What DNA Says About Our Human Family Episode II, Ancient Relatives: Neanderthals and Denisovans

More info and downloads: dnalc.cshl.edu/resources/dnal...
In Episode 2, our study of human evolution continues with a look at our ancient ancestors, the hominins. Who were they and what did they look like? We will look at DNA evidence for how modern humans evolved from these ancient ancestors and spread around the globe-and why we are different yet amazingly the same. People have been particularly interested in our relationship to Neandertals, a closely related hominin that went extinct about 35,000 years ago. Continuing our study of mitochondrial DNA, we will use bioinformatics tools to compare our DNA with Neanderthals and an enigmatic hominin group, the Denisovans. We will learn how DNA mutations act as a molecular clock capable of calculating how long it has been since two individuals have shared a common ancestor. With this information, we can make a tree that shows our relationship with Neanderthals and Denisovans and provide DNA evidence for when our ancestors left Africa.
Presenter: Dave Micklos, DNALC Founder and Executive Director
Audience: Grades 9 and above

[@DNALearningCenter]

DNALC Live: Online educational programming to engage educators, students, and the public. dnalc.cshl.edu/resources/dnalc-live/

[@dreddykrugernew]

Would it be possible for a video to be done on the hybridization event that took place in Western Africa that gives Sub Saharan Africans up to 19% of DNA of an unknown species. Ive seen in other videos that they kind of know where this unknown species fits in the evolutionary tree but i think it would be an enlightening video with the details that are available so far.

[@svenhanson398]

@@dreddykrugernew I copied your question and have it. But is it possible you could direct me to the data you are talking about. Where can I find it.

[@donrechdediostalibatabchro1944]

Thank you for discussing DNA mutations. Keep it up!.

[@bushmummy]

So informative, interesting and well explained....I could never get this before because it was too complicated. Thank you. Looking forward to watching the whole series.

[@fergal746]

Excellent practical clarity

[@cyclometre]

This was great, just like being in an actual lecture. Very informative.

[@sstarklite2181]

Better than sitting in lectures, you can pause for a long time and colleges cost too much, so we see we need to eliminate lectures and colleges. All people should have a Guaranteed Residual Income worldwide, aka Universal Basic Income.

[@NikkiOwen]

Hopefully, dogma won't affect discovery. This is still a science in it's infancy.

[@catdaddy7657]

Its not even accurate science. Its false and fake and lies.

[@NikkiOwen]

@@catdaddy7657 most accurate description of dogma.

[@susanhenke8441]

Love this information thank you.

[@noliyoshida7486]

Even a pleb like me understood most of this. Thank you

[@shafur3]

Thank you for the series. It is great! It was so easy to follow.

[@edwardspence-fo8vt]

This is first and second year biology I learned this years ago while studying in med school . Thanks for the reminder

[@MyName-pl7zn]

These are very exciting times with new evidence being discovered, more research being done,new technology to dig deeper and the availability for me to see videos like this with experts explaining it to me

[@nuengruthaidechsangkranon3926]

It is not necessary to connect every dots, there is a possibility that those could be two separate dots

[@robwalsh9843]

Denisovans and Neanderthals had really formidable-looking skeletons. An adult male would have been no pushover in a fight.

[@pseudopetrus]

THIS WAS GOOD, THANK YOU FOR SHARING!

[@michaszypua1596]

way underrated video

[@jamesbarrington4729]

... 😃 .... wowow Wow...👌.. excellent...!!!!!... going to watch this again... several times... 😂👏🙏....!!!!!...

[@thomasjene8530]

During the 2nd comparison of Otzi and the Japanese person, @ about 30:56 he uncheck s otzi but still says he is comparing otzi and the student ....think he made a mistake??

[@jameswhyard2858]

Why use a current world map and not a world map suggesting the land mass available at the time appropriate for the species?

[@heidimelena4018]

The topography and even the earths position was different. You can see where the land has split and shifted, an ice age caused by Nass global volcanic action shifted the livability of the Neanderthals space thus forcing the down to interact with humans perhaps giving their Neanderthal children to humans on their quest to find new land after a mass series of natural disasters. A lot of liveable space from our ancient relatives has been completely wiped out by disaster. Plus if your smart you do not disrupt the environment that gives you life so there would be little evidence of their half a million year existence on this planet before human we’re even swirling in their pool

[@seanthorntonmd3908]

In the time frames he discusses, there are no visible differences (at the scale of the map) in the locations of the continents. Also, if you look at his map, it has outlines accounting for much lower sea levels (especially visible across the Bering Strait), so that variability is accounted for. So the map does indeed address your question.

[@skidfrog]

yeah.....there hasn't been much continental drift in the past 200,000 years has there ?

[@jameswhyard2858]

@@skidfrog And seawater levels are by the same...

[@skidfrog]

@@jameswhyard2858 says who ?......no.....continental drift is very slow.......but most scientists agree that the ocean levels are about 300 feet HIGHER since the great ice age melt....which was during human civilization 14,000 to 10,000 years ago ( thus the many flood stories in mythology )

[@oykaik]

Brilliant... thanks!

[@markstewart9305]

I remember learning about Neanderthals in middle school science class (1970s) and their "extinction" at the dawn of homo sapiens' rise to prominence. The details were sketchy then but I remember thinking that there must be more to the story. Clearly, with the archaeological info then available they had inhabited the same areas for thousands of years. They must've encountered each other; what mustve these interactions been like? Did HS progressively drive Neanderthals out of preferred areas? There were so few of both over such large areas, it seemed unlikely. Did they war with each other? Did HS cause Neanderthals eventual extinction without significant social interaction or did they assimilate with them? It was a real question... not just another reason to daydream in Science class. Now we know, thanks to genetics, Svante Paabo and the Max Planck Institute. Amazing stuff...

[@JerryMetal]

I'm sorry if I sound like I'm trying to make a joke or something, but I really don't know why there are no more Neanderthals on our planet anymore, since they were all over the world for a long time and lived until ~40.000 years ago. Can you enlighten me?

[@hazardousjazzgasm129]

@@JerryMetal The dominant theories are that they warred with sapiens and lost because of inferior communication/cognitive skills, and that sapiens were so much better at hunting that they hunted all other animals better, faster and more efficiently, leaving neanderthals in the dust to starve, especially considering the fact that the last ice age was roughly 40 000 years ago. Yuval Noah Harari talks about it in his book on Sapiens

[@tenak7278]

Mr Miklos, thank you so much for this information. I was impressed with your ability to educate in such a non-threatening manner. It's a tough subject to grasp but you broke it down so nicely.

[@heidimelena4018]

Could my bodies ability to experience pain and my spinal injury have something to do with my Neanderthal dna since their physiology in the back of the skull and cspine are different than a humans?

[@carolineboucher2496]

on the talk on itube with the lady . she said that the maple leaves were probably to insulate the fire startng stuff . i would think they were actually for to help start the fire maple leaves burn well even when wet . or dried .

[@davidrubioroldan]

!Una clase magistral!

[@globes179]

Great information, all very interesting. (You might get someone to help out with the computers)

[@bijigd8957]

Which gene from mtDNA used for this analysis

[@AbhishekKumar-gh4wf]

Wow. Thanks for giving time.

[@copo_dagua]

Great lecture!

[@luckymeyer1014]

Did the research of Lloyd Pye have DNA of the long skulls that have been found thru-out egypt?

[@sofiemak]

Good question but must be directed to Smitsonian Institute maybe

[@s.unosson]

Very interesting. But how reliable is the supposition that the mutation frequency is and always has been quite constant? So for example during a period of increased cosmic radiation, the frequency must have increased and consequently the corresponding time frame should be shorter.

[@lanawallace2964]

Very fascinating thank you for sharing. I came across a recent article that said Modern Africans and Europeans may have more Neanderthal ancestry than previously thought, and that African genomes, contain Neanderthal sequences.....in part due to back-migration of ancestors of present-day Europeans.

[@TimL1980]

Hey Lana, would you care to share that article?

[@markmitchell450]

It's suggested that there was interbreeding and there is still traces of all the other humanoid species traceable in humans today

[@TimL1980]

@@markmitchell450 again: I find that very interesting and would like to be able to find the article! (Name of the article and journal - or whatever would be greatly appreciated!)

[@freedomforever1962]

I kept saying that years ago but very few persons chose to believe it. It only makes sense following the line of individuals in the study of creation from biblical writings. It is written there also different beings. Look it up on biblical studies here on yt

[@palermotrapani9067]

Your correct about the article and Neanderthal admixture into some African populations south of the Sahara due to European back migration, which before the Chen et al 2020 paper, there was no such evidence. I linked the paper to Tim below.

[@planmet]

Another point Dave is that modern humans differ from neanderthalensis and heidelbergensis in that their brain-cases are more vertically aligned. The others have brain cases which extend backwards horizontally and this must have lead to birthing difficulties. The gene mutation which caused this up-vaulting and formation of the vertical forehead should be detectable. An easier and more successful birthing process would mean that populations with that gene would proliferate at a faster rate than those without it. A factor of aesthetic selection would also probably have occurred as the modern type would have been 'better looking'.

[@markaurelius61]

When he was showing those two skulls together I thought that I had seen modern skulls that look more elongated, I think from some African race.

[@patrickday4206]

I've been wondering with more anceint dna samples and computers at some point we might even project what conditions were causing the mutations and have a fairly predictive model with time frames?

[@Chompchompyerded]

Just curious... what does the diversity of Neanderthals look like? Was there more diversity between Neanderthal individuals than there is between modern human individuals, or was there less diversity. To answer it with any accuracy it would probably be necessary to trim down the sample size to Neanderthals who died within a certain time frame to make sure we are not looking at variation taking place as Neanderthals themselves evolved, but since we know that Oetzi is essentially the same as the rest of us we can probably say that Neanderthal remains which are within 6 - 7 thousand years of each other should give a good approximation, or can we? That would be another interesting question... how stable was the Neanderthal genome over its known time span?

[@callmepsycho]

Thank you ! Question : Ive read some recent reporting suggesting H.Erectus may have been around as late as 40K BP. Have we sequenced any DNA? (Is there any MtDNA linking H.Ancestor?) If not why not? They’d been around for some time suggesting significant population sizes that enabled efficacious mutations.

[@jimjam5570]

There is no DNA sequences of anything except neanderthal and modern day. No erectus, and even denisova is just asian neanderthal. Why? To protect a narrative. If denisova is given its own name and region, then neanderthal is "secluded" to Europe and mideast... The estimates of erectus are MUCH more recent. Like less than 20k in africa. Why? Same reason scientists know that neanderthal % in modern humans is MUCH higher... Just not recognizable patterned sequence lengths, especially considering only a literal handful of neanderthal samplings. When they calculated TIME and how broken sequences would become due to autosomal recombination... They basically confirmed that europeans are half neanderthal. Which isn't surprising considering that's basically the conclusion of european cavemen... Science has a massive bias in upholding the out of africa theory as opposed to mostly simultaneous development. Imagine you had a single layer of red marbles in a tray. One corner of the tray has a crease that sticks out, representing mountains, or any other isolation such as desert... Suddenly, in the dish, a mutation occurs, a blue marble, and it spreads, marble to marble, until there are ony red marbles in the corner protected by the ridge. Now tell me, does this arrangement tell us anything about where red marble originally began? No. Only where they still remain. But "scientists" tell us that because red came first, and because the most red is in the corner, and because there are so many shades of red in that corner... Well, obviously, we started in that corner. And once they decided this, any conflicting evidence is wrong, or a fraud, or not even explored. Why? Well, clearly it must be. Because it conflicts with what has already been concluded... It's just like when they determine fossil age by rock ages, while rock ages were determined by fossil ages! It's like anything else "they" tell us: black holes aren't black, aren't holes, and emit light... Radiation is light you can't see. Science isn't a joke, but "scientists" often are, and they often use "bad science" be very careful of their "logical" conclusions.

[@callmepsycho]

@@jimjam5570 Thanks :)

[@davidpnewton]

@@callmepsycho ignore that reply. It is full of nonsense and lies. There are absolute dating techniques for rocks, not just relative dating techniques. There is also a total mischaracterisation of black holes in there.

[@amberwilliams3558]

@@jimjam5570 So you're telling me the only DNA testing that has been done has only been done on Neanderthals and modern human beings? That's false. Homo naledi has been dna tested and denisovans have been DNA tested. So that's the first lie, you told. Secondly, you stated that you are half neanderthal lol. Okay, so what is the other half? Just curious.

[@outinthesticks1035]

It is known that there are four ancestor populations in modern humans, homo sapiens, neanderthal, denisovan and a "unidentified forth" . It has been speculated that this forth ancestor might be erectus

[@TimL1980]

Does it not stir up concern about your method that the Algerian and the Iceland3 sample seem to be rather closely related while the English is far away from Iceland and in turn close to the Korean one??? (I'm guessing the samples were selected to be "typical" for their area!?!)

[@whatabouttheearth]

Scandanavians migrated way before Europeans (R1b hapolotype), so if that part of Asian is Q Ydna then it makes sense why they would be closer to R than (I?) Scandanavian Ydna (Indigenous of north and south America are close to European R1B and R2 like because they are a Q subgroup). I dont know much about the MtDNA. And the Algerian stuff I dont get

[@royshideler]

I really have gained a thirst for this area of study and had I been exposed to this 60 years ago I feel I could have made significant contributions myself. My remaining time is very limited unfortunately. Very good data presented here but I have to ask the question, why is the variations at the beginning and end arbitrarily tossed out? And, I feel uncomfortable with to many assumptions/averaging of numbers. I think if we were to pin down some mutations to chronological disasters or known plague, some interesting data could be collected.

[@jon1rene]

I very much doubt they were “arbitrarily” tossed out. They have likely defended the need for disregarding these areas on the basis of data inaccuracies, noise, etc.

[@alanbates3944]

I doubt they were 'tossed out' arbitrarily. If you go back to a frame where two modern humans are being compared: - One human may show a T, A, G or C and the other human a dash. This means there is a mismatch (one human just doesn't have a base pair in that arbitrary position the two sequences have been compared at) in the nucleotide sequence and these can be discounted. Even in mismatches where both candidates have a letter available, it could be a non-coding part and therefore could be disregarded, or like JA says it could be noise or data missing. There are many questions though Why only 402 base pairs being sequenced? I thought 1000 was common. Is 402 all necessary in mtDNA?

[@KussePikken666]

100 years from now a scientist will say, my god, they only saw the surface of DNA!

[@i7Qp4rQ]

-epigenetics

[@billmichalski6893]

More like a 100 days from now. 👽🃏👽

[@barkerjackson7579]

much enjoyed this and learned a lot. thanks

[@texasyankee3512]

True for female lines of decent. Break 600,000 years ago. For male lines of decent Neanderthal nuclear DNA in non-africans shows neanderthal and modern human interbreeding during last 30,000 to 50,000 years.

[@orvillecarnegie8950]

Seems no one has any clarity 😕

[@dreamzofhorses]

I had my dna done and it said I had Neanderthal in my dna. I was looking for English, Irish, Swedish.. so that makes sense geographically. But why are we still wondering if they were our ancestors if I have Neanderthal in my DNA? What else would that mean? Or am I misunderstanding something?

[@urseliusurgel4365]

Neanderthals are not ancestral to modern humans as a whole, they did not become modern humans, however, some modern humans have a small amount of Neanderthal ancestry. This is because some early modern humans and Neanderthals interbred. All modern humans outside of sub-Saharan Africans have a small, but significant, amount of Neanderthal-derived DNA.

[@urseliusurgel4365]

@boo boo But there were occasional cousin marriages.

[@manaloola2018]

What I understand its that an individual Neanderthal(s) may be your ancestor at a more recent time in the European’s history, (and Asians’) and that modern HS and Neanderthals (and Denisovans) were enough alike to be able to produce fertile offspring (at the point in time when they met) but that those individuals share a different common ancestor. Hence the reason why Europeans (and Asians) will have more or less Neanderthal (or Denisovans) ancestry.

[@raympet]

Put it simple we were already homo sapiens when we mated with the Neanderthal so we inherited genes from them but they did not contribute to making us homo sapiens.

[@hohum8732]

I wish to dissent with the comments below. I'd say, 'excellent content, painful presentation'. A slick presentation without all the ' I forgot to's would have been 50% shorter, captured double the audience and rammed the messages home with much more clarity. Excellent content but Presentation is a skill. Work on it.

[@petereiso5415]

I think you might be a tough marker.

[@hohum8732]

@@petereiso5415 I'm sorry if I come across that way, but a slick, prepared, well presented lecture with the same content would be amazing. To many KZbinrs take to the platform and then go 'ex-tempore'. Very very few people can pull that off. Usually, it doesn't work too well. But let me thank and congratulate the speaker on his work once more, and I hope my minor observation isn't seen to be negative. It isn't.

[@petereiso5415]

To tell you the truth I didn't notice any, thus the tough marker remark. When he was comparing genomes it became very slow and tedious, but I am of an impatient nature anyway.

[@geoffreylummis2206]

Excellent

[@gardener5857]

Neanderthals aren't extinct. You just showed a picture of my uncle. We're alive & well lol.

[@MartTLS]

Does he know my mother-in-law ?

[@voidisyinyangvoidisyinyang885]

the ritual cannibalism is an easy "tell" that Neanderthals are still around

[@amongussus4]

@@voidisyinyangvoidisyinyang885 humans are cannibals not neanthertals sapienist

[@Amen.ahmed1]

if you wanna see Neanderthal don't look far. Ron DeSanltis the governor of Florida.

[@gardener5857]

@@Amen.ahmed1 I'll take that Neanderthal over any blue state governor out there. They are just busy killing their states with their little minions ANTIFA

[@monad8991]

I think it's important to know the ethnic background of the American students whose DNA sequences were compared to the African sequences.

[@irinabonney1721]

DNA sequencing is how you determine ethnicity.

[@bobflendorg1064]

That wouldn't fit his political agenda.

[@jon1rene]

They’re all African sequences

[@franciscolima1626]

Efhhgfgnbgi

[@franciscolima1626]

@@irinabonney1721 como Às vezes a gente faz para arrumar panqueca

[@sfms952]

The "-" in the DNA base pair sequences are called "deletions." "Deletions" are a kind of "mutation" involving the loss of genetic material. A "mutation" is a change in the structure of a gene resulting in a variation which can be transmitted to subsequent generations (by getting it on). Hope that clears things up for the folks who are confused by seeing "-" in a DNA sequence. Lol

[@vacaloca5575]

Are mutations completely random or is there some computation that goes on?

[@vacaloca5575]

@Ken Shackleton Do scientists think a biological system can increase its functionality through random mutations? Random mutations are known to be destructive, not constructive. So, they cannot increase the intelligence of a biological system. The DNA molecule is not just information; it is a biocomputer capable of creating algorithms that compute survival strategies. An organism cannot make an adaptation without computing it. Nothing is random. What is random is the intelligence of scientists talking about evolution being caused by mutations!

[@vacaloca5575]

@Ken Shackleton If biological systems functioned randomly, you would not be here reading this.

[@ferengiprofiteer9145]

@@vacaloca5575 Sharks and crocodiles have survived since before the dinosaurs. I've never heard of an intelligent one.

[@ferengiprofiteer9145]

@@vacaloca5575 Is your point that we survived and thrived because of evolving superior intelligence? History shows we reached a point of diminishing return when Adam ate the apple.

[@ferdinandomaro]

At 30.50 I think you compared student n.5 (not Otzi) to the japanese person...:)

[@jackodum5410]

I noticed this as well.

[@3Kiwiana]

@@jackodum5410 shitloads of mistakes within this whole comparison

[@pachonjorge8363]

Try it yourself access to the server is free

[@samygait2531]

Well done, I think the mistake in this correlation is when you considered the Algerian student's DNA as African in origin, Algerian are not originally African and that is the same with most of the North African people (Arabs), and the simple fact is that those peoples are originally from one root and it is referred to the southwest part of Asia, most closer to the Black sea areas (their DNA correlations should have most likely match the halfway between Asian and European roots).

[@IronWarrior86]

Basically North Africans are racially different to Black Africans

[@BaskingInObscurity]

It's important to understand that Berbers are decidedly not Arab. Your point is definitely valid, however, given we know zilch about the Algerian's heritage: Arab, Berber, European, mixed. Might as well think of the Algerian group as another college class where the ethnic makeup is merely less diverse than likely in the Seattle area.

[@Mdebacle]

All humans have mtDNA from one of three haplogroups, conveniently coded L,M,N, with the region of intersection being southwest Asia. This is because all humans have mtDNA from one of the three daughters-in-law if Noah.

[@jchrg2336]

Since when did climbing and building structures with steps ascending became something of their architecture & or even their culture?

[@joegonzalez6241]

I was just commenting on this subject in another video. About how all hominid species could have also evolved to modern humans. They had the same climate, same ape to man theory and different DNA pools around the world.

[@ruthdilbeck2035]

"You'll never know what you will expect" which is what my take away is.

[@brettneuberger6466]

This is absolutely fantastic.

[@mattmatty4670]

Thanks mate

[@TimL1980]

Given rather recent events I am not 100% convinced your use of Seattle students as examples of homo sapiens aren't skewing the results towards less mutational load when compared to chimps.

[@jacobjones5269]

He said twisted pipe cleaner while I was scraping my bowl.. lol..

[@rosesanderson9873]

Right on !

[@TheSanityInspector]

Quick, buy a lottery ticket!

[@cynthiamclaglen5687]

Thank you so much for these different methods of comparing all modern humans from different countries and finding the differences are extremely small; and comparisons between Denisovans and Neanderthals and all Modern Humans from different countries are much larger. Cynthia McLaglen

[@rocroc]

As a senior retiree trying to learn more about our genetic legacy, it seems to me there should be more integration between genetics and the reality of archaic human existence. Recent information tells us than there was widespread migration out of Africa from at least two locations. These migrations likely occurred after the Toba catastrophe 75,000 years ago. At that point it is theorized the human population was reduced to as few as 10,000 people or less; much less. Certain groups or families would likely have left Africa "together" to find a better life. Forced migration. Do or die migration.Those who remained would have provided the African diversity we see today but there would not have been too many left. It would have taken years and the agricultural revolution before there was any significant change world wide. As far as Otzi goes, three genetic changes in 5,000 years could be pretty important during this time period when you consider that this 70,000 year period is when significant changes were being made to skin, hair, eye color and the digestive system, etc.

[@tedreilly3352]

An interesting presentation. Wearing my Australian high-school teacher's hat (retired) I would be careful to emphasise 1. an absolute timeline using BC/AD or even BCE/CE to avoid any confusion & 2. clarify geographical settings for each era, especially sea levels & the arid-fertile land dichotomy. Also, it is interesting to note that: 1. a clear Denisovian signal is present in East Asia / Papua New-Guinea & Melanesia, but not (as yet) in Australian Aboriginals & 2. a clear Neanderthal signal is present in Europoid populations. All of which begs the question as to whether H.Neand. & H. Denis. should now be counted within HSS, as much as one must write HSS. SubSahara vs HSS. Eurasia … but that would put the cat well and truly amongst the pigeons! The real problem in all such discussions is how to ground one's presentation in proper (refereed) findings & not lurch into political or religious dogmatics. All the best for your endeavours.

[@phillipstroll7385]

So many questions. First of all, if we came out of Africa with homoerectus then why do we not have homoerectus DNA? We still have Neanderthal and homosapien DNA. Some have homosapien, Neanderthal and dinosean DNA. But no homoerectus DNA. Why not? Also if we are all homosapien then why do Africans lack genes Caucasians have? Such as the gene which excretes anti-inflammatory fluids into the lungs. Hence why asthma medication isn't as effective for one as it is for the other. Also, if we all came out of Africa why does our skin not return to that when we move back to Africa? We can darken but we don't go black. We don't suddenly get cycle shaped cells. We don't grow larger noses, course hair etc. No matter how many generations we breed in Africa and vice-versa. Why is that? Why can't we simply be honest and say genetically we are different? Just as natural Tibetans are genetically different. Their lungs are larger and they pull more oxygen into their blood than American Indians for example. These things do not change. No matter where they move to or how long their offspring continues in a new geography. Why is that?

[@Myfootonyourneck1]

@@phillipstroll7385The real problem is that you’re speaking on genetics but don’t actually understand genetics.

[@phillipstroll7385]

@@Myfootonyourneck1 I do understand genetics. It is you who does not understand. For if you did you could simply answer the question instead of being so uncomfortable by the question you attack it and the people whom ask the questions. All people are not the same. Period. There are diseases that are ethnic specific. If we were all the same genetically, this wouldn't be the case. Period. When people stop pretending to be offended by facts we can progress as a civilization.

[@Myfootonyourneck1]

@@phillipstroll7385 You really don’t understand. Africans do not lack any genes that Caucasian’s have or vice versa. The differences are expressed by mutations which are otherwise variations of specific genes which all humans share Aka alleles. We all have the same exact genes which is why we are all Homo sapiens. For example, we both have genes that code for eye color. You may have a particular variation of the eye color gene that codes for blue eyes and that variation may only exist in certain races, but the gene itself is still an eye color gene. What is so silly about it is that you or your family may not even possess a particular allele that might be present in your socially constructed “race”, so if you don’t posses a specific allele that is included in your “race”, does that make you a different species? See how silly that is? That is why I said you don’t understand genetics. Not trying to insult you, it’s because you really don’t understand what you’re talking about

[@phillipstroll7385]

@@Myfootonyourneck1 well have to agree to disagree. We, as a people, in African btw, do not have the NFKB1 gene. Which creates a 105kD protein responsible for autoimmune diseases and lubricating the lungs to prevent inflammation of the lungs. Hence why asthma is so prevalent in the black community. until we are willing to admit that, we can't create medications needed to help all children. Because the medication for asthma now works by targeting the NFKB1 gene. Forcing it to produce more anti-inflammatory fluid. This is just one example. Lack of the HTRA1 is yet another. Only seem in Asians as of yet. There is currently a world wide study going on for this one as we speak. We have CRSPR AND CAN USE IT to adjust mutation, but I don't know that it can create a gene where there is none. I understand what you are trying to say. That we are all humans. Some may have blue eyes some brown but we are all human. Blue eyes is but a mutation of the human genome. An abnormality. Once held by a single human. All blue eyed people have but one single ancestor. I get it. That's where diseases such as cancer, cf, etc come in. These are mutations within the human genome. I am NOT speaking along the same lines my friend. There are genes of which some ethnicities have that others do not. That are ethnicity wide. And I am not speaking of traits or mutations. I'm not trying to be mean and I understand neither are you. I get it. I think we'll just have to agree to disagree. There is currently two ongoing studies on these genes, and lack there of, if you're interested. The US army also did a global dna collection database. If you are a PhD and make an official request to see these results and why you would like see them, they might share them with you. They did this collection when we were looking for the y chromosome. Adam, if you will.

[@caracolito666]

Thanks for sharing this service (bioservers) but, why are you guys limited to these 411 pairs? the mitochondrial DNA has thousands more. How can I access that part? Second question, do you have a similar service for the complete DNA, the one in the nucleus?

[@SheikhN-bible-syndrome]

So they can keep their Out of Africa Theory and not have to change anything

[@amberwilliams3558]

@@SheikhN-bible-syndrome Everyone (including you) has African DNA. It's nothing to be mad about. Just accept it and move on lol

[@SheikhN-bible-syndrome]

@@amberwilliams3558 lol no I'm sorry but your the only one with an African in them. Uncommon since shows that the "out of Africa hypothesis" is crap

[@amberwilliams3558]

@@SheikhN-bible-syndrome You choose to stay in denial then? Lmao that's fine but don't get triggered over facts. Geneticist Spencer Wells has already proven everyone has african ancestors that goes back to Africa, including you 😉. Don't be mad, get glad.

[@SheikhN-bible-syndrome]

@@amberwilliams3558 like I said but apparently somebody took the post down but I'll say it again. Try using your own brain doing some research using logic and maybe you won't sound like just one of the other sheep regurgitating what you've been brainwashed to say

[@heatherthrone9999]

What a courageous statement about racism we all came out of Africa. We became the best at surviving in the places where our ancestors settled period. Pale skin in the sun die out due to cancer and a lack of melanin and so on and so on. Thank you.

[@luckymeyer1014]

Lack of proper nutritionand enough . Is the reason for dying.

[@blackopal3138]

In the divesity study at the beginning, you only used German and Japanese. It seems to me that is not nearly a large enough sample. I'm surprised you wouldn't use additional cultures in such a study. Aborigines in Australia, African pygmy tribes, etc

[@beaulah_califa9867]

I was so much more impressed when I thought the pipe cleaners were candy canes. I've spent the last ten-years listening to Svante Paabo & attending CARTA Symposia online so I may be slightly scattered until he gets to a point where he shares some information I haven't heard five-thousand times.

[@JungleJargon]

Genetic distance doesn't necessarily equate to time. It just means more mutations occurred which could be for a number of unrelated reasons such as malnutrition, reproductive rates etc..

[@s.unosson]

Exactly. During a period of increased cosmic radiation, the frequency must have increased and consequently the corresponding time frame should be shorter.

[@patrickday4206]

Viruses Viruses Viruses they are one of the biggest potential for mutation yes solar winds mutate look at the seeds of plants grown after being exposed to solar winds!

[@johnaugsburger6192]

Thanks

[@jthunders]

You say he had the same affliction as modern humans, with the exception of Covid. There was also the matter of the arrow in his back

[@kronkite1530]

@Fred Forbes Then spat on our graves. Thanks Mr. Chairman President Despot Would-Be-World Overlord.

[@sofiemak]

@ Johny Thunders Replace the word Covid with God😉

[@benghazi4216]

@@sofiemak Sadly the vast majority of the human race is still deeply afflicted by that.

[@robwalsh9843]

Neanderthal skeletons are tough as hell. They could probably shrug off a lot of injuries that would harm us today.

[@paulawolanski3237]

So are some modern humans.

[@markmitchell450]

They were far more robust than humans Short stocky bigger boned built for strength not agility similar brain size both had the ability to communicate and work together as a group Neandathols were smart intelligent enough to survive 100s of thousands of years until us lot turned up and destroyed the environment that the neandathols relied on to live they could no longer adapt quick enough to survive as a separate species

[@davedrewett2196]

@@markmitchell450 what evidence is there of environmental change caused by AMH at the times both human types overlap in the same place?

[@nikkid4890]

BUT, what do the differences MEAN

[@garynelson9538]

There is another video call "The Journey of Man - A Genetic Odyssey". It is another DNA video. It will be insightful also.

[@americanartist6485]

Thanks for info.

[@jackvoss175]

I think that we are the only animal who studies our past, and plans out our future. I could be wrong about that. Mark Twain observed that “mankind is the only animal who blushes - or needs to.” Courtesy of Half Vast Flying.

[@deepabgl]

Nice

[@tommygunn7745]

RE: 48:04 Marcello Siniscalo's apparent quote "Knowing that we had shared an ancestry is the best innoculation against racism" Sounds good on the surface, but he,or whomever said it, didnt think it through . "Racism" primarily originates from ones exposure and eventual dislike of someone elses cultural or behavioral habits,lifestyle, public image etc...Those of the same race have the same issues with each other and its not racism then . Generally man is self centered, envious,violent, petty ,difficult to get along with. You know the list. Try getting rid of cops,youll see.If you disagree with my opinion ,and have to reply, dont offend me or god forbid sound like a racist. Its all about Power,control, and revenge. The whole current political shit show is about that. Oh, btw, this show.however, was good. Love learning our origins,good or bad.

[@glennsinclair3891]

Racism, like feminism is a Communist creation. They are rewriting history to make it so. Ancient divisions of people were cultural. not racial.

[@pruephillip1338]

Just a simple question - these four bases: I presume that AT is not the same as TA? And GC is not the same as CG?

[@luthermorgan5039]

He should do a video about how DNA changes in humans every third generation that's why we don't all look exactly the same because the DNA keeps changing and that's part of the reason we have survived everything that we have done to ourselves over the millennia

[@dreamzofhorses]

What causes mutations and changes in the DNA? Sorry I’m a newbie to evolution.

[@in_ur_moms_house]

Hereditary mutations are from your ancestors. Acquired mutations occur at some time during a person’s life and are present only in certain cells, not in every cell in the body. Some examples of how we acquire mutations could be with mistakes made when dna is copied, exotic particles, viruses, uv light or smoking among others.

[@kjj123jji]

Bad sex

[@tristanbackup2536]

What you eat, what you do, anything really can cause mutations. Say for example you do nothing but make tables, & your children's children so on, their hands would get evolved around the tools after a few million years. 😆

[@planmet]

This is really interesting. It appears that the Homo genus came out of Africa hundreds of thousands of years ago and certain groups became geographically isolated from each other for long periods - forming several sub-species. However, some subspecies would later intermingle with others and be able to inter-breed. This is most evident with H.sapiens and H. neanderthalis but is there DNA evidence of H. heidelbergensis interbreeding with sapiens?

[@michaelrunnels7660]

As far as I know, no one has claimed that homo Neanderthal ever came from Africa. Everyone just states that Neanderthal was in Europe nearly a million years ago and died out 40,000 years ago. This would mean that homo Neanderthal predates homo sapien by well over half a million years, yet all researchers insist that homo sapien is our root ancestor. It would be interesting to assume that homo Neanderthal is our root ancestor and late interbreeding with homo sapien modified our DNA, ending up with modern humans everywhere on earth, except Africa. Remember that, just as Neanderthal died out as a separate species, so did homo sapiens for the most part. All humans worldwide are a mix of the two with the moniker Homo Sapien Sapien. The only pure homo sapien survivors live in Africa.

[@kathmahoney1287]

I'm very curious about the latest DNA findings from Australian Aboriginal AND South Americans having very common ancestry?

[@elizabethelias1005]

Edmonds, Wa isn't Seattle. Seattle is in King County and Edmonds is in Snohomish County. Not even the same county. FYI. Anyway, pretty cool Edmonds Community College is featured. I live in Bellevue, Wa. I'm across the bridge from Seattle. Edmonds is 18 miles north of Seattle.

[@ricardosands2524]

This idea of evolution is crazy we should lean more to genetic engineering .

[@spatrk6634]

"idea" of evolution is only explanation of biodiversity there is. genetic engineering is something entirely different

[@sanbell6951]

So if Homo erectus crossed oceans to populate islands , they must have built massive sail ships. If they built ships they must have had yachts too and then racing yachts. They probably had a navy. We have to start looking for those naval construction yards.

[@bumfit5491]

How much chimp human interbreeding was found . If denosovians and Neanderthals interbred did or are humans and chimps interbreeding?

[@Wilshare]

There is an old old Jewish saying that goes back to the beginning of their beginningm 'you always know who your mother is'. For the most part this is true.

[@Paul-te8mz]

Am I reading the chart at 40:42 correctly? Dose it show the Yoruba, splitting off at about the same time as Neanderthal?

[@antoniescargo2954]

I understand " Dave Miklaus".

[@aliceinwonderland1120]

How can Neanderthal not be a direct ancestor if modern Europeans mated with them and have 3 to 5 % Neanderthal genes? . If Neanderthals were found in the Denisova cave in the Altai of Siberia, your maps showing the farthest dispersion of Neanderthal in Asia is wrong.

[@Mdebacle]

Neanderthal and Denisovan DNA was 15-16ths human and 1-16th chimpanzee. The ape-men were not human ancestors. They were the result of human-ape hybridization.

[@cjscorah]

They are not a direct ancestor on the female only line .... this is just about mitochondrial DNA. Neanderthals are, of course our direct ancestors

[@aliceinwonderland1120]

Interesting but very tedious to watch him enter data. I’m more interested in the conclusions than watching him pull up data on a Seattle students.

[@jonathandiaz4997]

36 months ago 😮

[@stephengirling7859]

Yeah, and we can all imagine what the quality of the DNA was like in1997. Let alone the process.

[@ManufacturedCrises]

Still going with the out of Africa theory? I highly recommend finding some “experts” who haven’t built their entire career off of the Africa theory

[@jon1rene]

Okay. What’s your theory?

[@ManufacturedCrises]

@Dennis Feenstra it is not. Get a clue.

[@amberwilliams3558]

@Dennis Feenstra (Grudge) You broke that down effortlessly. It's funny how people dislike the OOA theory but can't provide enough evidence to thoroughly debunk it. Especially with modern day genetic testing, I personally don't ever see it being debunked. I think some of the blow back of the OOA is people simply not liking the idea of their ancestors being African but what they fail to realize, your ignorance isn't key evidence to debunk something. It's just no facts, backwards thinking ignorance.

[@fermisparadox01]

@Dennis Feenstra Have they found the earliest modern humans? You know the ones that first lost their fur? Their pink skin took a helluva beating from the sun until it darkened to the very dark skin you see now in Africa. 😀

[@prettyprudent5779]

You are so brainwashed. Learn some Science.

[@philliplockhart9643]

I fell asleep and missed the last 55 minuites. I tried to restart it and fell asleep again. Usually this stuff i find interesting.

[@pachonjorge8363]

I used the sequencer by myself. Why in ancient human, in mungo man, there are so many mutation with modern human, it is quite different than otzi!

[@whatabouttheearth]

Microphones have evolved since the ancient 1990s too. Why do educators usually sound like they are either piloting a 747 or talking through a can? Sounds like he has 'plate reverb' on. It's odd, he has a lavalier mic but is getting massive reverb? Anyway, good video.

[@jamesmadison7551]

Imagen that these species of humans were alive today, it would be like the movie BRITE with Will Smith.

[@tiborpurzsas2136]

We only have Homo sapiens today , yet we are warrring with each other non stop ! Imagine 4-5different species ?

[@davidfiler5414]

@@tiborpurzsas2136 No surprise surely, we are in competition with each other so it's natural for quarrels to occur. To support this view study how we treat other species, or better still the current American Republican party.

[@tiborpurzsas2136]

@@davidfiler5414 I would call the second world War more than a quarrel......and about Republicans or Democrats ...its a farce really

[@davidfiler5414]

@@tiborpurzsas2136 .. so was the rise of Nazi Germany, democratically elected like Republicans have been in the past and could be again, although next time led by knuckle-draggers of similar mindset.

[@guyelong2354]

@@tiborpurzsas2136 , ...hell no , there's nothing new under the sun , as it was in the days of Noah , nowadays are same .... Neanderthals were back then and today They are right here !!! What do you think about people who are carrying damn neanderthalensis dna ? They do because they are related . ...And on that Charles Darwin was on the EVOLUTION .....From neanderthal to Cro-magnon to the CAUCASOIDS of today ...!!!! Ain't this the truth Biblically , scientifically , historically , genetically and geographically....!!! Huh !!!

[@jerryreed9446]

The science does not pan out. So they jump to evolved.

[@charleshorseman55]

That's pretty interesting to assume that all genetic diversity originated in Africa. I.E. neanderthals originated in Africa, and migrated, denisovans, etc. I don't find that particularly compelling, however it does make a nice effort at antiracial politics.

[@michaelrunnels7660]

I believe that contemporary social biases inevitably creep into the data and therefore influence the deductions in the direction of the beliefs of the researchers.

[@seriousguy5571]

@@michaelrunnels7660 Not sure how you think bias creeps into DNA. He literally explained the data and the deductions made. Where do you think the bias came in?

[@michaelrunnels7660]

@@seriousguy5571 I believe that bias is present when anyone assumes that both Denisovans and Neanderthal originated in Africa. The is virtually no evidence for this. It is vehemously argued by some that they both MUST have come from Africa because EVERYONE originated in Africa. This is circular logic. If homo sapiens and Neanderthal are different species and they interbreed, what is the result? He said the result of the mix of a homo sapien and a Neanderthal is a homo sapien. Why didn't he say that the result is Neanderthal? or a new species homo sapien sapien? Over 90% of the world's population is the mix of these two species, yet every scientist I've ever heard insists the result is homo sapien. He totally discounts the conclusion that the mix of homo sapien and Neanderthal has evolved into a new species that has spred worldwide, while homo sapiens still exists in Africa. This is the bias of which I speak. It is social sacrilege to say there is any difference whatsoever between Africans and the rest of the world, even though the DNA clearly shows there is.

[@michaelrunnels7660]

@@seriousguy5571 By the way, I do not think bias creeps into the DNA. I DO think that bias creeps into his conclusions about what the DNA indicates.

[@laurikinker4306]

He said homo erectus and homo sapiens

[@rhondaclark716]

Time line world history documentary. Or Peter Kelly ..

[@Betruthfulgodiswatching]

But sir, the man in that picture does not look like he is from Africa @ 10:16. Why did you show this picture as a representation of homo sapiens of 300K YBP? He looks more like a mixture of neanderthals.

[@heidimelena4018]

You haven”t found all the groups yet.. There were a lot more groups.

[@admagma2716]

3:46 the only thing I understood in this video

[@zeekwolfe6251]

You will find many comments about this lecture, some quite learned, other less so. In "Animal Farm" George Orwell wrote that all animals are equal, but some are more equal than others. I listened to the lecture and then made a comment. All comments should be equal. Mine, however, were not as equal as others and were discarded quickly. Well, at least I know the rules at this website. Uncomfortable questions at variance with political correctness are not welcome.