What Happens During a Quantum Jump?

[@brianjlevine]

As I tried to explain to my High School Physics teacher, the act of grading my final exam fundamentally changed the answers I provided.

[@mezebrowskigmail]

Did your grade instantaneously change from an A to a B or did it ride the waveform down from A to A- to B+ to B?

[@hugglescake]

Deep

[@brianjlevine]

@@mezebrowskigmail the latter...except for the A part. And the B part.

[@kev-m-812]

Ohellya

[@kev-m-812]

Lol👍

[@gixelz]

PBS Space Time: 5% understand it 95% don't, but between Matt's voice and the existential horror that comes about from watching is worth it

[@uuddlrlrabsmhm8430]

I can understand the concept, not the mathematics (95% understand the concept, 5% know the math)

[@Mr123Parka]

Congratulations! By figuring out you only know 5%, you now know 5.1% of the videos

[@gixelz]

@@Mr123Parka stonks

[@wrackable]

99.9999% understand it. Sorry you’re not amongst us.

[@thedaemonator3244]

"Copenhagen vs. .. 'not Copenhagen'", or "Copenhagen vs. Nopenhagen"

[@beaker_guy]

Gotta vote for "Nopenhagen" as the catchier name. :)

[@1111MJR]

Being or not being...seems to be a very Danish thing.

[@joshuaychung]

@@beaker_guy Now it's a debate between Nopenhagen and ... not Nopenhagen

[@RedShift5]

Goddammit take my upvote

[@whythelongface64]

Would you transition out of here or jump out the window?

[@pbsspacetime]

From the Space Time Corrections Department: At 9:53, we misidentified the authors of the paper "To Catch and Reverse a Quantum Jump Mid-Flight". The authors of that fantastic paper were in fact: Z.K. Minev, S.O. Mundhada, S. Shankar, P. Reinhold, R. Gutierrez-Jauregui, R.J. Schoelkopf, M. Mirrahimi, H.J. Carmichael, M.H. Devoret arxiv.org/abs/1803.00545

[@jus_sanguinis]

Thumbs up if you watched "Quantum leap" TV series.

[@markdawson425]

I feel like I've been visited by the space time corrections department... but I'll never know for sure.

[@sooperman05]

@@jus_sanguinis Thumbs down if you want real discussion here and not some comment to get "likes" (downvote this comment as well spacetimers)

[@pbsspacetime]

@@waify2678 Fixed!

[@jus_sanguinis]

@@sooperman05 Haha, what a snowflake!

[@Raptor302]

The realization that without all these smart people; I would probably be selling carrots out of the back of my medieval cart instead of surfing the internet on a laptop, is humbling.

[@henrytjernlund]

You don',t have to understand how something works to be able to make use of it. Some of science and technology are trial and error discovery.

[@Gabriel-yk4it]

@@henrytjernlund i you want to build more complex stuff you need that understanding

[@coeur8042]

@@Gabriel-yk4it the question is why do you need that stuff? do you really need it? What is essential in life?

[@toLothair2]

We would be better off with the carrots.

[@craigwall9536]

@@coeur8042 I'm pretty sure we don't need you and your judgmental second-guessing.

[@dard1515]

"You're both right, you're both wrong. It's more complicated than we thought, we think. We're still working on it."

[@CapinCooke]

Are you sure?

[@DeadInside-ew8qb]

Hey that’s me talking to my kids

[@joey199412]

That's basically all of scientific history in a nutshell.

[@taragnor]

The preferred way to say it is that the theories are in a superposition of right and wrong.

[@chubakueno365]

The day a politician says this phrase willl be a critical milestone in human history

[@davidrobinson6501]

I don't understand how this "artificial atom" can be assumed to be an EXACT enough analogy for a real atom to make assumptions about real atoms. Seems like a...jump

[@swat840]

My thoughts exactly when he brought this up. Left me with more questions.

[@ThatCrazyKid0007]

Because it's about energy levels, or rather how much energy is in the system. There is nothing special about atoms per se, it's all about the amount of energy in the system (which is what an atom is - a system of subatomic particles). They recreated the energy levels in an atom with this system and observed the transitions of electrons with greater resolution when more energy is introduced into the system via photons. That's why it's analogous to an actual atom.

[@benjaminsmith4058]

The key is that the issue isn't atomic orbital transitions alone, the issue is much more general to any electron energy transition. An electron isn't aware of whether the potential well it is in is due to an atomic nucleus, molecular interactions, or a proton miles away, it simply interacts with the force. It would be even more shocking to science that an electron has some way to differentiate between sources of a potential well, and modify its behavior accordingly.

[@fukawitribe]

@@benjaminsmith4058 This is true - the question as to whether the artificial set-up is in any way an exact equivalent to the level transitions experienced by e.g. an electron - and hence whether the 'jump' has _exactly_ the same characteristics - is another question however.

[@gubunki]

@@benjaminsmith4058 I might ask something stupid, but if you add that little energy to that fake atom, how does that not only change one of the electrons in the fake atom?

[@mindyourbusiness4440]

When I started watching your videos I understood only about 20% of the content now I'm fully comprehending the arguments said, I really can't thank you and the amazing team behind the scenes enough. From the bottom of my heart thank you.

[@OslerWannabe]

This, and numerous other videos have really brought home to me just what a helpful addition to physics (and other disciplines') education the Internet has been. I got my undergraduate degree in chemistry in 1971, and it required courses in thermodynamics and quantum mechanics. Having recently switched from a math major, I had a decent handle on the math in these disciplines, but I still remember what a slog it was to get any kind of a conceptual handle on what it was I was trying to regurgitate for each exam. What on Earth did this all MEAN? Honestly, it was a living nightmare. I envy students today, who can use the resources on the Web to gain a purchase on the ideas, which must make it far easier to get a grasp of the still rigorous math. Lucky dogs.

[@frogGames]

Well, few more centuries and people would be able to download knowledge to thier brian😂

[@sudipnepal6640]

@@frogGames i think it's decade

[@ytashu33]

Great video, can't believe i actually understood your explanations! Don't know why i am seeing this one almost a year after being published. I think this is your best one yet! Quantum mechanics is clearly your forte and only you can explain this sort of thing the way you do. Most others would get tongue tied a half minute into explaining this rather subtle yet extremely foundational stuff. Can't wait for the next one on this topic. Also, can you please do a video on how the experimentalists do not get enough recognition for the work they do?

[@Josecannoli1209]

algo is pushing s good one

[@CountryandIrishFan]

Trapped in the past, Doctor Beckett finds himself leaping from life to life, putting things right that once went wrong and hoping each time that his next leap, will be the leap home.

[@andrefarfan4372]

*Black Hole*

[@CountryandIrishFan]

@@SentientSingularity Glad to be of assistance 😉

[@phoule76]

"Oh, boy."

[@joshuaychung]

I heard the theme music in my head as I read this comment.

[@cholten99]

The question is, now Sam's stuck in Matt's body what does he need to do in order to jump on? Where's Al when you need him?

[@AlfyorovTV]

Scientists actually found a relativistic process that's faster than a quantum jump A haste with which subscribers rush into their PCs to watch a new PBS Space Time video.

[@delivanov252]

I always thought that the fastest thing in the universe was bad news. Which obeys it's own special physical laws.

[@Mr.Beauregarde]

@@delivanov252 but never fast enough to do anything about it.

[@Fizz-Pop]

10 years before it actually does something.

[@dankuchar6821]

Well spoken my Russian friend.

[@dutchflats]

Funny!

[@sheepwshotguns42]

After videos like this i cant even believe im smart enough to know how dumb i am.

[@wholeNwon]

Good luck. It's impossible to know how ignorant we are.

[@wendycarter2304]

🤣😂🤣😂🤣🤪 I’m not even smart enough to “vocalize” that in a YT comment, so thank you!! 🤪🤣🤣😂👏🏻👏🏻👏🏻

[@MomentumHR6]

What a joke this kid

[@gravoc857]

Agreed. The more enlightened we become, the more we realize we’re in pitch black.

[@sigmasquadleader]

That's a sign of intelligence.

[@TheSeasonofGames]

Thank you Matt and PBS Space Time for making this show, I've always come to PBS to learn and even now, after watching for 20 years, I still keep learning. It makes me so happy during this wave of turbulence in the world.

[@Petch85]

The 3 state experiment with one atom is one of the coolest experiment I have ever heard of.

[@antonteodor6305]

Ah, quantum physics. Perpetually trolling the brightest minds on Earth for the last 100 years.

[@azimuddinansari9020]

@@hyperduality2838 Glory be to the One Who created all ˹things in˺ pairs-˹be it˺ what the earth produces, their genders, or what they do not know! Quran 36:36

[@mikebell4649]

@@hyperduality2838 well it’s difficult to prove a negative (god) as there is no evidence ! U can tho dismiss anything without evidence if it has no evidence ! The god concept has a baggage claim of supernatural which has no demonstration of truth so it is dismissed until there is evidence not because we can’t prove it not true ! Look up burden of proof

[@JaX-cu7hb]

@@hyperduality2838 love the use of star wars quotes

[@themaazmaaz]

So, a couple of corrections: - It's called a quantum leap - During a quantum leap, Dr. Sam Beckett temporarily takes the place of another person to correct historical mistakes - It occurs at least once per episode

[@megamanx466]

One fundamental question you over looked perhaps was if at any time, Dr. Sam Beckett, might take the place of either Bill or Ted as they travel the past seeking to pull humanoid-shapes of molecular groupings back into the present or future and the damage this might cause to the chronological river that is/isn't time. 🤔

[@megamanx466]

@Truth is the new hatespeech Nah, 2 out of 3 people in this thread agree that it's Quantum Leap. After all, it'd be a giant *leap* for mankind. 😅

[@megamanx466]

@Truth is the new hatespeech I do mind so I insist, because you don't get the initial joke that *IS* this thread in the first place. Have a good quantum leap into your day though! 😁 Also, it was a show/series. 😅

[@megamanx466]

@Truth is the new hatespeech I suppose it's both then. 😅 Though, who did you think Sam Beckett was and did you think that time travel was real? I know you all have Dr. Who, but both are just shows. 😋

[@themaazmaaz]

@Truth is the new hatespeech You are wrong

[@acetate909]

Quantum jump is an Olympic event where judging is done in a non relative way.

[@thedaemonator3244]

All scores are both 0 and 10 until observed

[@acetate909]

@@thedaemonator3244 That's really good. Nicely done.

[@sciencetablet2634]

Its where the judgement comes before the exercise

[@Charles-wu3lh]

No fair! You changed the outcome by measuring it!

[@kev-m-812]

Perspective

Amazing work, that is a lot to think about! Also, those animations are amazing. Also even when I had heard the story about the atom conceptual evolution, it never gets old, it is always fascinating.

[@iplanes1]

I share the concerns about how well an "artificial" atom can truely imitate reality. However, what really fascinate and worries me are the possible philosophical ramifications. The argument seems to be between a totally random event and an event which although apparently random is based upon a deterministic cause. this is essentially the same concern that Einstein had. He felt that there was some underlying deterministic process that was as yet undiscovered. If quantum phenomena are deterministic rather than the random that is taught in schools then as thought processes are (assumed) to be based in chemical processes which in turn depend upon electron transitions which are looking at the loss of freedom of choice. Thought becomes deterministic.

[@RedRocket4000]

Retention of quantum information already deterministic so the conflict with that and random in other quantum ideas hurts my brain. I fall back to Frames of Reference for freedom of choice in that from one's personal frame of Reference one has free will. I take back up from Relativity in that everything is Relative to the observer. And random events also deny what is thought of as freedom of choice. As predestination already a concept in Theology well before science I probably should review some thoughts on freedom of choice vs that concept. Predestination the realization that a all powerful, all knowing, present everywhere God could determine everything that would happen at creation and thus not have to make any adjustments later. This idea later in Christian thought created branches of Christianity with Calvinism. Thus parts of Protestant movement already ruled out Creationism long before Science did. This also explains that after fighting evolution for decades the Catholic Church gave up and accepted evolution as the evidence was too strong and Predestination already a Theological concept in that why would God need to be constantly involved as God could already determine everything at creation. The fact that a degree in traditional Theology is not required to be a preacher in fact maybe even a negative in American Protestants of the right wing is a shame.

[@carterwood4197]

As opposed to what? Thought being based on randomness? How is that any better?

[@rogerjohnson2562]

Whether thought is based on determinism instead of randomness (freedom), I don't think I would never know/sense/experience the difference. Our emergent consciousness and 'free will' have complete range within our mental domain; complete means it will seem determinedly free to us. The underlying angst that sometimes haunts me is that I have no choice but to choose or not choose.

[@MendTheWorld]

My brain, coupled with my detector circuitry, is not an infallible window on reality, but it is pretty much correct most of the time. The same circuitry gives me the impression of having free will. I will trust evolution and natural selection to have provided a useful perception. If free will is not real, I cannot conceive what selective advantage it would have provided. Maybe my reasoning is circular, but my impression is that it’s rational.

[@tylisirn]

Does it matter? It's still ultimately random, the only difference is whether we're throwing the dice in real time, or whether the throws were front loaded to when the universe was born.

[@meckonroy]

Welcome to the show where many of us pretend that we understand what he said.

[@MusicalRaichu]

Although I happened to understand quite a lot of this episode, to me that's actually a genuine criticism of this channel.

[@EAMason-ev3pl]

Love this show!! Social Science major w/no real science background. Amazing, fantastic.

[@kev-m-812]

Lol the fact you commented would show at least you gave it some thought. Mission complete✌

[@MargoMB19]

Some (okay, a lot) of it is hard for my mind to grasp, but I definitely understand way more from watching this channel than I did before discovering it!

[@ale-eb8rj]

If you think you understand pbs space time, you do not understand pbs space time.

[@jonathancunningham4159]

It's amazing that there are humans smart enough to come up with these experiments and the math involved.

[@Tripskull]

Yes. You're right, but really impressive was Issac Newton. At least scientists today have computers to assist. The things Newton did with virtually no assistance?! He had to create the math even!!!

[@1eV]

humans are smarter than you think

[@jonathancunningham4159]

@@Tripskull Very true!

[@Tripskull]

I've always considered Newton the "smartest" human in history. Of course such a person can never be actually defined, but It always amazed me what that man accomplished. Idk if it's true but I always heard that there was no one with a bugger head. He knew he was smarter than everybody and was quick to point it out haha. If i were that level intelligent it would be hard not to be condescending to everyone else though, so its believable ...

[@jonathancunningham4159]

@@Tripskull what fascinates me about Newton is that he was all over the place in regards to science. He even did alchemy in his later years. He also decoded biblical dates to determine the end of the world. His conclusion was no sooner than 2030. The thing that fascinates me the most is his research on light. Pretty mind boggling for his time.

[@sergey9986]

7:20 The described process does not refer to "fluorescence" that is only applicable to dipole-dipole allowed transitions. From the "third level" taking "many seconds to drop back down", it is evident that the transition is forbidden. Hence, general term "luminescence" or, more precisely, "phosphorescence" shall be used.

[@bondsan]

"What Happens During a Quantum Jump?" I don't know, but afterwards Sam Beckett always says "Oh boy!"

[@jgobroho]

And then he switches careers into being a starship captain

[@elishmuel1976]

Is anyone else amazed that we live in a time where we can rewind only 100 years and capture the beautiful story and major discoveries of quantum theory?

[@Stacey0909]

As amazed as I am that I don't have to ride up to the library or tune in, just in time 📺.

[@reallifepsych3309]

KZbin algorithm all of a sudden wants me to become a quantum physicist, like ok

[@adhdasian1896]

That's Google training new programmers

[@warsin8641]

WELCOME TO THE CLBU! ;o

[@thymythymyth]

Let me simp on you

[@Mp57navy]

Welcome! I suggest watching previous videos that lead up to this one. I can get confusing to jump into a series with no reference point!

[@GiantsGraveGaming]

@@Mp57navy yeah just about 5 years of weekly videos, worth it no doubt but kinda time taking.

[@EMAngel2718]

Something I've wondered about with quantum mechanics is the possibility that the underlying mechanics are actually continuous but the structures that we're able to measure have valleys of stability that are so strong, at least relative to the relevant inertias, that the actual processes of transition have just been impossible to measure, until now possibly that is.

[@timmy1729]

Right !

[@ThatCrazyKid0007]

This was one of the most exciting and interesting episodes you've done in years. Theoretical videos are great, but experimental data is the heart and soul of physics that give us actual answers. Would love if you'd cover more of the experimental side of physics (alongside its theoretical backbone of course) in the future.

[@Tight_Conduct]

The problem is there's a general lack of quality experiments happening. And one good experiment leads to half a dozen others. It's like pieces of a puzzle slowly coming together... we can try to tell the story right now, but it won't be as good as the final product.

[@Tight_Conduct]

...not that we are anywhere close to a final product!

[@ramuthra1]

100% agree. I always get really excited when it seems we are on the verge of answering a deep question in physics. How insanely awesome would it be if this opens the door to understanding whether quantum state transitions are instantaneous or not?

[@danieljensen2626]

@@Tight_Conduct Bruh, there's plenty of quality experiments happening. Most are just more specific than the kind of thing this channel usually discusses.

[@prof.ado-fisica3953]

My favorite video on KZbin until now. Congratulations for the hard work

[@anonymoushuman8344]

Thank you for explaining exciting, leading-edge developments so clearly for the rest of us!

[@FidgetyGuy]

Theoretical Physics is an exercise in B.S.

[@MattiaConti]

When my mom asks me what i'm doing "i'm studying and watch youtube at the same time"

[@RR-qp4kp]

I’m sure there’s an answer to this one: if the electron transitions through multiple states, when is the photon emitted? Is it the trigger for (ie simultaneous with) the initial transition or does it happen during transitions? Presumably photon emission/absorption is still instantaneous? If it is there must be a point in time when the electron is transitioning, has lost the photon energy but has more energy than it will end up with in the ground state. And yet it won’t lose anymore through photon emission. So where does the energy go?

[@alanjenkins1508]

I imagine the photon and electron are in a superposition of states until the electron is "observed" in its final state and the superposition is broken.

[@markw.8455]

I strongly doubt that any action is 'simultaneous' because we know that nothing travels faster than the speed of light. (Which includes 'cause & effect')

[@johannesh7610]

Well, the differential equations of the quantum waves of electron and photon fields govern how the transition works, as a completely "normal" solution of the differential equations (I guess). It just seems to be that the package of energy that then is in the photon field acts as one quantum (whatever that means in this context, probably means that any process that extracts energy from it changes the whole field such that it cannot be absorbed anywhere else anymore). One should realize that the stable quantum states are also just special solutions of these differential equations which don't "emit photons".

[@alperkara8405]

@@alanjenkins1508 that should also mean no time between transition. so to speak collapse occurs instantly (when the interaction occurs).

[@Mernom]

@@markw.8455 Quantum effects have always played lightly with that aspect, though. (quantum eraser, etc)

[@c.ladimore1237]

"Not only does God play dice, the dice are loaded." -- Chairman Sheng-ji Yang (from the game alpha centauri)

[@oppie2363]

"Men in their arrogance claim to understand the nature of creation, and devise elaborate theories to describe its behavior. But always they discover in the end that God was quite a bit more clever than they thought." Sister Miriam Godwinson, "We Must Dissent"

[@dm121984]

@@oppie2363 God I hated her. Basically the "God did it, give up trying to understand or get punished" faction

[@oppie2363]

@@dm121984 Yeh -- it does have an interesting resonance with schrodinger's comparison to precession though

[@mattneville2864]

Loaded against our inuition. Nearly out of reach of compression. Seems like whatever you believe could be spiratic random manifestation until someone finds an experiment that solidifies the truth of its mechanics.

[@karlbischof2807]

@@dm121984 u completely misunderstood the saying

[@JonoSSD]

"Einstein, stop telling God what to do." Niels Bohr

[@marielizysurourcq]

yeah, people often forget to mention the genuine answer from Bohr to Einstein 's philosophical doubts. Einstein then took so much time to try to prove that QM was a "transitionnal theory" and died before he could find better

[@PetraKann]

@@marielizysurourcq Einstein disputed many of the consequences that flowed from his General and Special theories of relativity. Even towards the end of his life he doubted the physical existence of black holes as well as gravitational waves. Scientists have now directly detected both of these phenomena (and in the case of black holes, indirect evidence has been documented for a long time)

[@yoseyoda]

If God wants to play Sic Bo who are you to stop him? :-)

[@aawiggins314159]

One of my favorite quotes by Bohr. 🤗👨🏾‍💻📚

[@baldrbraa]

@@marielizysurourcq But at least we can now see the stages of the transition

[@MaviBabliu]

If you’re serious about changing your life, read the book the cosmic wealth frequencies on borlest The techniques inside are mind-blowing.

[@Jan_K_91]

If you are serious about changing your life, try to not spam every video with these bot comments. This very agressive kind of “marketing” doesn t´ belong to this community.

[@Neztup]

It's carzy to think Heisenberg and Bohr understood this subject so well without having the tools to observe it, yet here am I 70 years later not able to wrap my head around it xD

[@nielskorpel8860]

I share your opinion, though there is this one quote: "I think I can safely say that nobody really understands quantum mechanics" - Richard Feynman Its the math that brings us further than our paradigms can take us, and then math only takes us so far before you need measurements.

[@ravenlord4]

It reminds me of Leucippus and Democritus delving into atomic theory in 400 BC

[@gweiloxiu9862]

I think the difficulty lies in the fact that our current epistemology (intellectual operating system) is still in the 19th century and has yet to catch up to any of this. We don't go past Hume despite the fact that Husserl more thoroughly and efficiently explains Hume than Hume could ever explain Husserl. It's like expecting the first version of Windows to run current software. Reliable information that requires the most esoteric of mathematic abstraction to be logically processed indicates a major inefficiency in the process itself.

[@DrakiniteOfficial]

I'm not entirely convinced that this "artificial atom" can accurately represent a real atom. Sure, it has energy levels that can be considered analogous to electron energy levels. But this seems fundamentally different, because the superconducting circuits are comprised of millions/billions/etc of atoms. It seems on the surface like the electromagnetic energy in the circuits could be explained through classical E&M. How do we know that these superconducting circuits can accurately represent a real atom?

[@marcusklaas4088]

Excellent question. I hope it gets answered in the next Q&A.

[@cineblazer]

Commenting here because I have the same confusion and am hoping Matt will address it next week.

[@stanimirborov3765]

yeah. Maybe it is more stable though.. im not sure im understanding correctly but subtitles 11:33 show "The weaker the measurement, the less likely a true quantum jump is to occur".. idk maybe he meant we need more complex systems.." maybe the atom is more trapped/easier in those circuits, maybe they have a way to track somewhat a "radius" around that atom so taht no other atoms interfere ors omething like that n they would know abouta ll the other interferences. But im not sure so i thumbs up too

[@MaxThomas79]

I agree, it seems strange to me that we can program an artificial atom when we don’t understand the rules or underlying principles.

[@kazedcat]

The real atom does not matter. What scientist want to find out is the process where electrons transition between energy level. The atom is only a historical artifact because it is the study of the atom that pointed to the phenomenon of quantized electron transition or quantum leap. It is like we find out about gravity on earth but the earth does not really matter what matters is how gravity actually works. So you can study gravity in an artificial satellites and your results are still valid even if artificial satellites is not similar to earth.

[@Jatt2613]

12:39 Half of the hypernova supporters are stuck in a quantum superposition and can't decide which column to be in.

[@CATinBOOTS81]

We should measure them with a laser, and get rid of that quantum superposition!

[@rufusapplebee1428]

@@CATinBOOTS81 measure it with gravitational analysis without destroying the superpositions.

[@megamanx466]

@@rufusapplebee1428 Yeah, but lasers always sound cooler! 😆

[@kemsekov6331]

I love how he says Space Time always at the end of the video. As well as his smirk when he said it)

[@thenebular]

Trapped in the past, Matt finds himself leaping from video to video, putting things right that once went wrong and hoping each time that his next leap, will be the leap home.

[@nagualdesign]

(4:34) _"It was a reaction against one of the central tenants of Copenhagen."_ Landlords can be quite reactionary at times. 😊 Although I think you meant _tenets._

[@Practicality01]

That guy that lives in the middle of Copenhagen causes all kinds of problems

[@nagualdesign]

@@Practicality01 He was Einstein's most problematic tenant.

[@dervisali1179]

Thanks i knew about Michael Hill! He was my professor in Oxford and told us FBC fund!

[@AthAthanasius]

There's something in the details of what those two superconducting circuits that needs explaining. How is what happens in them not going back to being the result of many particles, rather than just a single atom and electron ?

[@YodaWhat]

NOVA did an episode in 1999 called *Time Travel* and a segment of that episode involved a demonstration of sending Mozart 40 on a microwave carrier frequency. One setup was to send it through a solid block of metal about a foot thick, via tunnelling of the microwave photons. The other setup was identical except for removing the block of metal. Although most of the photons were stopped by the block, _those which successfully tunnelled appeared to arrive instantaneously._ The signal, though much degraded, arrived sooner when the block was present, as was shown on an oscilloscope. The music was still easily recognizable, too. How does this relate to the old and continuing controversy covered in this Jan 12, 2021 edition of PBS Space Time? Simple: Quantum jumps are what happens when a photon or other particle tunnels from one place in spacetime to another place in spacetime. An electron going from one atomic orbital to another displays no spectral signature of passing through intermediate energy levels because _it does not pass through,_ which would be a continuous journey. Instead that electron _tunnels through_ from one energy level to the other, a discontinuous journey, just like the microwaves going "through" the block in the experiment. Therefore, *quantum jumps are instantaneous.*

[@camerondale6529]

i turned up my volume to hear his voice, then blew out my speakers when the intro came in. thanks pbs.

[@hafizajiaziz8773]

Ah, I think you're going to need an episode on Weak Measurements

[@LukaszWiklendt]

Love the idea that randomness could be a kind of "god-of-the-gaps" explanation, and Einstein was right all along.

[@rylian21]

It almost certainly is. Nothing is truly random. The roll of the dice is determined the moment they leave your hand.

[@laurentgerard5244]

@@rylian21 you mean determined since the begining of universe

[@rylian21]

@@laurentgerard5244 No, I don't. I think that we have free will to affect the universe. I decide the angle of my arm, the force with which they're thrown, and when to release.

[@MrJinXiao]

@@rylian21 you /think/ you do.

[@Tripskull]

But Einstein thought everything was predetermined i thought? The guy who only believed what he wrote it seems...

[@mattu1974]

Excelente canal de divulgación científica, lo único que falta es una versión en español, a veces se hace difícil seguir el tema, saludos cordiales.

[@GiuseppePipia]

The Quantum Zeno effect is that Zeno doesn't understand that Goku just wants to fight, and in doing it destroys universes. Great video as always!

[@doctari1061]

Great video. I’m glad you didn’t vote in favour of one theory over the other. The answer is still out there waiting for someone to prove. We may be closer to an answer, but it’s still 50/50 as far as anyone should interpret the data.

[@ghosttwo2]

For when you're trying to find your way back home, trying to fix what once went wrong.

[@zyme5998]

Theorizing that one could time travel within his own lifetime, Professor Matt O'Dowd stepped into the Quantum Leap Accelerator... and vanished!

[@vlanomo]

Wish these videos had a list of references to the papers discussed...

[@bramvanduijn8086]

I second this request.

[@thstroyur]

So I'm not the only one, then? Does anyone know if SciShow is in Matt's fave channel list?

[@Ikbeneengeit]

This is really groundbreaking new research, thanks for sharing

[@shiddy.]

3:16 love the way you tell this story

[@sukadeva108]

Why not both: instantaneously when not observed and continuously when it is being observed as per Heisenberg Uncertainty principle or simultaneously same and different at the same time.

[@chubakueno365]

That's the part that sounded bogus to me from the second paper: "If you measure it, it will no longer seem random" well duh, if you never listen or give a check to your car it will also fail at random! I know there must be a deeper, more nuanced meaning that I didn't catch up and will read the paper later, but that's my first impression

[@sukadeva108]

@@chubakueno365 these are the present aspect of hypothesis. No one knows the real modules yet. Physics encounter conscioubess...

[@Madsy9]

I'm sure Sam Beckett and Al approve of this episode :-)

[@MWall711]

So now we know how Ziggy helped Sam make those quantum leaps between episodes!

[@ruthdilbeck2035]

I heard a professor pompously ask a question, to which the answer began with "I believe . . ." Of, course that was when professor boomed "Science is not belief!" Followed by a customary direction to the building on campus where Philosophy is studied. This frequently happens with interdisciplinary discussions, but thank you for your helpful description of some of the fuzziness in physics.

[@xy2144]

Electrons can skip onto any of the nodes of it’s resonant harmonic series. Because there are infinite overtones, it appears random but are, in all actuality, absolutely precise destination leaps in time.

[@deusexaethera]

In order to understand most of the counter-intuitive crap that quantum mechanics gets away with, it's important to remember one very significant fact: *_Position is not a fundamental property of a particle. Position is an emergent property that only exists when particles interact._* A single particle alone in space effectively inhabits every point within that space; its position can only be constrained by interactions with other particles. The reason this seems so strange to us is because we exist in an environment _swarming_ with particles continuously interacting and constraining each other's positions to near-pointlike precision -- we have no experience with anything else.

[@MrTkharris]

Thanks for that. That's just about the best short explanation for much of my confusion. In this case, however, it's _energy_ that is the quantity of concern over whether it leaps instantaneously or not, right? OK, I'm still confused.

[@halyoalex8942]

The fact that my brain read this in Matt's voice is applaudable, well done. XD

[@musicalfringe]

That's an excellent point, thank you.

[@arsh9908]

If this is true, it's the best explanation out there no cap

[@arsh9908]

If this is true, it's the best explanation out there no cap

[@X7373Z]

Something they might not be considering: What if each random probability exists deterministically? That is to say for each possible outcome a universe potentially can exist and does but we can only ever observe ONE outcome because we are only in the outcome that occurred to observe it?

[@weltschmerz333]

yes

[@Neds_Severed_Head]

If I remember right, for a successful quantum leap , you need to say “oh boy”, while Ziggy punches a calculator.

[@pwnmeisterage]

I loved that calculator. It made indignant cartoony noises every time it got punched. It sometimes seemed to sulk and troll out uncooperatively incomplete answers.

[@KpxUrz5745]

One of the most interesting presentations I have seen. Thank you. Superbly explained.

[@ketherwhale6126]

Quantum jumps are like scenarios taking place that would normally happen at a further time but are injected at an earlier time shortening time itself as humanity progresses. Like a collapse of time, or mini time collapses.

[@youmad1313]

you are on the right track, but there is no time only the illusion of dilation of time which is relativity ..this leaves us with the quanta electric magnetic photon that is all of our reality projecting this illusion of now in what we call spacetime ....

[@davidhand9721]

A note on revisiting: it is not particularly compelling that these gradual transitions occurred in a macroscopic analog system consisting of many particles across a (comparatively) large space. You could just as easily blame locality for the gradual transition because the system obviously needs to propagate information to accomplish the change on this scale. Still, I think it has to be the same in a single particle, or at least it cannot be observed in an intermediate state, because Copenhagen sucks.

[@JubioHDX]

from 6:02 onward he was talking of tests done on a single atom proving the hypothesis, no?

[@zhanglini]

is the speaker quantum leaping around in the video?

[@ktkrelaxedscience]

"If you can't explain it simply, you don't understand it properly." Always, always makes me think of quantum physics.

[@andsalomoni]

You definitely can explain quantum physics simply. Just stick to the facts and don't give interpretations.

[@ktkrelaxedscience]

@@andsalomoniThere is a part of me that would like for you to just try. I won’t let you run into the proverbial knife like that. But I can point out that there is an ongoing discussion about what those equation actually mean. Going beyond the maths and describing the facts underlying the equations, is something they haven’t done satisfactorily, despite the theory being over 100 years old.

[@andsalomoni]

@@ktkrelaxedscience If they haven't done it satisfactorily, it's only because they don't want lo let go some concepts of classical physics. If they don't quit thinking that there must be an underlying observer-independent objective reality, they will never understand QM.

[@ktkrelaxedscience]

@@andsalomoni That's an interesting answer. How would you describe the facts of QM?

[@andsalomoni]

@@ktkrelaxedscience The facts are already described in the experimental papers, and organized in the mathematical theory of QM, both of them are not object of any disputation among physicists. The only issues arise when we want to fit QM into some superstructural conceptual framework. No paradoxes or contradictions exist in the experimental facts, nor in the mathematics used to organize them. They only show when we want to fit the facts in a classical-like worldview. What we have to do is just to let go the concepts that induce contradictions and paradoxes when applied to quantum FACTS. For example an observer-independent reality doesn't hold, counterfactual reasoning doesn't hold, deterministic causality doesn't hold, locality doesn't hold, etc. Just let these concepts go, and build a new philosophy in agreement with the established quantum facts (which should not be difficult nor actually very new indeed, since a lot of non-western cultures, "primitive" ones too, and religions, have a worldview very close to QM).

[@abj358]

At the risk of being absolutely shunned, gotta say, I've felt it. Deeply. Without being aware of his broader conceptions about wave interaction, as his cat generally takes center stage, I have, for some time, felt Schrödinger's formulation as being dead on. This video presentation, for me, helps to nail the coffin. As a musician, I don't know that I can see the universe in any other way. There are sinks and sources, holes and hills; interferences, destructive and constructive within an all pervading energy body that is representative of a plenum which naturally 'endeavors' to inhibit, to limit such energies to certain resonances, or energy thresholds -- a singular field; thus relieving us of a headache-inducing multitude; from which all things emerge as notes along a sounding board; arising and subsiding, interacting while implying restriction, constructing an harmonic series of 17 familiar tones, yet capable of intermixing and intermingling, even within and betwixt the tones, to offer us a cosmic symphony of astounding breadth and depth! An electron, merely one tone in a scale, is, then is not, then is again, but elsewhere. Energy being funneled into a quantum excluding state of similar energy, inducing, perhaps not perfectly, a phase cancellation, the energy of which is conserved, thus engenders the appearance of now enmeshed energies in a differentiated locale more conducive to it's resonance. Jump? Apparently. Maybe not. Relativity doesn't afford the luxury of feigning ignorance where high-speed transitions are involved. As emission and absorption occurs at the speed of photons; photons inherently maintaining zero time sense, simply being or not; the process may appear to observers dilated, taking vastly longer (relatively speaking). Is it instantaneous or is there a time gap? Yes...and no. Meow.

[@charlieevergreen3514]

Meow, indeed. I hope you’re still doing well in your dangerbox. But seriously, without getting into details, I believe I get your description of a richly complicated and ever-shifting tapestry of energetic pockets, with electrons perhaps being “squirted” through a bottleneck in that matrix of energies. Perhaps I’m not picturing the same thing you describe, but the basic notion of “blending and smearing” being more likely than “too many billiard balls” seems more intuitive and more likely to me as well. Perhaps we will live long enough to witness more definitive data on the matter.

[@abj358]

@@charlieevergreen3514 Finally. Somebody.

[@charlieevergreen3514]

@@abj358 Right on, my resonant compatriot! Hahaha

[@qzbnyv]

This was such a good video. A topic that would have been rather dry if given during a conventional lecture by one of the involved physicists, but that was told as a great story with twists and turns by Matt / Space Time. Woo :) I don’t know how I missed the vid last year. maybe it was during my let-YT-play-when-trying-to-fall-asleep phase.

[@twistymail]

Consider: photons are not all perfect sine waves. In 1965 for my PhD thesis I calculated the shapes of spectral lines emitted by cool plasmas. During the time it takes for a photon to be emitted, in a plasma, lots of other particles fly by, affecting the photon waveform by the Stark effect (electric fields) and the Zeeman effect (magnetic fields). I calculated these statistically and showed the resulting spectral line shape. This allowed a study of spectra to imply conclusions about the plasma. In this, I specifically assumed that the emission was slow enough to create a photon with a length. How else could you have a variety of waveforms coming from one kind of atom or particle?

[@qwadratix]

It has to be said that a photon that isn't a 'sine wave' isn't a pure photon. Your 'photon with a length' is actually a superposition of more than one photon. In nature a true photon is really an impossible object because all 'photons' are superpositions, even the 'purest' must have some deviation from purity. They only exist as a mathematical ideal, like a perfect, singular point.

[@mlmimichaellucasmontereyin6765]

Good work! Yet, if we develop sufficiently viable quantum hydrodynamics & plasma fluid mechanics it will be much easier to understand the actual magneto-dielectric field-effects & events. Then, instead of thinking in terms of 2D wave analogs and magic beebees (etc.)--with uncaused supernatural powers, abilities, and "behaviors"--we can understand the events as effects of interpenetrating emanations, vectors (of force), turbulence, resonance, etc., finalizing & vaidating Schrodinger's approach. For more on that, see "Theory and Metatheory of Atemporal Primacy" (and the definitions of key terms, re: matter, particles, energy, force, fields, etc.), via my ORCID(.org) page: 0000-0001-5029-7074 - I look forward to your comments or critiques. Thanks ~

[@joecater894]

interesting research. I studied physics at uni in 00's .... wish I did take it further.

[@keegan.j1321]

@@mlmimichaellucasmontereyin6765 ur just... saying words without stringing together a meaning.

[@andywolan]

Quantum Leap? That’s easy to explain: it was a TV show on NBC starring Scott Bakula.

[@RagaarAshnod]

And was in the hands of God? I find this unfalsifiable, unless you watch the entire show.

[@MrMusicalee]

Ah you beat me to it.

[@danieltolson5341]

Quantum Leap is one show I can’t believe they haven’t had a revival or reboot of. Come on already.

[@MrMusicalee]

@@danieltolson5341 Agreed. So much potential.

[@john-or9cf]

And a cylon in an alternate timeline.

[@larryfulkerson4505]

All this time I thought Albert Einstein was a theoritical physicist but no, it turns out that he was a real live person.

[@CasualFace]

Funny joke

[@kamogelothokwane8312]

Absolutely fascinating stuff... Maybe a similar underlying phenomenon for the seemingly 'spooky action at a distance'?

[@lmiones]

Beautiful presentation of key topics in Q-Physics ... At higher energies (frequencies) we have a better resolution in "space" (states) and "time" (sequence of changes) and transition between longer-lived states may be achieved via transient short-lived no-so-symmetrical states (like resonances in the Particle Zoo: "free scattering") ... like plucking too hard a guitar string ... But when saying quantum we mean it: no continuum ... and qubits are useful: Y/N questions are projection operators ("logical collapse") ... so Solomon (or a unifying theory: QC) would say: both Bohr and Schrodinger are right. Thank you for such a thought stimulating and informative presentation!! Schrodinger took "(classical) reality" as a framework to explain quantum phenomena ... We now take "quantum theory" as a reference framework to explain "reality" as emergent: both ways are needed and "true" (i apologize for such a long comment).

[@repubblesmcglonky8990]

So, basically, Heisenberg is the one who knocks and doesn't knock at the same time?

[@megamanx466]

I thought that was Schrodinger and Heisenberg stated that if you try to hear the knock, you won't know where the knock was? 🤔

[@repubblesmcglonky8990]

@@megamanx466 I DON'T EVEN KNOW ANY MORE ;-; XD

[@megamanx466]

@@repubblesmcglonky8990 😆

[@MysticleMonster]

That's the fun part. Schroedinger's Cat was invented to show how ridiculous that idea is but eventually ended up as a prime example for the layman of how quantum states work in theory.

[@mesterfriend402]

This channel must be the best thing that happened to science on youtube

[@wardibald]

"Had difficulty making the quantum leap into 2021" is physics lingo for "Gotten into a drunken stupor on new year's eve"?

[@RahRahSisBoom13]

I just hope he’s alright

[@evilhenny]

Remember a few years ago, I said observation was a force?... "to be arrested by measuring it frequently enough with respect to some chosen measurement setting"... sure sounds like it. Math might not be my strong suit, because I write a tradition "subtraction" logic routine/circuit like this; 1:9 2:8 3:7 4:6 5:5 Input A C=convert(input B) A+C Drop 10 The point of this magnificent equation is to show how work is required in "volt" systems. They put a spin/orbit circuit in a box and identified random logic. Everyday I'm hustling, hustling, hustling.

[@Tripskull]

Well I cant wait. The next video should start defining the newly discovered rules of science if Copenhagen and uncertainty are wrong. I like how he trolled us by ending the video after spacetime. I cant remember one of his videos that never said a word after spacetime. Good stuff, man you're the best! If I had 3 genie wishes, you would be forced to work hard! I'd consider wishing for a new spacetime be released everyday!

[@Corvaire]

I'm considering 2020 to be a transition between 19-21 despite its presence along the arrow of time. ;O)-

[@nielskorpel8860]

I interpret 2020 like the third energy level instead. We've bcome stuck in it by chance, only to find it lasts many more months than we are used to. This is the thirtheenth month already, and the end is not yet in sight.

[@Tripskull]

If only we could have been in a superposition through 2020.

[@TheJunky228]

I think it is *all* deterministic, just that we don't have the capacity to fully understand _everything_ yet, or maybe even ever, leading to it _appearing_ random

[@TazPessle]

Reality is like Inception, except we're digging down into atoms rather than minds; how far down can we go?

[@guyarrol582]

Quantum SpaceTime is deterministic however small motions are irrelevant and do allow for choice because your choices don't actually matter

[@generic_youtube_name3]

On the one hand, being partial toward a deterministic interpretation of the fundamental laws of the universe could be a consequence of the apparent determinism of the macroscopic world; which the human mind evolved to understand. On the other hand, the macroscopic world could appear deterministic because, well, the underlying laws are deterministic - and of course we would be a part of that system.... And I also share your bias

[@oatlord]

I liked the Doomsday + Zeno theory of how humanity has destroyed the universe by the act of measuring it.

[@marilynwasserman9860]

Thank you Matt. I love listening to your explanations. Looking forward to the next...jump.

[@NeonsStyleHD]

Fascinating. Would really like to know what the mechanism that triggers this!

[@ChadKovac]

This video needs more Scott Bakula.

[@ChadKovac]

@@SentientSingularity It's just not right that you talk of Quantum Leap or Jumping without mentioning his groundbreaking work in the late 80's.

[@walterlyzohub8112]

My two cents worth: “A model is only as good as its assumptions: a reply to Peele” by T. Rice We need more experiments.

[@mikeclarke952]

Bohr and Planck walk into an H bar... Schrödinger laughs and laughs.

[@CapinCooke]

Even I got that 😂

[@perfectlypurepinkpompompan3467]

LOVE this guy's accent!!! Anyone have info regarding where he grew up?

[@yqisq6966]

What's this? 2021? New cool quantum stuff? What a time to be alive!

[@LilRedDog]

I was surprised that you did not mention Bohr's reply to Einstein's "God does not play dice": Bohr replied "Einstein, stop telling God what to do". Which suggests less of a boxing match and more of a "can't we all get along" point of view.

[@flyinghole]

What happens during a quantum jump is that Sam Beckett hopes it will be his final leap home...

[@bongani2269]

Teacher: why didn't you do your homework. ME: Schrödinger's cat ate my homework.

[@joelmorningstar3645]

It also didn't eat your homework.

[@2stroke4me]

It may or may not have eaten your homework that you did or didn't do.

[@RichardASalisbury1]

Wow! Your best episode yet, I think.

[@candaceparker7283]

Erwin "The Cat" Schrodinger? Is this an Stargate SG-1 reference? Good explanation of the situation. Thank you.

[@gardenhead92]

I feel like you had to really stretch to end with "spacetime" this episode haha

[@bearcubdaycare]

Yeah, spacetime is a General Relativity thing, and GR doesn't integrate well (yet) with quantum stuff.

[@victorw_nderer]

Oh yeah, yet another time then on the question "one or another", quantum mechanics answers *"Yes"*

[@elhache7160]

"...Ziggy says there is a,95.9% chance...."

[@geraldammons5520]

I really enjoy your videos. The host's presentation is concise and easy to understand. Good job!

[@215jets1]

I lost it after about minute 1:15... but it's still beautiful.