Upper and Lower Meniscus | How to Find Upper and Lower Meniscus | Lower Meniscus | Upper Meniscus

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This video is all about- how to read a graduated cylinder or burette in chemistry practical.
The meniscus (plural: menisci, from the Greek for "crescent") is the curve in the upper surface of a liquid close to the surface of the container or another object, caused by surface tension. It can be either concave or convex, depending on the liquid and the surface.
A concave meniscus occurs when the particles of the liquid are more strongly attracted to the container (adhesion) than to each other (cohesion), causing the liquid to climb the walls of the container. This occurs between water and glass. Water-based fluids like sap, honey, and milk also have a concave meniscus in glass or other wettable containers.
Conversely, a convex meniscus occurs when the particles in the liquid have a stronger attraction to each other than to the material of the container. A meniscus may be either concave or convex. A concave meniscus curves downward; if you are looking down from the top, it curves away from you, like the opening of a cave would. In contrast, a convex meniscus curves upward; if you are looking down into the container, the meniscus curves toward you.
A convex meniscus curves up toward you. A concave meniscus curves down away from you.
Most liquids have concave menisci because the molecules of those liquids are more strongly attracted to the walls of their container than to each other. The liquid 'sticks' to the walls instead of lying flat, causing the downward curve.
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