Summarizing Romance sound shifts

Links:
Germanic sound shifts: • Summarizing Germanic s...
Emperor Tigerstar’s map of Ancient Rome every year: • The History of the Rom...
Xidnaf’s video with the dialect continuum example (What even is a language?): • What Even Is a Language?
Swedish language overview: • Language Overview: Swe...
K Klein’s video about Italian sounding like Swedish: • Italian Sounds A Bit L...
Translations:
0:54: (Latin) I am your father.
7:06: (Spanish) Well now I am not doing it.
9:11: (Proto-Slavic) Can I offer you a nice sound in this trying time?
19:44: (Italian) A part of him lives within me, doesn’t it?

[@Victor-rv1cq]

It's so nice youtubers remembering Catalan exists and latin languages aren't just Spanish French and Italian lmao

[@Thindorama]

But there's a lot of other ones he didn't include. I think it's just the fact that he has happened to study Catalan.

[@MaoRatto]

You forgot to mention Portuguese. VOCÊ VAI A BRASIL AGROA!

[@Farid1213]

I think the reason why most don’t include other romance languages is just that there are to many to talk about all of them so they just pick the most famous ones. If we combine all areas where romance languages are spoken in the world I think we’d get close to a thousand dialects so it would just be impossible to cover them up and even if we stay in europe you can easily find 50 different dialects which form a dialectal continuum so basically we can understand that most people simplify it to french italian portuguese spanish and romanian

[@fueyo2229]

there are a lot more, mine for example isn't there but it has similar changes to Catalan

[@tape217]

I'm waiting to see when people will discover Russian isn't the only slavic language

[@axelzamboni]

Quick thing on the "ego" part: in italian "io" retains the latin stress, being ['i.o] not ['jo]

[@Eic17H]

Though it can sometimes be reduced to ['jo] in rapid speech

[@luigileonardi329]

That's the same thing I thought after listening that

[@luigileonardi329]

​@@Eic17H I think it is a dialect inflection

[@axelzamboni]

@@Eic17H as an Italian, I don't think so, probably it's dialectal

[@benjaminabel8596]

​@Eic17H Wouldn't you just cut out the pronoun all together in day-to-day speech?

[@tonuka6257]

I love how your visualization of the expansion of Rome is just you slowly stretching a jpg image

[@CommonCommiestudios]

19:36 the reason that the Italian word is scudo instead of the expected *scuto is because it's not directly inherited, rather it was borrowed from a North Italian language which actually had the -t- to -d- change, there are several words like that in Italian (spiga < spica, riva < ripa) that did the same voicing, where the borrowed words displaced the native inherited ones

[@Muysc_quyne]

This comment is gold ❤

[@esti-od1mz]

Good point. There are even cases where words from the same etimology ended up in italian both from galloitalic and italoromance, such as the words Lacuna and Laguna, both from Latin Lacuna, nowdays with two different meanings

[@tuggaboy]

That is the origin of today Standard Italian... The today's Italy Northern languages... What people called dialects for quite a while were the original languages of the Italic Peninsula before there was Italy as such or Italian was even attempted to be created and standardised based on several languages of the Peninsula, but mainly the North...

[@esti-od1mz]

@@tuggaboy Stamdard italian stem from a central italian dialect, not from the northern ones

[@Kasfas]

⁠@@esti-od1mz Depends on whether you consider tuscan northern or central. I think a Veneziano, Milanese, or Torinese would consider it “Central”, but it’s likely any Napuliano, Palermitano, or Barese would think of it as northern. Somewhat like how Virginia is a southern US state to someone from Maine, but not to someone from Alabama. Does that make sense?

[@LingoLizard]

Having done research on a bunch of Romance languages for a certain upcoming video, I wanted to chime in that Sardinian also does the /kʷ/ /gʷ/ > /p/ /b/ sound shift.

[@vampyricon7026]

Only some dialects!

[@watchyourlanguage3870]

This Saturday is gonna be wild!

[@octaviantimisoreanu5810]

Yeah. I was about to comment this as well. The old Sardinian language have the /p/ /b/ sound shift similar to Romanian dialects.

[@viperking6573]

​@@watchyourlanguage3870 Heeey if you need help or audio for Sardinian and the evolution of it I'm a Sardinian speaker and I have the book on the evolution of Sardinian phonology written by Max Leopold Wagner(greatest sardinian researcher) 😊

[@maxim_ml]

Some PIE labialized velars turned into bilabials in Greek as well

[@enelabe]

Some tiny remarks about Catalan: 6:14 Catalan's "standard" pronunciation of the "l" is still [ɫ] even if it is gradually getting lost because of Spanish influence! 8:15 Some dialects of Catalan (predominantly in Mallorca but also some dialects in València) also keep the [v] sound.

[@user-uk5qm5fm8g]

I didn't know that about the velarized l I'm a Catalan native and pronouncing for example elefant with a velarized l makes me think of how certain old people speak Diria que en Manel te aquest accent de la l velaritzada haha

[@enelabe]

@@user-uk5qm5fm8g exactly, it's becoming old-fashioned and being reduced to some dialects because it's falling out of use, but for example it's very common to hear it in Catalan media

[@VictorLdVS]

També estaria bé dir que moltes "ll" del català se pronuncien més com a "li", per exemple la paraula "llop" se pronuncia més com "liop" que com "yop" (o sigue que en castellà les "ll" se pronuncien amb la llengua més retreta i en català amb la llengua més avant).

[@enelabe]

@@VictorLdVS no és ben bé "li", es tracta d'un so palatalitzat [ʎ] que, de fet, ja ho explica al video al minut 6:20, mostrant com el mateix so també va aparèixer al castellà però després es va fusionar amb [ʝ] (el so de "y") a molts dialectes.

[@alfonsmartinez9663]

​​@@user-uk5qm5fm8g that's because you must be from Barcelona or because your environment is not catalan speaking. I am catalan and the ll is mostly velarized around me.

[@user-uk5qm5fm8g]

No way no way no way. I'm more excited that this video dropped than how excited I've been for blockbusters coming to cinemas

[@jinengi]

Same omg ahahshsh

[@carmi7042]

About the qua gua/ pa ba shift in Romanian happens in Sardinian too. Infact "Language" is Limba like in Romanian

[@r.m.pereira5958]

Yes, but only in northern Sardinian

[@lunadeargint540]

@@r.m.pereira5958 which is considered the most conservative

[@yehudacavalli3927]

R at the end of words in Portuguese becoming /x/ is only for a couple of dialects of Brazilian Portuguese, the most known is the one spoken in the state of Rio de Janeiro. Because many of actors and the main TV channel is from there, that’s what you hear when you consume Brazilian music and TV shows. However, most speakers in Brazil and all the ones in Portugal speak the final R as the tap one.

[@InRegardsToMetal]

This is a great video but could I recommend that in the future you read the words from the descendant languages in the same order each time? I kept getting confused and having to rewatch those portions of the videos if, for instance, I wanted to focus on how Portuguese changed.

[@watchyourlanguage3870]

If it helps, I read them to where the main change-affected language is at the end, but other than that, I try to keep it geographically consistent, either flowing east-to-west or west-to-east

[@benjaminphilippe2810]

@@watchyourlanguage3870 Then maybe highlight in editing which one you're saying. I had to pause once or twice every time one of those screens came up just so I could find the word being said.

[@StichyWichy21]

​@@watchyourlanguage3870The logic you used to order the languages was apparent (and I think sensible)-it's just difficult to do that mental calculation at speed while trying to take in so much other information. What could help would be to introduce a pause between each 'group' of languages, and highlight the languages as you go along. For a specific example, instead of: "Portuguese noite, Catalan nit, French nuit, Spanish noche, Italian notte…" try either: "…Portuguese noite, Catalan nit, and French nuit; (pause) Spanish noche; (pause) Italian notte…" or: "… became Portuguese noite, Catalan nit, and French nuit; palatalised in Spanish noche; retained gemination in Italian notte…" while also highlighting as you go along. I loved the video otherwise!

[@antoniomultigames4968]

Most notable Portuguese evolution was the fall of N and L Calente - caente - quente Dolor - door - dor Color - coor - cor Celo - ceo - céu Velo - veo - véu Blanco - Branco Animales - animaes - animais Luna - lūa - lua Irmana - irmãa - irmã Perdonar - perdõar - perdoar Pessona - pessõa - pessoa Lana - lãa - lã Mazana - mazãa - maçã . Beyond the "bilis by "vel" Impossível, incrível... Etc

[@rebeccawinter472]

@@watchyourlanguage3870 I definitely picked up on that pattern after a bit. It may be a bit of a pain but adding an animation so that the one you are saying pops up or brightens when saying it could help to keep people oriented.

[@francinze]

Italian viewer here, loved the content. About the shift from the "TI+vowel" pattern, you correctly mentioned that your example "stationem", is a loanword. It was almost literally picked out of the latin dictionary by modern humanists in the Renaissance. Due to the fashion of the time, they left the latin word almost identical and only 'italianized' the ending ('stationem' to 'stazione'), and they adopted the 'z' following the ecclesiastical pronunciation of Latin, which was the one used by the Church at the time (BTW this pronunciation is proven to have no historical connection to Classical OR Vulgar Latin whatsoever). We call this set of words taken from latin on a later stage, 'vocaboli dotti' (cultured words). But there is another child of the latin 'TI', the one that followed the live development of phonology throughout the middle ages. In italian at least, this evolved into 'GI-'. Some examples are: - rationem ("motive, cause") --> ragione ("reason") - stationem ("resting place, stop") --> stagione ("season") As you can see, the two different evolutions also made it to English, through the Normans and the French ('saison' and 'raison' in our case). So if you wonder whether 'desk' and 'disk' are related, yes they come from the exact same word.

[@viperking6573]

I think the words ragione and stagione were brought by occitan speakers or some other way, and the normal Tuscan evolution was /ts/ and /ts:/, like in /lentswolo/

[@francinze]

@@viperking6573 but you see that LENTEOLUM has the TE group, which might have worked differently than TI. Canzone is yet again a new word invented in the Renaissance, which has supplanted the more original 'canto'.

[@viperking6573]

@@francinze I dont think so since TE became TI in vulgar latin, like any E in that position, for example also in BALNEU, and also I don't think canzone was adopted by renaissance humanists, since in other languages it respects the rule ( also in Sardinian which a renaissance-esque group of people would have adopted it as /kantsone/, but it survives today as /kantthone/, /kanthone/, /kantone/, kantsone/ in all variants, and has a different meaning than a song actually, let me check in the Wagner etymological dictionary one sec

[@viperking6573]

​@@francinze Ok yeah, canthone /kan'tθone/ is said to derive from CANTIONE in sardinian according to Wagner, and the meaning of the word is a sung poem, as the canthonariu /kantθo'narju/ is the poet that sings

[@mymylenrok7466]

Romanian also has that shift, but the consonant is silent. "-TI-" became "-CI-" mentio,-nis - minciună (lie) But this is tbh valid mostly for the "-TIO, -TIONIS" endings in latin, which in Romanian evolved into "-CIUNE" rogatio,-tionis - rugăciune (prayer)

[@the_doomcliff]

Great video, as always, but it's a bit too fast to comprehensibly follow. I'd make bigger stops between the sections to separate them a bit.

[@matteo-ciaramitaro]

Important to note that there are many italo dalmatian languages, not just the one. While they're often called dialetti in italy, they are generally understood to be languages of their own right with large differences between them resulting in a large lack of intelligibility. In standard Italian /s/ and /z/ are written with the same letter, but there are minimal pairs if we consider sounds across multiple words, and many many if we consider near minimal pairs, where the difference is not conditional on the environment around the consonant. The problem is that due to the influence of regional languages of italy, s and z lost phonemic distinction in most of Italy. Distinction is preserved in florence, the origin of standard italian.

[@esti-od1mz]

Provo sempre a preservare la distinzione fonetica delle due s, ma purtroppo suona innaturale a praticamente tutti gli italiani. È un peccato avere perso questa distinzione

[@ledues3336]

​@@esti-od1mz Molto interessante, potresti farmi qualche esempio per favore?

[@esti-od1mz]

@@ledues3336 es. presento 〈presènto〉, del verbo presentire, diverso da presento 〈pre∫ènto〉, del verbo presentare)

[@marcopanzironi6612]

Idk about that, since I feel like this distinction isn’t only respected in Florence, but in regions were Tuscan and Median Italian languages are spoken (central Italy basically). Everybody in central Italy is able to distinguish the word for pink and rose thanks to /s/ and /z/

[@RazvanMaioru]

6:03 just a note on the Romanian „oară”, this means "time" in the usage of e.g. "5 times"/"the only time" (although it's not used for "once / one time"). While it's definitely still descended from the same latin root, there's also the word „oră”, meaning "hour", which might make for a better comparison imo. Also at 9:53, „făină” is 3 syllables: [fə'inə], in the same stress pattern as the rest of the languages. Finally, while your pronunciation of „eu” as [jo] is a valid pronunciation and very common in quick speech, „eu” is commonly pronounced on a spectrum [jo~jow~jəw~jew]. There are also speakers that, due to hypercorrection, don't preiotate words like various conjugations of „a fi” (e.g. ești, este, e, eram, erai, etc.) or the pronouns (e.g. ea, el, or indeed eu) so they pronounce it [ew], exactly as written. Basically there's a bunch of ways to pronounce it, including the one you chose. Otherwise great video, it was very interesting and the pronunciation was far better than I've come to expect from online videos not made by native speakers. I fully expected to notice a bunch more mistakes but there really was just the one, the stress on „făină”, which is understandable because the spelling is ambiguous. „Faină”, for example, has the stress pattern you gave despite being spelled very similar. Admittedly that's a loanword from English "fine", but there's also „haină” which also has the same stress.

[@robertescu6435]

Cum zicea bunica "gioacâ", interesant, dacă vrei poți găsi mereu un regionalism mai aproape de latină dacă cauți. In R.Moldova spun "setcă" la "sită", mai aproape de italianul "setaccio".

[@SkyTheHusky]

And, importantly, haină actually has two meanings with different pronunciations: ['haj.nə], meaning cloth, and [ha'i.nə], which is the feminine of hain [ha'in], meaning evil. However neither of these actually come from Latin, the former coming from South Slavic languages and the latter coming from Turkish.

[@TheUltimateLegend7]

Yeah, another thing was "ai". Have you guys ever heard garlic spoken that way?

[@rkblue9452]

Faină si fain sunt preluate din germana, nu engleza, mai exact de la cuvantul "fein".

[@RazvanMaioru]

@@TheUltimateLegend7 it's a rarer regionalism

[@eldeion4146]

To avoid consonant clusters starting with s at the beginning of a word, following the preposition "in", some words in Italian used to get an "i" before them. For instance: "spalla" (shoulder), "in ispalla" (on the shoulders); "strada" (road), "in istrada" (on the road); "scherzo" (joke/prank), "per ischerzo" (as a joke). You can find these expressions in books from just 60 years ago, but now they've completely disappeared, with the exception of "scritto" (writ); "per iscritto" (written/on paper).

[@CasualLifeExperiencer]

It distinctly sounds Manzonian to me

[@RandomGamerES]

That’s the separatist flag of Catalonia. That’s not the flag of Catalonia… it’s like 🟨🟥🟨🟥🟨

[@drunkhousecat]

🤓

[@evfnyemisx2121]

I'm a speaker of the Parmigian dialect of the Emilian language in northern Italy, and I have extensively analyzed it, so I present Latin to Emilian sound changes (all examples will be in Parmigian orthography) Initial /j/ becomes /z/ (iocare > zugär [zu'gɛːr] (to play) /w/ becomes /v/ as in most Romance languages (ventus > vént [vẽnt] /m, n, l, r/ pretty much stay the same, except for final /n/ being backed to /ŋ/ and disappearing in rapid speech (leaving nasalization on the previous vowel) (bonus > bon [bõŋ]) /s/ gets the same treatment as in French, Portuguese and other Gallo-Italic languages, it gets voiced to /z/ and contrasts with the now-degeminated /ss/ > /s/ (passus > pass [pas]; causa > coza ['kɔːza]) /f/ also stays the same and /h/ also disappears /p, t, k/ are voiced to /v, d, g/ between vowels, while their geminated versions survive as /p, t, k/ (lupus > lovv [lɔv], rota > roda ['roːda], mica > miga ['miːɡa]) /b/ lenites to v while d and g stay the same /pl, bl, fl/ clusters become /pj, bj, fj/ like in Italian, while /kl, gl/ become /tʃ, dʒ/ (planta > pjanta ['pjãnta], blancus > bjanch [bjãŋk], florem > fjor [fjoːr], clavem > ciäva ['tʃɛːva], ɡlacies > gias [dʒaːs]) Palatalized versions of /k/ and /g/ turn into /s/ and /z/ (/θ/ and /ð/ in Bolognese) before /ɛ, e, i/ (cinque > sinch [sĩŋk], gelatus > zlä [zlɛː]) /sk/ palatalizes to /s/, while /skl/ becomes /stʃ/ (piscem > pess [pɛs], sclavus > sciav [stʃaːv]) /kw/ and /ɡw/ are retained before /a/, but turn into /k/ and /ɡ/ before front vowels (quattuor > quator ['kwaːtor], ɡuardare > guardär [gwar'dɛːr], quid > che [ke], sanɡuis > sanɡov [sãŋɡov]) and then the vowels... huge mess, but the most distinctive change is a > ɛː before front vowels in the next syllable

[@aroma13]

Some Things about romanian: The dark l sound actually became a w in between vowels, lets take words stea(star),zi(day) and cățea(she-dog), they evolved from latin stella,diella, and catella respectively, but they have archaic and or regional prononciations like steauă, cățeauă and ziuă, which explains their definite forms, also aromanian has these archaisims as the normal forms, mainly steaua/stiau,cătsauă/cătsau and dzua. Also the f-h change of spanish happened in romanian on a dialectal level aswell, in my dialect of romanian, f becomes h before i and e, so fier becomes hier,fiu becomes hiu, and so on, but unlike spanish, the h is still pronounced

[@octaviantimisoreanu5810]

What dialect do you speak?

[@aroma13]

@@octaviantimisoreanu5810 Galați Moldovan, I don't know if this applies to the whole of Moldova, but it's a pretty prevalent sound shift in rural Galați

[@octaviantimisoreanu5810]

@@aroma13 interesting. I never knew they spoke this way in Galati

[@ionbrad6753]

@@aroma13 Bun îi vinu' / jinu' / hinu' ? (3 feluri de pronunție în Moldova) :)

[@jach99]

And it also is always there when you have a definite article cățea -> cățeaua

[@i_ate_a_cat_]

Ladino: 🥲

[@karaqakkzl]

Mozarabic: 💀

[@davidl2684]

Little correction at 7:50, Romanian _leu_ is most likely an older borrowing from Latin, since a directly inherited work would have given _*ieu_ , as it happened with _iepure_ ("rabbit", < Lat. _leporem_ ). The fact that Romanian has both a lot of inherited words AND neologisms from Latin has given rise to many doublets. For instance, Lat. _monumentum_ has been borrowed as Ro. _monument_ , but inherited as Ro. _mormânt_ ("grave"). It's really interesting. Also, /h/ exists in Romanian words of Latin origin, but has developed from /v/ or /f/. For example, the verb _a se holba_ from Lat. _volvere_, or _hier_, regional variant of _fier_ ("iron"). Great job with the video and pronunciation otherwise, I'm happy to have just stumbled upon your channel. :)

[@terragetae1]

Monument nu a dat niciun mormânt. Mormânt este format din verbul “a muri (mor)” + sufixul mânt

[@terragetae1]

Iepure nu este din niciun leporem (ac. de la lepus). Limba albaneză și, parțial, limba română demonstrează originea indo-europeană a acestui radical. Astfel, alb. “lapë” (bucată de piele, lobul urechii, frunză) este cognat cu alb. “lëpush” (urecheat) și alb. “lepur” (iepure). În română avem Lăbuș (nume de câine), precum și lăpuș (brusture), date care justifică o origine traco-dacă ā substantivului iepure. Grecescul λοβός (lob, lobul urechii), λοπός (piele), λοπάς (farfurie plată) sunt cognați cu formele din română și albaneză, ca și latinescul lepus,-oris. Iepure derivă din Proto Indo Europeana “*lep-“ (a coji, a jupui, a spinteca), “*lepos-“ (cârpă). Cognați Indo Europeni: gr. λέπω (a jupui), λοπός (coajă), λώπη (cârpă, petec), alb. lapë (cârpă, frunză, peritoneu), lituan. lapas (frunză), lopas (cârpă, petec), rus. lápitь (a cârpi, a petici), n.g.s. lappen (bucată de cârpă); alți cognați indo europeni sunt românescul lăpuș și lepedeu. Iepure deriva din acest radical Proto Indo European printr-un traco-ilir. *lepo (brusture, ureche mare) > *lepore (iepure) > iepure. Iepure este cognat cu lăpuș, lepedeu și lipan.

[@terragetae1]

Leu într-adevăr este din latină. Nu a avut loc palatalizarea lui “l” urmat de “e”. Nepalatalizarea lui “l” urmat de “e” sau “i” este întâlnită la multe elemente lexicale de proveniență traco-dacă, fenomen care nu are o explicație clară. Prin urmare, acest principiu fonologic trebuie reconsiderat

[@mymylenrok7466]

Yeah, in Moldova many words follow that shift (v -> h) verbum - vorbă - horbă vulpes - vulpe - hulpe vultur - vultur - hultur/hultan

[@terragetae1]

@@mymylenrok7466 Învață lingvistică. Vorbă, vulpe și vultan nu provin din latină

[@brillitheworldbuilder]

WELL, ACTUALLY Catalan's classification is still debated, some put it into Iberian Romance, others into Gallo Romance and again others group it together with Occitan into Occitan Romance which acts as a bridge between the former two. Then again others put the whole group of Occitan Romance into either Iberian or Gallo Romance, but I personally prefer the bridge solution because it seems to be the most neutral one. Also, what most linguists are sure about iirc is that Occitan is Catalan's closest relative

[@fueyo2229]

I'm pretty sure the general consensus among linguists is that it is Occitano-romance

[@user-uk5qm5fm8g]

​@@fueyo2229 it's what I opt with

[@qazsertyer]

I agree, as a catalan native I was surprised on how easy many occitan dialects sound. Also, unfortunately I believe our political situations over centuries have made many linguistic analysis a bit biased. I would argue aragonese is the transition iberic-occitanoromance

[@fueyo2229]

@@qazsertyer Aragonese actually isn't a transition, it's fully occitano-romance (if you look deep into its vocabulary you can see it's purely occitano-romance, as well as similar diphtongs as in Occitan), it's just very influenced by Spanish, Aragonese actually used to be spoken all the way to modern La Rioja and Navarra, those dialects (called Navarrese romance) were actually the transition between ibero romance and occitano-romance

[@bilbohob7179]

@@fueyo2229 You can not put a "line" in the dialectal continuum... There are not transitions... ALL of THEM are "transitions" of Latin

[@Lluis_Cat]

Most Catalan native speakers do dark L, I still do. In fact, when Spanish people mock our accent they always note our Ls.

[@fueyo2229]

Yeah that was weird because many people from most areas of Catalonia I've met speak with that l, even when they are speaking Spanish, and in Valencian I always heard it too, but they don't usually have it in their accent when speaking Spainish

[@n9it]

Taking note of peoples L's is just rude, how dare they 😠

[@chrysocyon7509]

A few things about Portuguese: 1. Ungeminated intervocalic n and l regularly is lost in Portuguese, with n producing nasalization which can then develop in a number of ways including being lost entirely (though this happened in the transition from Medieval Galician-Portuguese to Modern Portuguese and was very easily deciphered in medieval scripts) 2. As a consequence of the previous rule, geminated nn and ll then took on the simple ungeminated form replacing the originals which were now lost 3. Both of those rules only apply if there was no palatalization earlier, i.e. they were not followed by a j 4. Initial gl- is rare in inherited Portuguese words but does develop into l- as seen in glārea > leira, and globellum > lovelo > novelo (this last part is a consequence of dissimilation but lovelo is an attested older form) Plus in general: Most of Latin -tiō (-tiōnem) is generally borrowed differently in Romance languages than their inherited forms, while rare, these inherited developments can be seen in words like satiōnem and ratiōnem for intervocalic development and factiōnem satiōnem Pt: sazão Sp: sazón Ct: saó Fr: saison Unattested in It. or Ro. ratiōnem (many of these languages may also have a borrowed doublet) Pt: razão (borrowed: ração) Sp: razón (borrowed: ración) Ct: raó (borrowed: ració) Fr: raison (borrowed: ration) It: ragione (borrowed: razione) Unattested in Ro. factiōnem Pt: feição (borrowed: facção) Ct: faiçó (borrowed: facció) Fr: façon (borrowed: faction) Unattested inherited form in Sp., It. or Ro.

[@tiagorodrigues3730]

Plus [fl] [cl] [pl] regularly evolved into [ch], except where the words were reborrowed from Latin as in the case of “flor” (the form _chor_ is attested in mediaeval documents, but was displaced).

[@wilhelmseleorningcniht9410]

interestingly, Norman dialects have something like (using Jerriais as an example) faichon instead of façon, and that's part of why English has 'fashion' instead of 'fasion' or something like that (though due to yod coalescence it'd likely still end up pronounced the same. Attested as 'fechoun' in Anglo-Norman)

[@bilbohob7179]

Vos perdestes as "n", (e moitas cousas mais) nos aínda as temos...

[@maxim_ml]

wow, tio turning into gio in italian, I wonder what the Romanian reflex of it is

[@antoniomultigames4968]

Calente - caente - quente Dolor - door - dor Color - coor - cor Celo - ceo - céu Velo - veo - véu Blanco - Branco Animales - animaes - animais Luna - lūa - lua Irmana - irmãa - irmã Perdonar - perdõar - perdoar Pessona - pessõa - pessoa Lana - lãa - lã Mazana - mazãa - maçã . Beyond the "bilis by "vel" Impossível, incrível... Etc

[@grantottero4980]

The official Catalan flag is NOT the so-called "estelada-blava": this latter one is a heavily politically-connoted one.

[@accounts128]

Estelada flag is the BASED flag of Catalonia 💯💯

[@grantottero4980]

@@accounts128 Nothing more false. The truth of what I wrote remains.

[@alessandrobaglioni6846]

As a native Italian, your pronunciation of the language is flawless

[@DHthefox]

Sei sordo

[@alessandrobaglioni6846]

A parte come ha pronunciato "io" non mi sembrava male, scusami se mi sbaglio

[@violet_broregarde]

Fun thing: Spanish -er verbs can't have high vowels in the stem. Every exception is a compound word: suponer = su+poner; palidecer = pálid+ecer, etc. When Latin -ere verbs had high vowels in the stem, they'd either drop the stem vowel (cUrrere => cOrrer [run]) or raise the theme vowel (scribEre => escribIr [write])

[@watchyourlanguage3870]

That is fascinating

[@lofdan]

Correr example is nonsense. Correr is the natural evolution from Latin currere. Escribir comes from Vulgar Latin *scribīre, with gave Old Spanish 'escrevir'. Better examples are lucir < lūcere, cubrir < cooperīre.

[@violet_broregarde]

@@lofdan "nonsense" is a pretty harsh way of putting it when I wasn't even wrong; every latin -ere verb that had a high vowel in the stem is no longer so. It's not like I'm saying this happened all in one event. It's just that after all the sound changes that turned Latin into Spanish, there were no -er verbs with high vowels in the stem except for compound words.

[@lofdan]

@@violet_broregarde in Iberian Vulgar Latin currere was /'korrere/, no high vowel.

[@violet_broregarde]

@@lofdan Right, but BEFORE Iberian Vulgar Latin it DID have a high vowel.

[@mezameku]

oh my god! i can't believe it's actually happening. Thanks for the vid

[@octaviantimisoreanu5810]

What an amazing video. Deserves extra respect because knowing all the romance languages gives you a perspective on the evolution of Latin that not everyone has. Great work.

[@Nevrits]

I forgot about this channel, and almost immediately after I came back, you posted TwT

[@theaveragenormie7151]

15:32 the Romanian -ție/-țiune suffix is borrowed from Latin and is found in neologisms and the inherited one is actually -ciune which is found in inherited words and older borrowings. (mortăciune (corpse), sfiiciune (timidity)). You will not find -ție/-țiune in older words.

[@weepingscorpion8739]

I wish I had the chance to study them but some day seeing languages like Asturian, Aragonese, Judeo-Spanish/Ladino, Walloon, Ligurian, Sardinian, Venetian, and Aromanian in videos like this would be so cool. :)

[@brownie-man2712]

For sure, but I think that would amount to a lot more work, and the six major languages pretty much display all the important sound shifts from classical latin, and I think the main goal of these comparisons is to be as exhaustive as possible

[@weepingscorpion8739]

@@brownie-man2712 Well, yes, but the minor ones have so much going on that it makes the major ones pretty boring. But you're absolutely right about the extra work involved.

[@CristiChiri10]

thank you very much for this video. as a romance language enthusiast (I am romanian), this will really help me out. keep up the good content man! 🔥

[@Sorin5780]

The older form was ”țeară”, more recognizable in respects to its etymon, lat.terra, and it had other meanings than ”country” or ”countryside”. For example, in Vrancea ”ț(e)ară” was the place where agricultural produce were grown, according to 19th c. linguistic inquiry, so a synonym for dated ”agru” (lat.ager, agrum). In other parts ”țeara” was the ”field area” contrasted by the mountainous roum. Another thing, leu ”lion” (lat. leō, pl. leōnēs) had an older form ”lăun” (Viski Manuscript), that I suspect was *lăune in older times (before 16th c.), coming from lat. (accus.) leōnem. Romanian rarely has the nominative forms of Latin (omu, pl.oameni < lat.homō, pl. hominēs), but instead uses the accusative, and the masculine nominative ending -u was lost fairly late in our history. 'Omu' and 'omulu' (”the man”) were still used by writers of late 19th century. fărină is the dated form of 'făină', and 'a zice' (”to say”) or the short&older infinitive 'zicere' had an affricate [ʣ] written with ḑ (a ḑice, ḑicere). Fell gradually out of use since the 18th century, heard only in the countryside as late as 1950. The short infinitive became a noun with the verb's meaning: zicere 'saying'. About gint, the correct form was ginte (lat.gentem), now dated, and gint meant ”born”, as in ”singur gint” ”born alone” (lat. genitus). If inherited, stație would have sounded *stăciune.

[@rpoutine3271]

W is in fact used in French speech and we do use loan words. The whole ''oi'' thing is pronounced ''Wa'' or ''Wei''. The word for bird ''Oiseau'' is pronounced ''Wazo''. Here in Quebec some words starting with Voi (Voir, Voiture, voile, voisinage) can be pronounced with a W in some accents. Apparently in Normandy, where a huge part of our colonizers came from, they really liked the W consonant.

[@NewLightning1]

It definitely didn't come from the original latin /w/

[@rpoutine3271]

@@NewLightning1 In classical latin ''V'' was pronounced as a w sound. This is why the word vinum became ''wine'' in English. Indeed in latin the sentence ''Vini, vidi, vici'' was pronounced weːniː ˈwiːdiː ˈwiːkiː

[@NewLightning1]

@@rpoutine3271 No, no. I meant the french [w] sound didn't come from the original (w) sound from latin. Not that it doesn't have a [w] sound

[@charliesandoval9277]

Great video, explanation, and examples. I paused the video a few times to take it all in. Thx!

[@fueyo2229]

In Asturian there's a thing called "methaphonetic expressions" which is like if the stressed syllabe is a closed or open vowel it changes all the other vowels in a word, this happens usually with diminutives, for example "pequeñu" (small) but "piquiñín" (very small), but also happens dialectically, for example in most dialects "esparder" but in some southern dialects "ispardir" (to spread). The word "fégado" ends in -o, something unusual in Asturian but in the dialects that do generalized methaphonetic changes it is "fígadu", the e closing to i also made the -o close to u. Central Asturian also has some kind of gemination, although it is not written, we often geminate consonants clusters like aspectu is pronounced aspettu, dialectu is pronounced dialettu, (but it is not written), and btw Asturian also has a /h/ as did Old Spanish, which serves for some words of recent germanic origin (like guahe from german wagen). That tse - the sound change happend in all iberian languages except Portuguese, and Mirandese as well as certain southern Leonese dialects keep the that old s sound that later became th in Spanish. The Romanian "poarta" reminds of a Cuideiru Asturian dialect that actually does [wa] diphtongs (puarta), in Western Asturian it is [wo] (puorta) and central it's like spanish, puerta.

[@srduna1652]

Great video! Just a heads up as I wanted to point out that using the normal "Senyera quatribarrada" that is the current official flag in catalonia would have been better as not only it's the actual official flag, but it is also inclusive of speakers in Valencia, Mallorca and other places, as it is also a traditional ensign over here. The flag you used, the "Senyera Estelada" or just "Estelada" is linked with the nationalist movement in Catalonia and is only a Struggle Flag, meant to represent Catalonian struggle for independence and might not be inclusive of other national, political and cultural sensibilities in the Catalan-speaking lands.

[@lunadeargint540]

well, the Spanish empire is glad for that: divide et impera

[@srduna1652]

@@lunadeargint540 Unrelated. The division between Valencian, Catalan and Mallorcan goes back to the 14th century and isn't a product of Spanish Imperialism of any sort.

[@marcb08]

Valencia and Balear Islands have their own flags...

[@Andrei-gx3po]

This is great work! Felicitări! 🎉🎉🎉

[@nadrini300]

Subscribed right away after finishing this educational yet entertaining content

[@t.sebastiao9824]

Great video! I kinda wish that in the word pronouciation diagrams you'd separate european portuguese and brazilian portuguese, because SO many of those portuguese words have different phonetics in european portuguese. Just a nitpick tho :))

[@themanjaebla]

My interpretation is that "il" and "i" come from vulgar latin beginnings"IL-lo" and "I-gli"; and "la" and "le" come from "il-LA" and "il-LE". The masculine forms "lo" and "gli" come from the final syllables "il-LO" and "i-GLI" before S consonant clusters such as "st” and "sp" since the "s" had to borrow a vowel from the previous word.

[@diemme568]

eh ... giusto, infatti

[@tuluppampam]

While it isn't particularly important, as an Italian native speaker I found the pronounciation of Io very odd. I, along with other speakers, pronounce it as [i:o], and the [o] may very well be short. I don't know if it is a dialectal thing or not, but I don't think it is.

[@GhastlessGibus]

Non sono una madrelingua, ma anch'io ho pensato che la sua pronuncia dello 'io' era srana haha

[@diemme568]

@@GhastlessGibus well.... you've got to listen to yourself carefully: sometimes it does sound like "jo" depending to the way you're speaking: "io (me ne) vado" (= "I'm off the pot" - almost literally: "I myself go away from here") can be pronounced like "I:o me ne vado" to stress that it's me, who's going" but when you're in a hurry and say "well now I'm off" it CAN (not always but sometimes) sound like "beh jova:do" and in that case it's a "jo". This happens in southern dialects more pronouncedly, especially the centre-south western: toscano, laziale, campano, calabrese - even siciliano (almost sound like "ghiovaado" ) although it it's not uncommon in northern standard italian speech. >> northern dialects instead don't have "io" in any shape or form, we use a derivation of accusative "me" ("mi", "me" etc...) in the nominative too

[@tuluppampam]

@@diemme568 the usual pronunciation is [i:o], but in fast speech it obviously gets eroded in dialects that use it often. In northern dialects you use it only for emphasis, so it really never gets eroded.

[@diemme568]

@@tuluppampam yeah not really in dialects (in the north they're disappearing anyway) but in standard speech with a northern OR southern accent. For the DIALECTS, however, as a half northerner / half southerner I can tell that the situation is even more fluid ;-) : *1)* in the north, dialects form the 1st person sing. with derivation of "ME" _mi mangi, mi voo_ (milanese) so no problem here; *2)* in the south, where 1st sing. forms are generally constructed with a derivation of "EGO", generally you tend to have the "J" _"jejx m'n vajx" - "so' stat' jejx a ffà sta cos'"_ (napolitano var. abruzzese altosangrino - the fricative *(jx)* sounds *palatal* like the "ch in german after e, i, ä, ö, ü: _"pech, dich, bücher"_ and not *velar* like after a, o, u: _"bach, doch, fluch"_ ) *3)* the nominative forms with *(jx)* are often substituted with contracted forms Jejx >> I' : _"I'm' n' vajx"_ (io me ne vado) _"I'nen chepisch"_ (io non capisco) etc...

[@tuluppampam]

@@diemme568 I just wanna say that those southern dialects you've mentioned could very easily be called their own language. In any case, it is interesting to hear from someone who supposedly has more experience in multiple dialects.

[@CristiChiri10]

so I finished watching this video. And yeah like I said previously, this video really helped me imagine how the majority of the romance languages evolved, and now everything that I’ve wondered for so long about got answered right here in this video. Thank you very much. Looking forward to Romance grammatical evolution.

[@enelabe]

I was waiting so hard for this video!!!!!!

[@InAeternumRomaMater]

Well, the Latin "d" sound in Romanian used to be "dz" until it was dropped in the 19th century. So back in the day Romanian "Zice" was written as "Dzice", though it is worth stating that Romanian used to have the letter "D̦" which was pronounced with "dz" sound, so we wrote it as D̦ice. And the same goes for all this words: Audi>Aud̦i (m. Auzi[Eng: "to hear") Videre>Ved̦i (m. Vezi[Eng: "to see") Deus>D̦eu (m. Zeu[Eng: "God" mostly a pagan one) Decem>D̦ece (m.Zece[Eng: number 10). So for the latter, at minute 14:45 you would write Cincispred̦ece. Though it was changed in 19th c. from dz>z, the pronunciation of "z" as "dz" is still found in today’s Romania mostly around the countryside; mostly seen as "peasant pronunciation" by modern standards of the Romanian language. I loved the video so much that I subscribed and I saved the video in my playlist. Hopefully you will make more videos about the Romance languages especially about Romanian and its evolution from Latin and also the relationship between Romanian and the other Eastern-Romance language (e.g Aromanian).

[@mirelchirila]

I'm a simple man, I hear "i've learned romanian" I subscribe

[@2712animefreak]

I really like the Romanian ea and oa diphthongs for some reason. It seems that Romanian also had an /l/ -> /r/ shift at some point because Latin Sol became Romanian Soare.

[@ruben4447]

Yeah u always noticed that about Romanian and it sounds nice. I think they are only found in Romanian which makes them very unique to the Romanian language.

[@terragetae1]

This shift happened directly from Proto Indo European to Romanian through Thraco-Dacian. Romanian soare derives from Proto Indo European *seh2ul- (sun)

[@terragetae1]

Romanian soare is cognat with Sanskrit suvar (sun) and Sanskrit surya (sun)

[@oravlaful]

word and syllable final might be retroflex or an alveolar tap in brazil too

[@Le_Weeping_God]

I like this little mini series, it would be interesting to see the sound changes between the different Slavic Languages

[@adrianokury]

Loved the video, to the point of postponing everything else I was planning to do for 21 minutes.

[@yamameeven967]

I love it how this sounds like you are talking to romans from the past how their language spread and changed with time and what the changes are

[@unimaginative5352]

Great video! With regards to 4:38, I just wanted to point out that oïl languages that were very thoroughly influenced by Germanic languages ( such as Picard for instance ) do use the w in many common words ( arwetcher, warder, wigner, for watch, keep, whine, etc ). Love your work!

[@kevinbwtauer4190]

As a Portuguese speaker, I am very impressed with your pronunciation, which many have difficulty pronouncing

[@ConlangKrishna]

Wow, that was compact and precise!

[@viorp5267]

useful as hell. There is belive it or not no good compilation of this

[@onmyway3139]

haven't watched it but I love it already

[@bartoszwojciechowski2270]

I love your memes in the background, they're so silly, especially the Joker ones

[@rebutglobal]

switching language so fast to do all these different pronunciations is impressive!

[@eefaaf]

I think I picked up somewhere that Gascon also has the f>h change. Which could of course also be caused by Basc influence. Or Castilian and Gascon influencing each other.

[@qwertyonggovids]

Some Spanish words that you would expect to start with 'h' but have 'f' instead (familia, facil vs hierro, harina) exist because they were relatively recent loanwords introduced by the clergy and the learned men who still romanticize the language Spanish came from. Take not that all words ignoring the f>h>0 rule have a religious theme, words that you would only expect to hear from the local priest's pulpit.

[@funniestrumham]

awesome video!! as a spanish native speaker, learner of catalan and italian, and forgetter of french, here’s some tidbits i’ve noticed while studying the languages: 1. latin [ks] develops differently in every language, though it tends to either simplify or palatalize. in catalan it very regularly turns to [ʃ] (‘eix’ from axem, ‘maixella’ from māxillam). in spanish it initially turned to [ʃ] before developming further into [x], probably with [ç] as an intermediary (‘eje’, ‘mejilla’); the actual realization of it can kinda vary, but in my variety it’s much closer to [h]. in italian i’ve seen it be both [s] (‘asse’) and [z] (‘esercito’, from exercitum), but, as with all romance languages, i imagine there was a lot of influence from regional languages into the standard. when it comes to borrowings it tends to be kept as [ks] in catalan and spanish (māximus -> màxim, máximo) but gets italianized in, well, italian (massimo) 2. the written cluster ‘ns’ disappears in every language (spōnss-> sp. esposa, cat. esposa, it. sposa), but in spanish and catalan it seems to have been readded through written influence, which didn’t happen in italian: thus giving us sp. construcción and cat. construcció, but it. costruzione 3. the shift from ‘LI + vowel’ into [x] in spanish, though rare interlinguistically, it’s pretty common intralinguistically! it happens in molliāre -> mojar (see cat. mullar), paleam -> paja (cat. palla, it. paglia) and meliōrem -> mejor (cat. millor, it. migliore/meglio). something similar happens with the cluster [kl] intervocalically, when it happens as a result of vowel reduction: speculum -> spec’lu -> espejo (cat. espill (valencià), it. specchio), oculum -> oc’lu -> ojo (cat. ull, it. occhio). it’s a very useful sound change, insofar as it helps in spotting archaic words or borrowings, such as ‘muralla’ or ‘batalla’ instead of ‘*muraja’ and ‘*bataja’. 4. the exact sound value of ‘ll’ in spanish varies a lot, even when taking yeísmo into account. i say it as [dʒ], for both ‘y’ and ‘ll’; i’ve heard it been said as [ʝ], [ʎ], [j], [ʒ], [ʃ], and more. i believe a similar process happens in catalan and especially italian: the teacher who taught me couldn’t pronounce ‘gli’ correctly, per her own admission. 5. lots and lots of excepcions!! there are many “minor” languages spread through the whole romance-speaking world, and local varieties are also very influencial when it comes to day to day speech. overall an amazing video!! really thrilled to see a vast topic covered as cohesively and succintly: these ~20 minutes were basically an introductory semester to romance linguistics insofar as phonetics are concerned lol

[@skinkroot]

I'm glad you've set the story straight on vulgar latin as simply a development of what was standardised in classical latin. I see so many misinformed people trying to claim that classical latin is "constructed" and was never spoken, or that vulgar latin was somehow a language that developed in parallel from old latin.

[@Hispanity]

Interesting and good video. Just one thing, that's not the flag of Catalonia, but that of the separatists. The flag of Catalonia only has red and yellow stripes.

[@pedrosmith4529]

That flag in Cataluña is NOT THE OFICIAL FLAG, but the radical independentist flag.

[@novaace2474]

Can’t wait for the grammar video!

[@Bronze_Age_Sea_Person]

Funny how these variations in Latin that would become Romance languages are happening in Brazil right now. For example, every region as it's own phoneme for r, like the "American r" for the Caipira dialect of São Paulo, the /x/ and the /ch/ replacing /s/ for the Carioca dialect and the return of the trill in the South. Meanwhile, things like elision and syncope being very present outside the south, cutting and merging phonemes like a mad frenchman, and even vowel harmony of all things starting to appear in the Northeast. Consonants like /e/ and /o/ becoming /i/ and /u/ at the end of words or when not stressed( still allophonic variants though) , which are affected by syncope and merging with the beginning of the next word, although being kept as /e/ and /o/ in Southern accents, forming the "Sotaque Parananense" where I live. Also, /t/ becoming /tch/ outside the south. Also, the complete drop of plurals, both in verbs and nouns. "Colloquial" Brazilian Portuguese, more and more, just pluralize the articles before nouns to mark for number and don't conjugate verbs at all for plural, and making the verb system quite more "Americanized", relying a bit more on auxiliar verbs like "ter", our translation for "to have" or "ir", our equivalent of "to go". One good example is the fact we have a pluperfect form, and no one uses it. Instead, we rely on the "ter" auxiliary, and the form is almost a literal version of how you make the pluperfect form in English. If we include the tons of different vocabularies where it's a miracle that a Gaúcho and a Nordestino can still understand each other( What do you expect from a places so distant, that is on temperate zone, not even tropical, and other that is just south of Equator), I give 400 years that Brazilian Portuguese will form lots of Brazilian languages, forming it's own Branch of Portuguese languages.

[@Lytchi_]

How do you learn languages? I've had a hard time learning smaller languages and trying to find resources on them

[@user-uk5qm5fm8g]

I wanna add that in Catalan, I could mention at least one example where LL (not before I) is not palatalized (just like French and Occitan): "estel," A synonym for "estrella," favoured for being an older and more genuine word of catalan (not taken from spanish after this one has processed the word with its palatalization)

[@oravlaful]

also became /ʃ/ in argentina. don't know if in all positions

That's exactly what the video says.

[@12ze34]

Could watch this all night!

[@justyn_n]

Love these, please do one for the Slavic languages!

[@awdwadda-mj6pw]

by the way some dialects of br portuguese like mine pronounce [x] as [h] in the nucleus of a syllable if the nucleus is "r" some dialects also use liquid r, [ʁ], [ɾ] or just nothing in places where [x] would be used in "r" in syllable codas

[@keldeori3059]

I love the video. The fact that in romanian when you count from 11 to 99 or even higher there is always a way to make it shorter. (11) Unsprezece? Nah -> Unșpe, (12) Doisprezece? Nah -> Doișpe, (63) șaizeci și trei? Nah -> Șai'ș trei, (341) Trei Sute Patruzeci și Unu? Nah -> Trei sute patru'ș unu =)))) I don't even know how to write them, we just use them in conversations.

[@fabiosahadewabrigida9053]

Some portuguese word changed their pronunciation because of "relatinization" in writing. For example "flor" (flower) is not the natural mutation of lat. florem. The old pronunciation was "frol". Same thing for example happend for "planta" (plant). The old pronunciation was "chanta" (pl>ch is still present in some words like "chuva" (lat. Pluva) ecc)

[@chcomes]

Another point about vowels- in eastern catalan unstressed o -> u, unstressed e -> a, and generally in catalan there are open and closed a, e and o, which come from their own sound shifts

[@kubonsdl9609]

will u do this but with slavic languages as well?

[@watchyourlanguage3870]

Of course, when I fulfill my Slavic language requirements (I’m currently studying my fourth, will need two more)

[@thierryf67]

Occitan could have been a good addition, between catalan, french and italian. It's a cousin/brother language of catalan (they were mergee at some point of history), and many french words came from occitan, especially in the middle age, with troubadour influences.

[@randomguy-tg7ok]

8:05 - I've heard some Spanish speakers claim that b and v have actually _un-merged_ in some variants of (especially North) American Spanish, simply because b and v _aren't_ merged in English. Do you know if there's any truth to this?

[@watchyourlanguage3870]

Can't say for certain, but from what I've heard from Spanish speakers in this country (as in, what I've heard out of their mouths in terms of pronunciation), I'd say it's likely

[@pawel198812]

I have heard some Spanish speakers use a soft b/v after words and morphemes ending in N (like con, en etc), e.g. con+veniente or en+vez+de. I don't know if it's a sort of spelling pronunciation or if they drop the N fully and nasalize the vowel but I do find it strange

[@Mac_an_Mheiriceanaigh]

In the sense that "blanco" is pronounced with more of a /b/ and "estaba" with more of a /v/, then sure. If you're saying that people are going back to how things were spelled, then definitely not.

[@danieledaroma1446]

Well done!

[@flaviospadavecchia5126]

Great video, would have been interesting to see Sardinian included. It's especially noteworthy when it comes to the vocalic system and plosives! Small correction: the Italian "io" is pronounced /'io/ [ˈiːo̞] so it's actually closer to the Latin "ego".

[@momomox.07]

I'm glad you exist

[@oportbis]

Talking by dropping consonnants at the end in French, many know that the final r in the end of verbs ending in -er has been dropped a long time ago but in some dialects of French, it is also happenning to other final r's at the end of verbs ending in -ir and -oir

[@ptsaturn]

As for “st” and the definitive article in Italian, I think it is merely euphonic; lo/gli are used in many cases when the noun starts with 2 consonants (lo gnomo, lo spreco), or a “z”, which is then pronounced geminated (lo zaino) You blew my mind with italian vowel/consonant lenght combination: as a native speaker I had never noticed it! I spent 5 minutes trying it out!

[@anoldretiredelephant]

15:45 doesnt simply palatalise everywhere, it only softens before front vowels. like your example it. "scudo". also when you write geminate affricates in romance write it like [mad͡ːʒo] not [mad͡ʒːo] since they give very different phonetic values.

[@Ahmed-pf3lg]

It seems like Catalan is like a combination of Spanish, Italian and French French is a combination of Italian with Germanic sounds Portuguese is a combination of French and Spanish Italian is a combination of French and Spanish Romanian is a combination of Italian and Slavic sounds Spanish is a combination of Italian and Portuguese!

[@unanec]

Read about "dialectal continuum"

[@LeroyUrocyon]

Sardinian is a mix of Italian and Portuguese And Romansh is a mix of french, italian and high german languages

[@miiiiiiiiiiii]

Great video! Could you please list the sources you've used for making this video? I'd love to read some more on this :)

[@watchyourlanguage3870]

I sort of just used my vocabulary from the respective languages and compared them… outside of that, Wiktionary where I had gaps

[@rhorho6538]

Phonetic alphabet is so great because i speak one of these languages natively and you prononciation is spot on, and you're clearly an actual linguist 😅

[@oglinda]

what a work you've done! Greets to all our latin friends from the Republic of Moldova

[@gamesforlife2670]

Ik its a small detail, but i noticed a slight mispronounciation in the romanian word for wind. It's not a big issue, but you didn't pronounce the 't' at the end Also for anyone wondering abt the romanian article problem, we have the words "o" and "un" which both mean "a" but are gender specific however the problem comes with the word for "the". In spanish there are the words lo la los las but in romanian there is no word for it, it just changes the ending, e.g in spanish "autobús" becomes "el autobús" but in romanian "autobuz" becomes "autobuzul" im pretty sure the most common endings for these are the adding of the -ul for masculine words and the changing from the letter "ă" to "a" if the word is feminine

[@cyganskadywizjapiechoty]

This is the exact video I've been waiting for in my life

[@mc5574]

16:36 The relatinisation of romance languages is very interesting yet largely uncovered topic. I hope you will make a video someday about this.

[@Jokanb97]

A note on the portuguese pronunciations: The words ending in r only have the [x] in the brazilian dialect, european portuguese uses [ɾ] or [r] in the ending of words. In my accent it flower, cough and have would be [floɾ] , [tu'siɾ] and [teɾ]

[@ionbrad6753]

So interesting!

[@sortingoutmyclothes8131]

Small thing, "y/ll" are NOT pronounced like an "sh" in Chile, not at all. You're thinking of Argentina and Uruguay, not Argentina and Chile. Also, the more widespread pronunciation is actually "zh", like the "s" in "usually," the "sh" is mostly in Buenos Aires city, Montevideo, and their respective surrounding areas.

[@user-uk5qm5fm8g]

Yess I thought so but I wasn't sure Yes, the Spanish of Argentina and Uruguay falls into the Rioplatense category, a dialect I'm in love with

[@gonzalo_rosae]

that's the independentist catalan flag 😅😂

[@accounts128]

And its extremely based 💯💯💯💯

[@Alex-2408-arg]

​@@accounts128"Cuba 2.0"

[@mirkobongiorno168]

I speak Sicilian and I think the most interesting feature is the retroflex consonants. They basically came from the consonant clusters /str/ /(t)tr/ and /(d)dr/ (for example, street is [ˈʂɽa:ta] or [ˈʂ:a:ta], and most notably, with the geminated /ll/ becoming /ɖɖ/, as in Sardinian

[@Eddie_Barzoon]

From an Italian, you did a great job!

[@user-uk5qm5fm8g]

Can anyone tell me about the geminated Ls in Spanish and Catalan like in il·lusió / Ilusión? Did only geminated Ls preceding certain vowels turn into a diferent sound?

[@watchyourlanguage3870]

I believe it’s because that’s a prefix, but there may be more to the story

[@GazilionPT]

16:53 In Portuguese, it's more complex than that. While it's true that some "pl" changed to "pr" (e.g. "platea" > "praça", "plata" > "prata"), in many other cases "pl" changed to "ch" (e.g. "pluvia" > "chuva", "plumbum" > "chumbo", "planus" > "chão"). Regarding "gl", in some cases it also changed to "gr" (e.g. "glus, glutis" > "grude"). I don't know if I was distracted, but it seems you forgot the cluster "fl". Here, again, two different outcomes occurred in Portuguese: in some cases "fl" changed to "fr" (e.g. "flaccus" > "fraco"), but in some other cases "fl" also changed to "ch" ("flama" > "chama").

[@andrewcoates4952]

Just to note that in Tarantino dialect (and by larger extension dialects around Puglia) still make extensive use of the j (pronounced like an English Y)

[@benitodifrancesco7254]

I’m Sicilian and I’ll tell you our dialect preserved a lot of stuff from latin, like the nasal n sound and the dark, l even the i+vowel like the word “maiu” which means may, also in sicilian scudo is scutu, this is so trippy, even the way tend to put the verb at the end of the phrase like the Romans did, we only do it when replying to a question though, for example if someone asked me “where were you?” I’d say “a casa era” meaning I was home, but if I weren’t replying I’d say “era a casa”