Hybrid Orbitals explained - Valence Bond Theory | Orbital Hybridization sp3 sp2 sp

This video explains the hybridization of carbon's, nitrogen's, and oxygen's valence orbitals in a bond, including single, double, and triple bonds. Explained are orbital overlap, sigma and pi bonds, and hybrid orbitals in carbon (sp³, sp², sp) using ethane, ethene, and ethyne; in nitrogen using ammonia (including lone pairs); and in oxygen using water (including lone pairs). Timings for the different hybridizations: 1:01 sp³, 5:23 sp², 8:10 sp, 10:21 ammonia, NH3; 11:15 water, H2O.
More on Hybrid Orbitals -- Wikipedia
"In chemistry, hybridisation (or hybridization) is the concept of mixing atomic orbitals into new hybrid orbitals (with different energies, shapes, etc., than the component atomic orbitals) suitable for the pairing of electrons to form chemical bonds in valence bond theory. Hybrid orbitals are very useful in the explanation of molecular geometry and atomic bonding properties. Chemist Linus Pauling first developed the hybridisation theory in 1931 in order to explain the structure of simple molecules such as methane (CH4) using atomic orbitals.[2] Pauling pointed out that a carbon atom forms four bonds by using one s and three p orbitals, so that "it might be inferred" that a carbon atom would form three bonds at right angles (using p orbitals) and a fourth weaker bond using the s orbital in some arbitrary direction. In reality however, methane has four bonds of equivalent strength separated by the tetrahedral bond angle of 109.5°. Pauling explained this by supposing that in the presence of four hydrogen atoms, the s and p orbitals form four equivalent combinations or hybrid orbitals, each denoted by sp3 to indicate its composition, which are directed along the four C-H bonds.[3] This concept was developed for such simple chemical systems, but the approach was later applied more widely, and today it is considered an effective heuristic for rationalising the structures of organic compounds. It gives a simple orbital picture equivalent to Lewis structures. Hybridisation theory finds its use mainly in organic chemistry.Hybrid orbitals are assumed to be mixtures of atomic orbitals, superimposed on each other in various proportions. For example, in methane, the C hybrid orbital which forms each carbon-hydrogen bond consists of 25% s character and 75% p character and is thus described as sp3 (read as s-p-three) hybridised. Quantum mechanics describes this hybrid as an sp3 wavefunction of the form N(s + √3pσ), where N is a normalisation constant (here 1/2) and pσ is a p orbital directed along the C-H axis to form a sigma bond. The ratio of coefficients (denoted λ in general) is √3 in this example. Since the electron density associated with an orbital is proportional to the square of the wavefunction, the ratio of p-character to s-character is λ2 = 3. The p character or the weight of the p component is N2λ2 = 3/4.
The amount of p character or s character, which is decided mainly by orbital hybridisation, can be used to reliably predict molecular properties such as acidity or basicity."
Wikipedia contributors. "Hybrid orbital." Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia. Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia, 4 May. 2017. Web. 4 May. 2017.
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Probably the best video explaining this that I've found yet.

[@user-wb5go3mp1t]

So true. Suffered 4 days not understanding this thing but the suffering ended as soon as I found this video.

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Me too, and i'm even not an English speaker •~°

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Yes it helped me too

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Congratulations

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@Sarcadistic wait you all learn this in college? we did it in 11th grade

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I've seen many explanations of this online, but yours is by far the best. I'm a teacher myself, but also a learner, so I really appreciate your efforts. Pity so very few views. Keep on keepin' on! Thanks.

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Thanks!!

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The best teachers are life-long learners.

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After crying over chemistry homework all week because every explanation I have found about this has been punishingly complicated, THANK YOU. This was exactly what I needed, in plain and understandable language. I just needed someone to say THESE ARE WHAT MAKE UP SINGLE, DOUBLE, and TRIPLE bonds.

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I loved when you overlapped the images of the different models, that really cleared up the concept well. This was a truly incredible revision video! Will share it with my friends. Thank you so much.

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Great! Thanks for sharing!

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The ONLY video online that finally helped me understand and VISUALIZE this concept. Thank you!!!!!!!

[@CrashChemistryAcademy]

You're welcome!

[@serene9532]

I always come back to this video. It explains literally _everything_ related to the topic, and does a *good* job at getting the point across. If I didn't watch this I doubt I would've grasped the hybridization concept, which is notoriously difficult for students studying it for the first time...So thank you for making this! ^__^

[@CrashChemistryAcademy]

Thanks for your comment!

[@DanielDavies-StellularNebulla]

I just started an online biochem course and this was the first thing they covered.. I was so lost even after watching a different crash course chemistry video, but then I found this one, and particularly the start of this vid did a GREAT job explaining exactly what hybridisation is and how it works! Thanks heaps!

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I've been so confused about hybridization for such a long time, but this video has cleared all my doubts. The best I've seen. Thank you sir!

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This is so awesome. I understood from beginning to end, something sorely missing than the other vids I looked at. Very clear, and your illustrations really nailed it. Thank you!!!!!!!!!!!

[@anne-sophieoest1162]

Thank you for explaining especially how the naming of the hybrid orbitals come from. It's really great to see a thorough explanation. It's great that you take the time to explain something that others omit because it may seem obvious to other teachers/channels teaching chimistry.

[@CrashChemistryAcademy]

Thanks for the comment!

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God bless you. My exam is in 20 minutes and I finally understand this concept.

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I missed the class when this was taught, and have been so confused ever since, I had absolutely no clue what hybridization even was. This was so incredibly helpful, it all makes so much sense now. Thank you so much for the great video!

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You have a great way of explaining this AND a great visualization tool. Conceptualizing has been my biggest hurdle in chemistry so far, but this video was a great help! Checking out your other videos now. Thank you so much! The stress has been killin me!

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I'm an AP Chem teacher andd this by far one of the best ones I've seen. You have GREAT animations that are going to be super helpful in distance learning.

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Thank so much, it's always gratifying to hear from teachers!

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I've been scouring youtube to help me understand hybridization but I've never had it explained to me so clearly before. Thank you sir, you may have just saved my midterm grade yet

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This is the best video on youtube explaining hybrid orbitals. So detailed and breaks everything down so it's easy to see and comprehend. Thank you!

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[@cold4882]

I almost broke down in tears, finally understand this. thank you

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Finally! The best and well explained video about Hybrid Orbitals!!! Everything makes much more sense when it is presented using 3D figures. Thank you so much, Sir!

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LITERALLY THE BEST VIDEO OUT THERE FOR HYBRIDISATION. Took me 2 years and would've taken a lot more if not for this. Thank you so much

[@scottdorfler2551]

Really well done 👏 The graphics are perfect. I think I finally understand the why of sp1, sp2, and sp3. Wish I'd found this video a year ago. Thank you!!!

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Those graphics really make it all make sense. Very high quality video.

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Understanding this made my life so much easier.....my prof cannot explain anything and opting to youtube is always the best option i have...

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This video has taught me more than my college professor has taught me in multiple 2 hour lectures. Thank you for this.

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I’m watching this currently on my playstation, but it’s that good that I’ve came onto my phone just to say how good it is! Thankyou so much

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This is the best video explaining Hybrid Orbitals I have found! I have struggled understanding this for a while, but this has cleared up everything!

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Thank you so much , every other video would skip around and not explain everything simply i’ve been watching for hours and im finally starting to understand

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By far the best explanation of this complex concept, It's one of those ideas you can't really understand from a textbook the Diagrams were legendary. I've seen on this site. Will definitely recommend you to my peers.

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Thank you!!

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I just love your pace of explanation, you're the only person who made me understand this, visualisation is key, thank you for dedicating your time into this video :")

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Thanks! I appreciate your comment.

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this is the best video I found on hybridization and orbitals, I've been struggling to understand this for WEEKS, and now it finally clicked. THANK YOU

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Thank you for explaining this so well! I’ve been struggling with understanding it until I saw your video, now it makes complete sense.

[@seoyeon9975]

omg idk why but that donkey and horse thing just made me understand so easily

[@leahthelyon]

I've watched probably a thousand or so other videos and read online articles about hybridization and I desperately wish that I had seen this one first. It answered so many other questions that other videos caused me to ask from the confusion they caused me by not being as clear or thorough as you!!!!! (I'm about to overelaborate and include a lot of timestamps so when I inevitably forget something I can come back here and immediately go to a reference point!) I had the hardest time visualizing a pi bond as two separate areas and this video made it a little more clearer about how it is a single bond that the electrons can move between (7:29) (I couldn't get over the node in the p orbital where there's no chance of electrons being found so I couldn't understand how electrons were moving within the two areas between each lobe of the p orbital! This helped with that by simply showing that they can exist in either area at any time(7:21)) and I significantly appreciate the effort taken to show how the models were changing, like at 4:25, 4:47, and 5:20 because it's very easy to get lost with 3D models. 10:17 makes me want to cry bc it's clarity is so beautiful!!!!!!!! And I spent so long trying to figure out why water was hybridized because it always thought CH4 hybridized solely to make space for four bonds, but in water, the oxygen already had space for the two bonds with hydrogens, so the experimental explanation (1:35) and equal force explanation (3:48) (even though the lone pairs in water make it a little less equal (aaaaaaaaa)) at the beginning was helpful for understanding the real purpose of hybridization. It's awful how long I stared at my ball and stick model of H2O trying to figure out how this bent shape was considered tetrahedral and googling and watching so many videos trying to figure it out. If only I saw this first

[@CrashChemistryAcademy]

Thank you so much for your kind comments. I had fun making this video. :-)

[@preethimuthukumaran2445]

This video saved my life. Thank you so much for making this concept much more clear than my currently seeming useless textbook!

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I've struggled with hybridization and orbitals for a while now, despite multiple lectures and reading texts. For some reason these videos just clicked with me. On behalf of my OChem grade, THANK YOU!

[@CrashChemistryAcademy]

Thanks and very glad to help!

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That was beautiful. Went straight to long term memory. There was this weird light bulb kept going on above my head.

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Yea, I need to get one of those light bulbs.

[@blissfulfragrance2511]

Thanks, this video *really* helped! Edit: Just wanted to point out 3:27 should be "each *2p* orbital" instead of "each *2s* orbital"

[@asifsal7124]

I also noticed that error, but fortunately I had made the subtitle ON which shows the correct wording: "each 2p orbital".

[@haeyba]

The only video that makes me understand fully! THANK YOU SO MUCH IVE BEEN CLUELESS ABOUT THIS TOPIC FOR WEEKS

[@jasonnguyen3224]

The visuals and diagrams in this video is so good. The way you show the bonds from and the hybridization, along with the explanation make this one of the best explanation videos. Awesome job

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This made me wonder if you can hug a video. Thank you so much from the bottom of my heart 🙏

[@CrashChemistryAcademy]

Thanks so much for such a thoughtful comment! (and hugging a video is entirely appropriate.)

[@blissfulfragrance2511]

Crash Chemistry Academy Haha I didn't know that😆😆 Anyways sir, I had a doubt, wonder if you you could help me with it~ 10:42 why does the *2s* combine with the *2p* since the former is already filled and will not be able to form any bonds? Why does it still combine with the 2p to form a hybrid orbital?

[@CrashChemistryAcademy]

The hybrid model was developed to account for certain molecular characteristics such as bond angles, bonding pair energy, and three dimensional placement of atoms in a molecule. The hybridization in this case serves to explain the bond angle in ammonia being close to 109.5 degrees. This would not occur without hybridization, meaning the hydrogen bonding would occur with p orbitals, which are 90 degrees apart, while four hybrid orbitals are 109.5 degrees apart, thus the hydrogens are bonding to hybrid orbitals. Hope that makes sense!

[@blissfulfragrance2511]

Crash Chemistry Academy Ah okay. Thanks for replying!!

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You're god among man! Thank you so much for this!

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I finally get it after, like, watching ten other clips about orbital hybridization from other people. THANK YOU!!

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I struggled to understand this for one whole semester and I finally get it! Thank you so much.

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Well done! I wish I had this when I was studying my University chemistry. :)

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What year of University chemistry are those?

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really helpfull.😊

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It is thanks to you that i finally understood it after 2 days!!! Thanks for the N and O examples! Other videos and articles are not helpful at all, you are my hero

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The like to dislike ratio on this vid makes me genuinely happy! ^^

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Here is one more like to increase your happiness about 0.073%. Very well done, thanks.

[@saminatariq561]

A slight error towards the end of this otherwise outstanding video. NH3 and H20 do not posses strictly tetrahedral geometry; rather the former has trigonal pyramidal while the latter has a bent( V-shaped) geometry.

[@elsiebarry4748]

I think technically including the lone pairs they both have tetrahedral geometry, however looking at only the bonded parts makes the shape trigonal pyramidal and bent.

[@CrashChemistryAcademy]

Yes, I was referring to the electron pair geometry, which is tetrahedral. You are correct regarding molecular geometry.

[@chuanli7526]

If you really want to be picky, note that they are not strictly tetrahedral even accounting for the lone pairs, as lone pairs are 'fatter' in the VSEPR model, thus 'take up more space' and the bond angle between the two H's in H20 is reduced to about 109 degrees, as opposed to 120.

[@ValkyrieKnox]

@@chuanli7526 shouldn't the bond angles already be 109 degrees (109.5*) in a tetrahedral molecule? 120 degree bond angles pertain to trigonal planar geometries.

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I’m commenting for the you know what because this video was actually sooo well done that it’s like not even funny. There’s a lot of fluff in comment sections but I say with all genuineness that the maker of this video did a stellar job, all bases covered.

[@CrashChemistryAcademy]

Thanks, I appreciate the comment!

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*Twist* : more than half of viewers are 🇮🇳 Indian students 😂.

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first

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At last ! This is the only satisfied explanation of this bloody carbon hybridization I have seen yet.

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Literally searched the entire internet for a good video that explained everything in full detail, and this one made it ALL click. Thank you.

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😊

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Best explanation of hybridization I have ever seen

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That's incredible!!! A video to watch every and watch million of times!!

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Incredible video! After much studying and much frustration, your video finally mad me understand! Thanks!

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I've watched several hybridization theory videos today and your video tanks them all. Your graphics and explanations of small things really makes all the difference. Like 2sp3 - I was wondering how the name was derived - thank you!!

[@CrashChemistryAcademy]

You're welcome!!

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this is the best explanation of hybridization I have found till now

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What a great video. I was literally so lost today in organic chemistry and this video saved me. Thank you!

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This is by far the best video on valence bond theory I’ve come across. Nicely done with plently of examples and great visuals.

[@CrashChemistryAcademy]

Thanks!

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Best visualization of the hybridization! Thank you!

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I never thought I could grasp the actual concept behind hybridization but this presentation was just astonishing. Thanks to youtube for actually recommending something useful.

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God bless you and your family for generations to come... After months of confusion, I finally see clarity in my head. The piercing light of clarity radiates from my mind towards the medulla oblongata.

[@CrashChemistryAcademy]

😊 Thanks so much, thanks for your comment!

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This video absolutely saved my life because I had no idea what hybridization was about until now. I can't thank you enough sir

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I just watched your Hydrogen emission spectra video (the most coherent & informative of the dozens of its type I've studied on KZbin) and thought I'd check this out as hybridization is another tricky topic; and you go and do it again, another masterpiece! I'm in awe of your ability to bring these concepts to life and to proactively address the questions that an intelligent & engaged student will likely raise.

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Thank you so much for your kind words. Something to keep me going with making videos. It is much appreciated.

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Best video I have seen on hybridisation thank you! Your animations and diagrams are incredible thank you

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I finally understand pi and sigma bonds after being confused for so long. You are a savior!!!

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Thanks!

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I am in awe at how well you cleared things up for me