear as you fell into the black hole although you feel nothing weird.

[@Thomas-gk42]

Always interesting.🙂

[@PRAELIA_6]

Hearing Fraser Cain reference Warhammer 40k in his video. My 2 hobbies are colliding 😂

[@eliinthewolverinestate6729]

Spaghettification. How's that work when black hole burps out a star after Spaghettification? Are we sure black holes aren't an optical illusion? A black hole has just burped out a star it sucked up years ago. They are finding this to be common too. Astronomers say a black hole is currently throwing up the shredded star at half the speed of light, although astronomers aren’t quite sure why it took so long for the star material to come out. This unusual phenomenon is giving scientists more insight into the feeding patterns of black holes - especially after gobbling down a starry meal. Every watch a bubble move in front of a light source? Spaghettification also puts stars back together. The black hole held in this burp for years, and it showed. Researchers say the outflow of star material traveled out at 50 percent of the speed of light. Usual TDEs emit pieces of devoured stars at 10 percent of the speed of light. And the star reformed. Which could be a light trick. From a black hole passing between us and a star. Ever shine a laser at a bubble?

[@SirCharles12357]

NASA really needs to build a tethered centrifuge space station in space to simulate lunar and martian gravity. We really need to understand this issue.

[@gptiede]

Back of the envelope calculation: The Moon's albedo is about 10%, so if it had an albedo of close to 100%, it would be about 10 times brighter in the night sky than it is now.

[@Sal-T]

Snow is painfully bright on a sunny day, and that's with your eyes adjusted to the bright sun. At night, a snow covered moon would be painfully bright, likely even during the day, but especially at night with your eyes otherwise adjusted for the darkness.

[@JoelKleppinger]

I really was hoping for an analysis of light reflectivity and then a comparison to a partial solar eclipse to learn what an ice moon would be like. The question might as well not have been considered in this video.

[@xehpuk]

I think it would be about 10 times brighter. Perception of brightness is not linear so I think that would only look like a little more than twice to the eye.

[@xehpuk]

A more interesting question would be if an ideal mirror the size of the moon was at the moon and directed towards earth. My guess is that at the center of that light beam on earth it would be as bright as the sun while at the edges about half.

[@ronald3836]

According to an old reddit thread, wrapping the moon in bright aluminum foil would give it an albedo of 0.8 (up from 0.1). So it would reflect 8x as much light. Cloudly, moonless night: 0.0001 lux Full moon: 0.27-1.0 lux Twilight: 3.4 lux Full moon (with aluminum foil): 2.2-8.0 lux Dim Office Building Hallway: 80 lux Sunrise/Sunset: 400 lux Direct sunlight: 32000-100000 lux

[@concinnity9676]

Bing tells me the albedo of moon is around 0.12 for all radiation, around 0.07 for visible light. So xehpuk guessed close (~10%). That matches ronald3836, who said 8x. The visual appearance is still an open question to me. using logarithms, I agree with xehpuk, around double bright to our perception. To Fraiser, I admire that you posed it as a homework problem. You knew your geek audience would take the bait and look it up! However, I might quibble with you calling the albedo of the ice giants 1.0 Do you have anything to back that up? It seems like if one could image features on the surface, some thing must be absorbing. Please survey those ice giants for albedo.

[@ronald3836]

@concinnity9676 Enceladus apparently has one of the highest albedos in the solar system, at 0.99.

[@stupidburp]

Could we send robots with a charging station to dig trenches and manufacture solid pellets out of regolith, in preparation for a future lunar base? Trenches could be used to contain lunar habitats and support structures, providing some protection against radiation and micrometeorites, especially if they are then mostly covered by fill. Gravel like material made from applying heat and pressure to regolith could be used for foundation, fill, and surface covering around the base. This would reduce the amount of fine dust kicked up from activity at the base and provide a good foundation for structures. It would probably take a long time for the robot workers to complete their tasks but if there is plenty of energy from solar panels and nuclear reactors then they could potentially continue without rest for decades until mechanical failure.

[@martythemartian99]

I think (even though I'm no expert) we should leave Mars until we can go in a vessel large enough to incorporate a rotating habitat. Or we could wait until we could do a constant thrust acceleration/deceleration trip with better, or more numerous, ion engines. This would give the astronauts some gravity for the entire trip. This is not Apollo, so we don't have to rush just for flags and footprints.

[@andyf4292]

just watched secret level... pretty good!

[@MsTranScribr]

7:55 Could cold fusion be the triggering event for the star formation's if another force was not present? I know it would take a serious lab to recreate this on earth, should it be possible to even achieve it once let alone recreate it on command, but maybe the conditions for cold fusion happen organically in space within certain nebula of certain compositions - maybe even involving elements we have not yet come across. Food for thought from a rambling story teller.

[@eliinthewolverinestate6729]

Branch light flow from a laser through a soap bubble looks like Spaghettification of the light beams. When looking at laser straight through a soap bubble.

[@nicholas2275]

Question, can we send a spacecraft to collect particles from oumouamo, like the particles and metor showers we see from comets as we pass through their tail debris every year, that would help to determine what created it's acceleration.

[@ben33045]

Wasn’t Shoemaker-Levy-9 a tidally disrupted comet? Basically a modestly spaghettified comet?

[@arenadi5776]

Something I always wondered was that if mass is the primary factor in a star's size, how do super gigachad stars like RSGC1-F01 or VY Canis Majoris exist?

[@guyvandenbroeck8405]

Imagine a piece of 2-dimensional material like graphene nearing a black hole with it's surface parallel(or concentric) with the field. Would it break apart? Would the anormous gravity distort the nuclei and electron probability too? I guess it does seen a neutron star changes the nature of particles too. Maybe a black hole changes the nature or particles as well as a (less dense?) neutron star which makes spaghettification a lesser problem.

[@poomar]

I have another question kinda sparked by the spaghettification question: Do we know how long an image of an object falling into a black hole would stay visible to a nearby observer? In the third book of the Three Body Problem series, theres an artificial black hole with a space atation around it, and a person jumped in and his image can still be seen slowly red shifting. I dont think it specifies how long ago he jumped in but i think it was on the scale of years. Is that realistic?

[@frasercain]

Theoretically forever you'll just red shift and fade away.

[@idodekkers9165]

@FraserCain Hey, how much more energy will be needed if someone decides to take the trip to mars not on the "shorter" windows? how much more will it be on the "longest" one?

[@busybillyb33]

Question: Isn't mitigating the effects of reduced gravity on the body much easier on a planetary body than in the microgravity of the ISS in orbit? I'd Imagine you can strap on some compensating weights on yourself on Mars (or Moon) to better simulate the weight feel here on Earth. You are then free to go about your normal business on Mars unlike on the ISS where you are tied to elastic straps only during exercises.

[@guyvandenbroeck8405]

Can't rely on your internal intestins to work those waste products downward all the time plus processes that decant won't work anymore. I suppose that some smaller oranisms within our body also rely on gravity. Can't give them all weights I guess. Gravity is an opportunity to store potential energy maybe even at microscales.

[@busybillyb33]

@@guyvandenbroeck8405 our gut for one doesn't rely on gravity to move food and waste. Peristalsis does the job efficiently. You can swallow against gravity, even drink water - think of any animal drinking water. And our intestines, despite 2 million years of our upright posture, is capable of moving stuff in any direction. It is in fact a knotty mess coiled through many axes, so stuff travels against gravity as much us along it.

[@rkramer5629]

If you can move gas giants, you can probably siphon off mass from “living” stars. Which would drastically extend the life of the star.

[@Is_this_username_unique]

If the speed of time is variable (it passes slower in space than on Earth because of gravity or something?), how can we be so precise about the age of the universe? Wouldn't all the spacetime variations in the universe make it really difficult to work out?

[@ElSe1904]

Probably because the vast majority of the universe is empty. I'm thinking something like 99.9999% or more. So there isn't a problem when measuring the light propagation from the furthest parts of the universe. It's not affected by the time it reaches us since it doesn't interact with almost anything. Furthermore there are areas where light passes around a massive object and some of it takes longer to reach us and we can observe that effect. Look up gravitational lensing.

[@seawingtidal8594]

hi fraiser!! i love your podcast and i’m a huge fan :). my question- if you can look into space and “see the past” due to galactic bodies/events being thousands-millions lightyears away, is there any possible way to do the opposite of that and see the future? any theoretical possibility connecting to black/white holes? i hope this makes sense lol.

[@frasercain]

Not that we now of. We see the past because the light takes time to get to us. Think about how the speed of sound lets you hear things a few moments after they happen. There's no way to hear things before they happen. :-)

[@LithgowPanther]

Q: What do you think will happen first: City on Mars or O'Neil Cylinder?

[@CarFreeSegnitz]

O’Neil Cylinder. It’s in the economics. Everything we’ve ever done has had to have economic underpinnings in order to persist. We went to the Moon 50+ years ago, planted a flag then shrugged our shoulders not knowing what else to do. There wasn’t anything on the Moon that couldn’t be obtained on Earth for vastly less cost. Mars is a minimum of eight-months travel time away and then only every 26 months. The only thing worth getting from Mars that we can’t get on Earth is information about Mars. There is still lots of economic value to be extracted from LEO. Today we get communications and Earth imaging. We’re getting close to maxing out communications. We’ve got lots of headroom on Earth imaging… 24/7/365, real-time, full-motion imaging. We could extract energy. Potentially siting industries starting with data centres. There may be high-value manufacturing that is only possible in zero G. Where there’s possible economic activity there’s private investment interest. Private investment does not have to answer to voters’ whims.

[@SeanBZA]

With a small black hole would the gravity gradient get steep enough that atoms themselves get broken up into their constituent protons, neutrons and electrons, and is it possible one could be steep enough that even those particles could be broken up into their constituent quarks as well.

[@jackesioto]

In a small black hole, the atoms would probably got ripped apart before they entered the event horizon.

[@tommijantti5628]

How would time dilation affect video feed from starshot if going like 25% of speed of light?

[@kunalgupta7960]

Hello Fraser You have talked about challenges with radiation and gravity for human space travel. Can humans be genetically engineered to resolve these issues? Is anyone reaearching this?

[@jasonsinn9237]

I'm looking for more interesting books written by astronauts. Do you have any recommendations?

[@baarni]

The albedo of ice is .85 whereas the albedo of the moon is about .04. Therefore the moon would be more than 20 times brighter if covered in ice…😊

[@davidguy209]

i bought 'Empire of the Vampire' on the strength of your recommendation - it's a Xmas present for my Mum. I wasn't sure if I got the title right - I tried checking your videos, but couldn't find it. Hope i guessed right

[@alfaeco15]

If we cover the moon with mirrors we would have a second sun in brightness.

[@brick6347]

I want to see an astronaut esting on Mars. Especially soup. It'd be quite fascinating to see in low gravity. I wish there was video from inside the lunar lander.

[@ronald3836]

Apparently if we build a swimming pool on the moon, a good human sprinter should be able to run over the surface of the water.

[@brick6347]

​@@ronald3836I don't know why, but I want to see salt!

[@Midg-td3ty]

Question: Why did Nasa never build a rotating habitat for the Space station ? So many questions could be tested. Is nobody curious to see how they would be after 360 days of permanently being under mars gravity? I am convinced its much better than zero gravity.

[@CaliforniaBushman]

Why not do a Spinning 1G Carousel with Unbalanced Load Course Correction tech? Slowing gradually to 0.38G before arriving. Thrusters on a Gimbal automatically correcting like Adaptive Optics. On a future Nuclear Engine taking only 6-8 weeks.

[@FunkyLoiso]

❓ What happens to matter that falls onto the surface of a neutron star?

[@viktorm3840]

The moon is not light-gray, it is tan like chocolate.

[@jaytee7710]

I have a question. If i make a funny face will it stick and stay like that?

[@jackesioto]

13:37 - Ice couldn't cover Luna as it's too close to the sun.

[@gavandinsdale4940]

I believe Spaghettification is the acceptance of atheism.

[@namesnotreal5705]

if its takes years off astronauts lives to travel to mars in zero gee, why aren't they planning to have spinning spaceship with artificial gravity?

[@AdamosDad]

They will become Martians.

[@AdeyemiAraile]

why can’t we develop farster than light technology

[@injunsun]

Okay, for the algo, I will go there. There is no such word as "altso," and @14:12, there is no such thing as "ashphalt." It is asphalt. No ash involved. Damned Canadians. I bet you don't even have a law against getting moose drunk, ay?

[@injunsun]

Did this stick?

[@injunsun]

I recommend the series, "Farscape." It is 25 years old now! That kills. me.

[@Skukkix23]

could you please turn off auto translation of the titles of your videos? it's just super cringe.

[@frasercain]

You're seeing the titles of my videos translated into another language automatically?

[@Skukkix23]

@@frasercain yes. It used to be a setting in the user's account, but now they shifted it to the creator's account. So your titles will be translated into the primary users google account language. Which is super akward for German, becasue we use a lot of english science terms in the german language. Translating them to German is hindering because it creates a literal translation for a word where we just use the english version of it. Imagine reading 'the understanding of weather' instead of meteorology or 'the noodling' instead of spaghettification. It should be a user choice, not a creator choice. Or if I watched your videos in the past, without the auto translation, it shouldnt have been enabled now.

[@illogicmath]

The first person who should be sent to Mars is Musk himself. Maybe that would finally put an end to all the nonsense he keeps spouting about building a city of a million people up there.

[@JamesCairney]

74 orders of magnitude brighter I don't know really, I didn't do the maths, and it is maths, you don't equate things with just a single digit. 1+ ahh, no numbers left, sorry, it's just a single math we're doing here. Maths, plural, like mathematics. (I doubt I've convinced anyone, you can but try)

[@ute-5814]

Did you really just say meat glue lol?

[@frankyboy4409]

Hello, KZbin seems to have opted you into some experiment to AI translate your videos. Just in case it's not obvious to you, these translations are horrible a.f.

[@Psatas611]

The one that goes to mars must understand that doesn’t come back and embraces Mars as it’s world and by the way! We all die soon or later !!! I don’t know why humans are always so human on analysis ?! 😂

[@davidva8694]

Hopefully, the United States will still have NASA after Trump

[@viktorm3840]

i bet it is going to be renamed 'space force' and steve carell will be in charge of it =)

[@bluesteel8376]

@@viktorm3840 There already is a space force. It wouldn't make sense to have 2.

[@brick6347]

You lot are seriously unhinged.

[@kkgt6591]

Considering there are so many problems with going to mars and it looks like it might never happen, why not send a one way trip to mars, the astronaut can survive for few days and give us valuable science data and perhaps then take a deleting pill.

[@doncarlodivargas5497]

With a sack of potatoes he will do just fine

[@kamilZ2]

better send robots, much cheaper and will last a year or more