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Lightweight, durable and functional: these are the qualities that make aluminum one of the leading engineering materials of our time. We can find aluminum in the houses we live in, in the cars we drive, in the trains and planes that take us long distances, in the cell phones and computers we use every day, on the shelves of our refrigerators and in modern interior designs, but only 200 years old. ago, very little was known about this metal.
Aluminum is used in a wide variety of products, including cans, foil, cookware, window frames, beer kegs and airplane parts. This is due to its particular properties. It has low density, is non-toxic, has high thermal conductivity, excellent corrosion resistance and can be easily cast, machined and formed. It is also non-magnetic and does not produce sparks. It is the second most malleable metal and the sixth most ductile.
It is often used as an alloy because aluminum itself is not particularly strong. Alloys with copper, manganese, magnesium and silicon are light but strong. They are very important in the construction of airplanes and other means of transport.
Aluminum is a good electrical conductor and is often used in electrical transmission lines. It is cheaper than copper and weight for weight it is almost twice as good a conductor.
When evaporated in a vacuum, aluminum forms a highly reflective coating for light and heat. It does not deteriorate as a silver coating would. These aluminum claddings have many uses including telescoping mirrors, decorative papers, packaging and toys.
Aluminum is the most abundant metal in the Earth's crust (8.1%), but it is rarely found uncombined in nature. It is usually found in minerals such as bauxite and cryolite. These minerals are aluminum silicates.
Most commercially produced aluminum is mined using the Hall-Héroult process. In this process, aluminum oxide is dissolved in molten cryolite and then electrolytically reduced to pure aluminum. Making aluminum is very energy intensive. 5% of the electricity generated in the US is used in aluminum production. However, once manufactured, it does not corrode and can be easily recycled.
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