What is Leptospirosis

Leptospirosis is an infection in rodents and other wild and domesticated species. Rodents are implicated most often in human cases. The infection in man is contracted through skin abrasions and the mucosa of the nose, mouth and eyes. Exposure through water contaminated by urine from infected animals is the most common route of infection. Human-to-human transmission is rare.
Outdoor and agricultural workers (rice-paddy and sugarcane workers for example) are particularly at risk but it is also a recreational hazard to those who swim or wade in contaminated waters. In endemic areas the number of leptospirosis cases may peak during the rainy season and even may reach epidemic proportions in case of flooding because the floods cause rodents to move into the city.
Flooding
Prevention strategies of human leptospirosis include wearing protective clothing for people at occupational risk and avoidance of swimming in water that may be contaminated. Leptospirosis control in animals is dependent on the serovar and animal species but may be either vaccination, a testing a culling programme, rodent control or a combination of these strategies.

[@aramarinelmendones8938]

Leptospirosis is a rare bacterial infection we get from animals. It's spread through their urine, especially from dogs, rodents, and farm animals. They may not have any symptoms, but they can be carriers. In most cases, leptospirosis is unpleasant but not life-threatening ,like a case of the flu. In humans, leptospirosis can cause a wide range of symptoms, including high fever, headache, chills, muscle aches, vomiting, jaundice (yellow skin and eyes), red eyes, and abdominal pain. Some may ask if leptospirosis can be cured. Well, it is treated with antibiotics, such as doxycyline or penicillin, which should be given early in the course of the disease. Intravenous antibiotics may be required for persons with more severe symptoms. The illness lasts from a few days to 3 weeks or longer. Without treatment, leptospirosis can lead to kidney damage, meningitis (inflammation of the membrane around the brain and spinal cord), liver failure, respiratory distress or even death. The disease can be transmitted through direct contact with urine, blood or tissue from an infected animal. The bacteria can enter through broken skin or through the soft tissues on the inside of the mouth, nose or eyes. It is generally not transmitted from person to person. Pet owners should also take steps to prevent themselves and others from becoming infected with the disease due to an infected pet. The primary mode of transmission of leptospirosis from pets to humans is through direct or indirect contact with contaminated animal tissues, organs or urine. The risk of acquiring leptospirosis can be greatly reduced by not swimming or wading in water that might be contaminated with animal urine, or eliminating contact with potentially infected animals. MENDONES, ARA MARINEL L. BSED ENGLISH III SECTION 1267

[@noellamaetausa1142]

"A MAN'S BEST FRIEND TURNS TO BE HIS DEATH PLEA" - LEPTOSPIROSIS This endemic, epidemic infectious disease is serious beyond serious. To formally understand what is leptospira in leptospirosis think about a blood infection cause by this bacteria called the leptospira. This affects human health and breaks into malfunctioning of the inner organs and we cannot let that happen so a personal education about animal urine's particularly In a flooded area and in a farming site must be always ahead of any regrets. When the urine of an animal mixed to the soil, water, or any material it can cause contamination and can directly transmit to human in any possible way of contractions through skin, mouth, nose, and eyes. An open wounds also are the most direct portal of bacteria, so this must be a reminder to those people to avoid to much exposure through water. We never know where the water came from and bacteria are easily drown into contaminated muddy places or space like drainages. A diabetic person usually are those easily lacerate or vulnerable person in a community and they are highly address to avoid places with direct contact to bacteria for their wounds are literally take time on healing. In connection to LEPTOSPIROSIS the risk for them is to high, swimming in a contaminated waters or environment having this untreated wounds or cuts can basically the open space for bacteria to contracted and attack the inner proportion of human body. As I read some articles they assure that human to human transmission is rare but it's deadly, symptoms are must be watch for some are not directly visible and feel by the human sense's and some are mistaken by other disease but the sympthoy are the following, high fever, headache, chills, muscle ache, vomiting, yellow skin and eyes , red eye and abdominal pain from mild to severe like bleeding I'm the lungs or meningitis. So prevention is better than cure for people swim mindfully that to swim for hospital bills. Enjoying too much without responsibly thinking your health towards action. This case are common during heavy rainfall and the big cities especially Manila Philippines is always prone in high situation of flood this happen that the water falls down overlapping and wash all the passage and drainage this means that the water are surely contaminated by such factors like human waste, company trash and animal urine combining forces of bacteria. If this happen always have safety measures and wear some human wear protection, consult and also do vaccination for the animals. Some animals that are the first developer of leptospirosis are the following, Rodent's, raccoon, cattle, swine, dogs, horse's and buffaloes. Those mentioned animals are literally the man's best friend and work helper but also they are the man's weakness and might be the cause of his death. We might treat them will intentionally or not they will hunt to hurt us painfully. This is just a simple connection and characterization. In serious tone the surveillance of WHO or the World Health Organization recommended standards and strategies for the surveillance prevention and control of leptospirosis. This section is part of a larger document entitled " WHO recommended standards and strategies for surveillance prevention and control of communicable diseases" this was developed by the WHO emergency disease's and pandemic response department in collaboration with the Department of food safety and Zoonosis. - (WHO/LEPTOSPIROSIS) WHO. org world health organization www.who.int This are the measure provided by the personnel coverings human health and protection. So as human we also need to take are part as one of the stakeholder of this organization. Maging matalinong tao. Treat animal as fair, love and hate them as what for human for they don't have the power to hold knife to kill but they have the urine to infect and contaminate water the source human life. NOELLA MAE TAUSA BSED-ENGLISH II SECTION 1048

[@marieldalanon1873]

"Before preventing yourself from Leptospirosis, prevent your pets first" There are always reasons that makes us from separating from the things, persons and animals that we love. One of these are the diseases and illness that can risk lives of many. May not be the topic that excellent conversations are made of, but it is one every owners of pets should understand. This illness not only affects our animal companions but it is also zoonotic, which it does mean that it can also transmitted to humans. Leptospirosis is an infection in blood that caused by the bacteria Leptospira, other names of this are Rat fever, Field fever, Rat fever, Rat catchers yellows, Pretibial Fever. These bacteria lives in soil and water, and infected animal sheds the bacteria in its urine areas that contaminated from rats are particularly in squatter areas or places that are floods are frequent. In this time, dogs are like family to humans. Signs and symptoms that dogs may feel includes: Lethargy, Weakness Weight Loss, Anorexia, Diarrhea and vomiting, Muscle tenderness, Shivering, Frequent urination/Dehydration, loss of appetite, Edema, Abnormal Bleeding, Jaudice, and fever. A person may also feel when they are being infected are: High Fever, Headache , Chills , Muscle aches, Vomiting, Jaudice(Yellow skin and eyes), Red eyes, Abdominal pain, Diarrhea and Rash. 9 % of dogs are estimated to be shedding Leptospirosis, the bacteria responsible for the disease, even if they are asymptomatic because not all dogs are symptomatic. Leptospirosis continuous to be on the rise, especially to understand what it is and how to prevent it. According to researches that are practices of veterinarians " To prevent the spread of Leptospirosis, you must keep your pet from urinary from unknown water sources as well as rooting in soil. Dogs that are more at risk include those with access to standing water like ponds as well as dogs who hunt, hike camp, and otherwise spend time outdoors and vaccinate your dogs with recommended vaccines from preventing this disease. To avoid your families from being contaminated, it's imperative that all family members use caution when handling a pet with leptospirosis, including using surgical or rubber gloves when caring for the pet. Wash hands with soap because Leptospira bacteria are quickly killed by soap, disinfectant and drying. For a saying "What passes to the lips goes straight to the hips". It is important to keep the surroundings clean to be worth living fo because a healthy living is a long living. DALANON, MARIEL D. BSED-ENGLISH II SECTION 1048

[@charlemagnecastillo2354]

" LEPTOSPIROSIS " About the case of leptospirosis. Leptospirosis is a type of disease transmitted through dirty water that is in turn infested with bacteria from animals, it occurs in areas that are often flooded or anywhere that the bacteria can infect, it is unvoidable especially during now that we are experiencing calamity and causing flooding, one of the reasons for the flooding is the plastic that block the strees and waterways so the flow of water slows down and it only accumulate causing floods and thats where leptospirosis started which can cling to the human body, especially if the person has a wound, thats where bacteria actually enter. Leptospirosis is one of the disease that afflicts people so it in includes the cause of death due to leptospirosis disease if it is not treated immediately and in such situations the Department of Health (DOH) focuses on providing awareness to people and providing a reminder on how to prevent the disease and what is the leptospirosis means and the symptoms that can felt when a person has leptospirosis. The Department of Health (DOH) warns against such thing because they are not good especially for the human health, it provides important information on how and what to do to prevent leptospirosis. CASTILLO, CHARLEMAGNE D. BSED- ENGLISH II SECTION 1048

[@marielmesia7705]

Leptospirosis can also be an occupational hazard for people who work outdoors or with animals, such as rice and sugar-cane field workers, farmers, sewer workers, veterinarians, dairy workers, and military personnel. It is also a recreational hazard to those who swim or wade in contaminated water. Leptospirosis may present with a wide variety of clinical manifestations, from a mild illness that may progress to a serious and sometimes fatal disease. Its symptoms may mimic many diseases, such as influenza, dengue and other viral haemorrhagic diseases; making the correct diagnosis (clinical and laboratory) at the onset of symptoms is important to prevent severe cases and save lives, primarily in outbreak. Leptospirosis is a bacterial disease that affects humans and animals. It is caused by bacteria of the genus Leptospira. In humans, it can cause a wide range of symptoms, some of which may be mistaken for other diseases. Some infected persons, however, may have no symptoms at all. Without treatment, Leptospirosis can lead to kidney damage, meningitis (inflammation of the membrane around the brain and spinal cord), liver failure, respiratory distress, and even death. MESIA, MARIEL CONCEPCION BSED ENGLISH II 1048

[@lovelynsinadjan5116]

"LEPTOSPIROSIS: RARE YET WILD DISEASE" Leptospirosis is a widespread and potentially often mild but can be fatal zoonosis that is endemic in many tropical regions and causes large epidemics after heavy rainfall and flooding.Infection results from direct or indirect exposure to infected reservoir for leptospirosis(Weil's disease).Many mammals reservoirs,but rats are the most common source of human infection-living in urban slum environments characterized by inadequate sanitation and poor housing are at high risk of rat exposure and leptospirosis. Leptospirosis is more common in tropical areas,where the World Health Organization (WHO) estimate that it affects 10 or more people in every 100,000 each year.In temperate climates,it probably affects between 0.1 and 1 per 100,00 people.In an epidemic,it can affect 100 or more in every 100,000 people. According to the video presented,Leptospirosis is caused by a bacterium called leptospira interrogans.The organism is carried by many animals and lives in their kidneys.It ends up in social and water through their urine.Potential gateways to leptospira are usually skin abrasions and mucous membranes of the oral cavity by direct contact with an infected host,but more commonly occurs via soil,from contaminated water where bacteria are known to persist,and from the urine of inflected animals.Therefore,occupational activities involving infected animals and contaminated soil and water are risk factors for developing leptospirosis. You're at risk if you spend a lot of time around animals or in the outdoors.When you're more likely to be exposed to it if you have jobs like these;Farmer,Veterinarian,Underground worker(you work in a sewer or a mine),Slaughterhouse worker and Military Personnel. Additionally,if you raft,swim,or camp newer affected lakes and rivers,you could get the disease. Leptospirosis may cause signs and symptoms,usally appear suddenly,about 5 to 14 days after infection.However,the incubation period can range from 2 to 30 days,according to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). In some cases,may not show up for a month or not at all.Disease does hit,it hits fast. Other typical symptoms can range from none to mild (headaches,muscle pains,fever,chills,redness of the eyes,jaundice,haemorrhages in the skin,vomiting,diarrhoea and rash) to severe (bleeding in the lungs or meningitis).It will appear a few days after mild leptospirosis symptoms have disappeared. Symptoms depend on which vital organs are involved.It can lead to kidney or liver failure,respiratory distress and meningitis.These can be fatal. Without treatment,this can lead to life threatening kidney failure or acute kidney severe leptospirosis,according to Roderick M. Belleza,M.D.,adult Nephrologist. If a physician suspects severe leptospirosis,the patient may undergo specific diagnostic tests of blood and urine tests which can confirm or rule out leptospirosis. The patient will receive antibiotics intravenously,in less severe cases treated orally with antibiotics such as;Doxycycline,Tetracycline,Ampicillin or Amoxicillin,depending on which organs leptospirosis affect. Prevention is the key:Here's what you can do to keep yourself healthy. -Avoid contaminated water. Only means,don't drink the water unless you're sure its clean. -Keep away from infected animals,especially wild rats. Rats and other Rodents are the main carriers of the bacteria.Be careful if you have to handle wild rats or come in contact with their habitats. -Be aware of your surroundings,especially when you travel. In places with poor sanitation,leptospirosis is more common and may be hard to avoid,So,recognize the symptoms and seek help if you become ill. -Use disinfectant.Bleach,Lysol,acid solutions,and iodine are deadly to the bacteria. Keep them on hand to clean up. SINADJAN,LOVELYN B. BSED-ENGLISH II SECTION:1048

[@jellahgloriane9364]

Leptospirosis as a Disease Disease can be defined as a disorder or function in a human, animal, or plant especially one that produces specific signs or symptoms and not simply a direct result od physical injury. Leptospirosis is a blood infection caused by the bacteria Leptospira where it can affect both humans and animals. Infected animals is the most common source of infection by urine exposure through water contamination. In 2013, a zoonotic bacterial disease have been rampant in the Philippines. Francisco T. Duque III, secretary of the Department of Health declared a leptospirosis outbreak in Metro Manila. It was reported that between January 1 and July 3, there have been a total of 368 leptospirosis cases in Manila Metro. Additionally, there have been 52 leptospirosis-related deaths, in the area. The outbreak was declared after 105 new cases occurred between June 10 and July 3. It has been directly attributed to socio-economic and environmental factors including growth in urban slums, poor sanitation, rat infestation, poor waste disposal. Farmers, veterinarian, slaughterhouse personnel can be at risk and more likely to be exposed in the said disease. Leptospirosis can be considered as the most widespread zoonotic disease and it can survive longer in a warm and humid environment. The disease can cause a wide range of symptoms, including: high fever, chills, vomiting, abdominal pain, jaundice (yellow skin and eyes). It can be treated with antibiotics, such as doxycycline or penicillin, which should be given early in the course of disease. Health experts said the virus, which is contacted from the urine of infected animals, has been rampant due to frequent flooding in the capital since the rainy season started in June. To keep yourself healthy, one should avoid contaminated water. Keep away from infected animal, especially wild rats. Bring a disinfectant always. Personal hygiene is good additional protection. Use PPE (Personal Protective Equipment) to prevent urine, contaminated water and fluids from getting through cuts in the skin or the mucous membranes of the eyes, nose, or mouth. “We can prevent complications of leptospirosis when its flu-like symptoms are recognized early and treated immediately. My advice to those who had to wade in the flood these past few days is to be alert for any symptom and to seek early consultation,” said Duque in an official statement. The Philippines Department of Health also advised the public to seek immediate medical treatment if symptoms are exhibited. Gloriane, Jellah Mae G. BSED- ENGLISH II Section 1048

[@karlaquinshuyo-a167]

It's the rainy season, the streets are flooded, water from canals is overflowing, floodwater is everywhere, all of these are good reasons to stay at home. But then, there are demands and pressure from work forcing you to go against all odds and battle through the flood. But getting your uniform soaked is not the only problem. Leptospirosis, a bacterial disease that affects humans and animals, is caused by Leptospira bacteria. It is spread through the urine of infected animals, which can get into the water or soil. It can survive there for weeks up to months. The bacteria can enter the body through the skin or mucous membranes (eyes, nose, or mouth), especially if the skin is broken from a cut or scratch. There is no warning sign or visible characteristic that one can look up for to find out if particular floodwater is infected with the bacteria or not. Leptospirosis can cause a wide range of symptoms, which may be mistaken for other diseases. In some cases, the signs and symptoms are apparent and the diagnosis is correct right before the examination, while in others, leptospirosis is only present and clinically evident during specific examinations. Therefore, we must take preventive measures and efforts to avoid leptospirosis. Before we venture ourselves, past the floodwaters and into our offices and worksite, we must think twice and follow the following steps to protect ourselves: 1. Do not touch freshwater or soil which may be polluted with urine from animals. 2. Stop handling items such as animal bedding that could be tainted with animal urine. 3. Don't wade, dive, or put your head out of lakes, rivers, or swamps in floodwaters or water. In particular, avoid interaction with freshwater after flooding or heavy rain. 4. Wear protective equipment like footwear and cover cuts and wounds with waterproof bandages or wrapping if it is not possible to prevent wading in floodwaters or other freshwater. 5. Make drinking water healthy by boiling or using a suitable chemical treatment. Leptospirosis is a threat to our health, but with proper actions, we can prevent it from infection our bodies. HUYO-A, KARL AQUINS B. BSED ENGLISH III SECTION 1267

[@elaydelosreyes5540]

"The LEPTOSPIROSIS " Leptospirosis is a blood infection caused by the bacteria Leptospira.Signs and symptoms can range from none to mild (headaches, muscle pains, and fevers) to severe (bleeding in the lungs or meningitis).Weil's disease, the acute, severe form of leptospirosis, causes the infected individual to become jaundiced (skin and eyes become yellow), develop kidney failure, and bleed.Bleeding from the lungs associated with leptospirosis is known as "severe pulmonary haemorrhage syndrome". More than ten genetic types of Leptospira cause disease in humans. Both wild and domestic animals can spread the disease, most commonly rodents. The bacteria are spread to humans through animal urine, or water and soil contaminated with animal urine, coming into contact with the eyes, mouth, nose or breaks in the skin. In developing countries, the disease occurs most commonly in farmers and low-income people who live in areas with poor sanitation. In developed countries, it occurs during heavy downpours and is a risk to sewage workers and those involved in outdoor activities in warm and wet areas. Diagnosis is typically by testing for antibodies against the bacteria or finding bacterial DNA in the blood. Efforts to prevent the disease include protective equipment to block contact when working with potentially infected animals, washing after contact, and reducing rodents in areas where people live and work. The antibiotic doxycycline is effective in preventing leptospirosis infection. Human vaccines are of limited usefulness vaccines for other animals are more widely available. Treatment when infected is with antibiotics such as doxycycline, penicillin, or ceftriaxone. The overall risk of death is 5-10%.However, when the lungs are involved, the risk of death increases to the range of 50-70% ELY M. DELOS REYES JR BSED ENGLISH 2 Section 1048

[@ginamaglentelaurio9671]

Spotlight on Leptospirosis Is Leptospirosis really a concern? We recently had two 11 week old puppies come to us for vomiting and diarrhea of several days duration They both had extremely yellow eyes, gums, and skin, as well as abdominal pain, lethargy, and unresolving bloody vomit and diarrhea. Labwork revealed sky. high liver and kidney values which made sense with the jaundiced skin. History revealed that the dogs play and drink from puddles in the yard and the owners have seen rodents in their yard as well. We immediately isolated the pups and started treatment for Leptospirosis, being careful to use gloves and gowns when dealing with the pups. What is Leptospirosis? I find that many people don't even know what leptospirosis is, which means many dogs go unvaccinated. Leptospirosis is a deadly disease that affects both animals and humans. It is a bacteria that is carried in wildlife urine and tends to pool in fresh or standing water. The bacteria enters the body through the skin (especially if there are any cuts or abrasions) or mucous membranes, or by drinking and swimming in contaminated water. Leptospirosis is a spirochete bacteria that travels through the kidneys and the liver causing severe damage in both organs. Raccoons, skunks, squirrels, rodents, and deer are among the wildlife that can carry Leptospirosis. Clinical signs include fever, vomiting, diarrhea, abdominal pain, anorexia, severe lethargy, and yellow gums and skin. It is treated with rigorous intravenous fluid therapy, antibiotics, and supportive care. Prognosis is generally good with mild infections and very poor with severe infections. By Dr. Krista Hight How do I prevent infection? The good news is that Leptospirosis can be prevented through vaccination. The vaccine is initially given twice two to three weeks apart then yearly after that. It is a very safe vaccination and should be considered in any dog that may have exposure to wildlife or water sources. Also, pest control is important as rodents are an important carrier of the disease. Currently, it is thought that cats have an inherent immunity to developing Leptospirosis following exposure, so there is not a recommended vaccine for cats. WARNING! HEALTH HAZARD Transmission to Humans Leptospirosis is a zoonotic disease, meaning humans are at risk. Just like dogs, humans can catch Lepto from contaminated water sources and from an infected animal's bodily fluids (especially urine). The disease progresses the same way in humans eventually leading to kidney and liver failure. 𝐋𝐚𝐮𝐫𝐢𝐨, 𝐆𝐢𝐧𝐚 𝐌𝐚𝐠𝐥𝐞𝐧𝐭𝐞. 𝐁𝐒𝐄𝐃 𝐄𝐍𝐆𝐋𝐈𝐒𝐇-𝐈𝐈𝐈 𝐒𝐄𝐂𝐓𝐈𝐎𝐍:1267

[@ryanjelordaguirre8069]

A Decease called: LEPTOSPIROSIS Nowadays we experience to much heavy rain and as a result we expose ourselves to many different kinds decease during the wet season, sickness like Fever, Cold, Dengue, and many more. Leptospirosis is one of the common decease during rainy season, so the question what is Leptospirosis anyway? Leptospirosis is a bacterial disease that affects humans and animals. It is caused by bacteria of the genus Leptospira. The symptoms that can be acquired in this decease are High Fever, Headaches, Chills, Muscle aches, Vomiting, Jaundice (yellow skin and eyes), Red eyes, and abdominal pain. The Rats are the most common Carrier of Leptospirosis, It can be caught by humans through contact with rat or cattle urine, most commonly occurring through contaminated fresh water. In the Philippines Leptospirosis is an endemic zoonosis with an average of 680 leptospirosis cases and 40 deaths from the disease reported every year and a prevalence of 10/100,000. It is seasonal with a peak incidence during the rainy months of July to October. So what is the way to avoid Leptospirosis? During a flood that caused by a typhoon avoid a contact or touchy the fresh water that are contaminated by urine and avoid playing in the flood, stay clean and always wash our hands and feet and always clean our surrounding and keep our trash from canals. The rainy season is still continuing sickness can't be avoided so we must be ready and maintain the cleanliness of our body to keep us healthy and follow the guidelines of the Department of Health to avoid being sick. AGUIRRE RYAN JELORD C 2nd year BSED ENGLISH Section 1048

[@shielamaetorres7397]

DO YOU BELIEVE THAT LEPTOSPIROSIS CAN CAUSE DEATH ? Nowadays we are suffering from different diseases or human infection caused by virus or bacteria that we never expected, one of these is called "leptospirosis." This bacteria can enter to our body through the open wounds,the eyes or mucous membranes. In humans, Leptospirosis can cause a wide range of symptoms, including: (a.) High fever, (b.) Headache (c.)Chills, (d)Muscle aches, (e.) Vomiting (f)Jaundice (yellow skin and eyes) (g)Red eyes (h)Abdominal pain (I) Diarrhea and (j)Rashes, but when it comes to animals that are infected they may have no symptoms of the disease. Based on my research, In endemic areas the number of leptospirosis cases may peak during the rainy season and even may reach epidemic proportions in case of flooding because the floods cause rodents to move into the city. A Leptospirosis is more common in tropical areas, where the World Health Organization (WHO) estimate that it affects 10 or more people in every 100,000 each year. We all know that Leptospirosis is not a simple disease, this kind can cause death if a person didn't find a suitable cure about the disease, The person who suffer from leptospirosis should contact a health care provider to know the better medicine that they can take and they have better idea's and understanding about what should they do in terms of the disease. In addition, I have gathered information about how we can kill leptospirosis bacteria; Wash hands with soap, as Leptospira bacteria are quickly killed by soap, disinfectants, and drying. •What antibiotics must a person take if they have a Leptospirosis symptoms? They should take such as doxycycline or penicillin, which should be given early in the course of the disease or the intravenous antibiotics are required for persons with more severe symptoms but it's better to contact a health care provider. So, everyone must be aware of how leptospirosis can take one's life if not properly cured.... Contact doctors for your safety life! TORRES, SHIELA MAE , ARTIOLA. BSED ENGLISH III SECTION: 1267

[@marymaepaghubasan6773]

"LEPTOSPIROSIS" -Leptospirosis is a zoonotic disease, which means it can be spread from animals to people. Leptospirosis is generally treated with antibiotics and supportive care. When treated early and aggressively, the chances for recovery are good but there is still a risk of permanent residual kidney or liver damage. Leptospirosis has been described as zoonosis of protean manifestations. Its much more severe disease in which the clinical course is often very rapidly progressive. PAGHUBASAN MARY MAE A. BSED-ENGLISH II 1048

[@deonnasurigao2041]

Causes of Leptospirosis These past few days the Department of Health (DOH) release and conducted a quick count for admission of Leptospirosis. Leptospirosis is caused by leptospira bacteria found in both wild and domestic animals, including rats, dogs, cattle, pigs, horses and insectivores. Rats shed large amounts of leptospires in the urine, and human transmission occurs through contact of the skin and mucous membranes with urine contaminated water, damp, soil, vegetation or mud. It takes about 10 days before manifestations appear, though in some cases it can takes as two days or as many as 30 after exposure. The bacteria can enter the body through skin on r mucous membranes( eyes, nose, or mouth), especially if the skin is broken from a cut or scratch. Drinking contaminated can also cause infection. Outbrakes of leptospirosis are usually causeb by exposure to contaminated water, such as floodwaters, person to person transmission is rare. The common signs and symptoms of early-stage leptospirosis include high fever , sever headache, muscle pain, chills, redness in the eyes, abdominal pain, jaundice, hemorrhages in skin and mucous membranes, vomiting, diarrhea, and rashes. Whe patients are not manage, the kidneys, lungs, and intestinal tract can be affected, causing decressed urination, coughing out blood, breathlessness and intestinal hemorrhage. Leptospirose us treated with antibiotics, such as doxycycline or penicillin, which should be given only in the course of the disease. To prevent these disease there are some steps to protect ourselves. # avoid touching fress water or soil that may be contaminated with animal urine. # avoid touching objects that maybe contaminated with animal urine, such as animal bedding. # don't wade, swim, or put your head in floodwaters or water from lakes, rivers, or swaps and avoid freshwater contact after flooding or heavy rain. Especially if you have cuts and wounds. SURIGAO DEONNA S. BSED-ENGLISH II SECTION 1048

[@marisolmisajon6830]

"Leptospirosis" Leptospirosis is a bacterial disease that affects humans and animals. It is caused by bacteria of the genus Leptospira. In humans, it can cause a wide range of symptoms, some of which may be mistaken for other diseases. Some infected persons, however, may have no symptoms at all. Without treatment, Leptospirosis can lead to kidney damage, meningitis (inflammation of the membrane around the brain and spinal cord), liver failure, respiratory distress, and even death.Wild animals When these animals are infected, they may have no symptoms of the disease. Infected animals may continue to excrete the bacteria into the environment continuously or every once in a while for a few months up to several years. Many of these symptoms can be mistaken for other diseases. In addition, some infected persons may have no symptoms at all. The time between a person’s exposure to a contaminated source and becoming sick is 2 days to 4 weeks. Illness usually begins abruptly with fever and other symptoms. Leptospirosis may occur in two phases. yourself healthy: Avoid contaminated water. If you’re in a developing country, don’t drink the water unless you’re sure it’s clean. But because leptospirosis can enter through other body openings, it’s also a good idea to avoid swimming, waterskiing, sailing, or fishing in freshwater areas. Saltwater is generally safe. Keep away from infected animals, especially wild rats. Rats and other rodents are the main carriers of the bacteria. Even in the Western world, 20% of wild rats may have it. Be careful if you have to handle wild rats or come in contact with their habitats. MISAJON, MARISOL C. BSED ENGLISH II SECTION 1048

[@shennarivas]

LEPTOSPIRA: THE DEADLY BACTERIA It's rainy season again here in Philippines, and every season like this, many people often get sick because of the cold weather: flu, colds and coughs, can be caused by the inclement weather. Since it's rainy season, it is also be a flood season, many of us also feared the infection called Leptospirosis - which is often caused by floods because of dirty water. Leptospirosis is caused by a bacterium called Leptospira bacteria. These bacteria often live in the kidneys of animals such as the rat, and being released every time they urinate. It is often get transmitted from floodwaters mixed with the urine of the animal who has this bacteria. This infection is common during rainy seasons and flood seasons and can enter the human body through wounds on the feet, legs, thighs, knees, and other parts of body that are soaked in a flood with Leptospira bacteria. It can also be taken by a rat bite or drinking a water contaminated with rat urine. Once you got infected by the said bacteria, Leptospirosis can caused a wide range of symptoms such as: High fever, severe headache, chills, muscle aches, vomiting, abdominal pain, diarrhea and rash. Some or many of these symptoms sometimes can be mistaken for other diseases. In some cases, some infected persons may have no symptoms at all. This infection can be treated by taking antibiotics, such as doxycycline or penicillin, which should be given in the early course of this disease. If failed to be treated, this infection can lead to kidney damage, meningitis, failure of liver, respiratory distress, or death. To avoid this deadly disease, effective prevention is to avoid dirty floods or soil that you think is contaminated with an animal's urine especially, if you have wounds. If you can not avoid going down into the flood, it is advisable to wear boots and be alert always to its symptoms. RIVAS, SHENNA MARIE G. BSED ENGLISH II 2ND YEAR COLLEGE SECTION 1048

[@maryclairerances5839]

What is Leptospirosis and how to avoid getting Leptospirosis? Nowadays there's a lot of diseases and viruses that we face, especially now that our climate is rainy that can cause flashflood where we get bacteria and coming into infection if we ignore and maybe it can cause of death. The disease that we get from animals with contact of urine or blood and because of changing of climate is Leptospirosis. Now let's know what is Leptospirosis and how we can avoid getting Leptospirosis. Leptospirosis is a bacterial disease that affects both humans and animals. It is caused by bacteria of genus leptospira. In humans, it can cause a wide range of symptoms, some of which may be mistaken for other diseases. It is most common in temperate or tropical climate regions, but it may also occur in the poorer part of large cities in developing nations that are not in tropical areas. There are two main types of leptospirosis. First, Mild Leptospirosis in this cases the doctors may prescribe antibiotics, such as Doxycycline Penicilin. Symptoms include muscle pain, chills, and possibly a headache. Most patients recover within a week without a treatment. Second, Severe Leptospirosis in this cases the patients will need to spend time in the hospital. They will receive antibiotics intravenously. The sign and symptoms of severe leptospirosis will appeare a few days after mild leptospirosis symptoms have disappeared. Symptoms depend on which vital organs are involved. It can lead to kidney, or liver failure, respiratory distress, and meningiti. These can be fatal. The most important preventive measure is to ensure that people are aware of the disease and do not come into contact with water or soil containing pathogenic leptospires. People who work with sewage should wear protective clothing. The wearing of gloves and facial protection eill significantly reduce the incidence of leptospirosis among veterinary surgeons, abattoir worker and the others working in an environment in which leptospirosis could be contracted. There is a little that can be done to protect people engaged in water sports, other than warning them of the risks involved; however, cuts should be covered with waterproof plasters, gaggles should be warn, and showering after the activity should help. RANCES, MARY CLAIRE R. BSED - ENGLISH 2ND YEAR SECTION 1048

[@nathannunez9951]

LEPTOSPIRA: THE KILLER BACTERIA Since it's a rainy season here in the Philippines this deadly bacteria is occurring especially in a lowland area where the water drainages are stocked up because of the different waste of the human environment. In that kind of place where the surroundings are wet the killer bacteria called "LEPTOSPIRA" are attacking every individual that is near and prone to them. Leptospira are also known in its famous name "LEPTOSPIROSIS", and yet it's a very risky bacteria in human society. According to wikipedia, The Leptospirosis is a kind of blood infection caused by the leptospira bacteria. The organism is carried by many animals and lives in their kidneys. It ends up in soil and water through their urine. Leptospirosis can cause a wide range of symptoms including; High fever, Headache, chills, muscle aches, vomiting, Jaundice (yellowish eyes and skin), red eyes, and abdominal pain. We can reduce the risk of leptospirosis by not swimming and wading in the water that might be contaminated with animal urine or eliminating contact with potentially infected animals. Stop the spread of this deadly bacteria and continue on spreading the knowledge to avoid being sick. Jonathan H. Nuñez BSED ENGLISH II 1048

[@jasminemagbujos1317]

" LEPTOSPIROSIS " Concerning on our health, we Filipino is one of our major initiative is to protect our own health and wellness. Nowadays, amidst the pandemic, we also need to take action and concern to other diseases that spreading on our country. " Prevention is better than cure" as they said. A boy name Jahan, 6 years old, usually love playing in the canal drainage alongside the road when it's raining. He usually playing with his companion little sister Jammy, 4 years old. They use their paper boat to play and it makes them happy when altogether, the paper boat swimming along to the flowing rain water. While having fun in playing and bathing by the rain, Jahan and Jammy is only wearing their undergarments and thier foot is empty. After a day, both of them had a fever and their eyes is already red. Some rashes is in their skin because of it's itchy feeling. Their parents bought them to the hospital and it is said that it is Leptospirosis because of some symptoms that they have seen on the poor children. They got the deases while playing in the canal, the urine of the rats and other animals has been blended in the water that flowing in the canal drainage alongside the road. More days had passed and after almost 2 weeks, the doctor said that they are already ready to discharge in the hospital. From what happened, their parents now is more careful to their children. Leptospirosis is a bacterial disease that affects humans and animals. It is caused by bacteria of the genus Leptospira. Human can be infected through the urine of an infected animals. It is mainly spreading mainly by contact with water, soil, or food contaminated with the urine of infected animals. You can get it by swimming and wading in fresh unchlorinated water with urine of animals. Leptospirosis can damage the liver, kidneys and other organs of humans and animals. The deases occur worldwide and some cases is usually occur during summer and fall. Some symptoms of this is high fever, headache, chills, muscle aches, vomiting, jaundice (yellow skin), red eyes and abdominal pain and more. It can be treated by antibiotics which should be given early in the course of the deases. Intravenous antibiotics may be given to those persons with more severe symptoms. If left untreated, it can cause your liver and kidneys may lose their ability to function well. Lose of kidney function is known as kidney failure and it can be fatal. Occasionally patients develop a transient petechial rash (small red, purple, brown spots) that can involve the palate. If present, the rash often last less than 24 hours. Mild leptospirosis typically causes vague, flu-like symptoms that go away on their own but some infections is probably unreported. MAGBUJOS, JASMINE ANNE BRIOSO BSED ENGLISH/ 2ND YEAR 1048

[@marialorenzpepito3735]

Leptospirosis: Zoonotic Disease Leptospirosis was first discovered as a disease of sewer workers by Landouzy dating back in 1883, however, Adolf Weil of Heidelberg reported the clinical entity of fever, jaundice, hemorrhage, and renal failure in 1886. The cause of many diseases was then discovered to be due to leptospira species. These diseases include pretibial fever, swineherd's disease, cane field fever. Leptospirosis, caused by a spirochete of genus leptospira, is considered the most widespread zoonosis in the world. Leptospirosis is considered an “emerging” zoonosis due to increased contact between animals and humans and the resulting human encroachment into wildlife habitat. Climate change and its associated environmental shifts can affect the degree of transmission of leptospirosis. Surveillance for leptospirosis is important for early detection of cases because early treatment is crucial to decrease morbidity and mortality. Mortality increases with age, particularly in patients older than 60 years of age. Leptospirosis is a particular risk to people working in close contact with animals or animal products, especially in wet environments. Occupations with increased risk of infection are those involving animals or animal products, like: farm workers, meat workers and veterinarians. or those involving frequently contaminated environments, like: sewer workers, coal miners, plumbers, fishing industry workers. Those at highest risk are: farmers (particularly sheep, beef, deer and dairy farmers) and their families (including children); any other people living on the farm; farm workers, including relief milkers and casual labourers; people working in the farm garden; service workers on the farm, e.g stock truck drivers, artificial insemination (AI) technicians, and anyone else handling animals; others working on and around the farm, e.g drain layers; meat inspectors, meat processing workers, and service workers to the meat sector; forestry worker, veterinarians, both on-farm and in a meat plant. Initial symptoms of infection include: feeling tired, severe and persistent headaches, high temperature and chills/sweating, muscle pain (myalgia), particularly in the lower back and calves, abdominal pain, nausea and/or vomiting, diarrhoea, loss of appetite, conjunctivitis (inflammation of the eye), sore throat and/or cough, sensitivity to light (photophobia), vision problems. Subsequent symptoms may include: skin rash, breathing problems, chest pain. Symptoms of severe disease may include: jaundice (yellow eyes or skin from liver damage), renal failure, haemorrhage, encephalitis and meningitis (inflammation of the brain and spinal cord), pneumonitis (inflammation of lung tissue), haemodynamic collapse (collapse of the cardiovascular system), Miscarriage. Severe cases can result in permanent complications, most commonly kidney (renal) failure. Some patients suffer long-lasting, recurring symptoms, such as depression or muscle pains, and may have repeat hospital admissions over a period of years. In some cases, uveitis (inflammation of the eye) develops up to 18 months after the original acute infection. The bacteria that cause leptospirosis are spread through the urine of infected animals, which can get into water or soil and can survive there for weeks to months. Many different kinds of wild and domestic animals carry the bacterium. These can include, but are not limited to: Cattles, Pigs, Horses, Dogs Rodents and Wild animals. When these animals are infected, they may have no symptoms of the disease. Infected animals may continue to excrete the bacteria into the environment continuously or every once in a while for a few months up to several years. While, Humans can become infected through: Contact with urine (or other body fluids, except saliva) from infected animals. Contact with water, soil, or food contaminated with the urine of infected animals. The bacteria can enter the body through skin or mucous membranes (eyes, nose, or mouth), especially if the skin is broken from a cut or scratch. Drinking contaminated water can also cause infection. Outbreaks of leptospirosis are usually caused by exposure to contaminated water, such as floodwaters. Person to person transmission is rare. Leptospirosis typically presents as a nonspecific, acute febrile illness characterized by fever, myalgia, and headache and may be confused with other entities such as influenza and dengue fever. Newer diagnostic methods facilitate early diagnosis and antibiotic treatment. Experts said that Leptospirosis is treated with antibiotics, such as doxycycline or penicillin, which should be given early in the course of the disease. Intravenous antibiotics may be required for persons with more severe symptoms. Persons with symptoms suggestive of leptospirosis should contact a health care provider. Leptospirosis is certainly easy to catch from an infected animal and its environment. In remediation with this, everyone should protect themselves, their family and staff by vaccinating animals, controlling rodents, practicing good personal hygiene, using protective equipment, and seeking help early if you feel unwell. And, a robust animal vaccination programme is critical to break the cycle of infection, which includes understanding farm management risk factors. PEPITO, MARIA LORENZ Z. BSED ENGLISH-III SECTION 1267

[@maryjoyzaragoza8860]

"LEPTOSPIROSIS or LEPTOSPIRA" Leptospirosis is a blood infection caused by the bacteria Leptospira. Signs and symptoms can range from none to mild (headaches, muscle pains, and fevers) to severe (bleeding in the lungs or meningitis). Weil's disease, the acute, severe form of leptospirosis, causes the infected individual to become jaundiced (skin and eyes become yellow), develop kidney failure, and bleed. Bleeding from the lungs associated with leptospirosis is known as "severe pulmonary haemorrhage syndrome". Other names, Rat fever, field fever,rat catcher's yellows, pretibial fever. More than ten genetic types of Leptospira cause disease in humans. Both wild and domestic animals can spread the disease, most commonly rodents. The bacteria are spread to humans through animal urine, or water and soil contaminated with animal urine, coming into contact with the eyes, mouth, nose or breaks in the skin. In developing countries, the disease occurs most commonly in farmers and low-income people who live in areas with poor sanitation. In developed countries, it occurs during heavy downpours and is a risk to sewage workers and those involved in outdoor activities in warm and wet areas. Diagnosis is typically by testing for antibodies against the bacteria or finding bacterial DNA in the blood. Efforts to prevent the disease include protective equipment to block contact when working with potentially infected animals, washing after contact, and reducing rodents in areas where people live and work. The antibiotic doxycycline is effective in preventing leptospirosis infection. Human vaccines are of limited usefulness; vaccines for other animals are more widely available. Treatment when infected is with antibiotics such as doxycycline, penicillin, or ceftriaxone. The overall risk of death is 5-10%.However, when the lungs are involved, the risk of death increases to the range of 50-70%. It is estimated that one million severe cases of leptospirosis occur every year, causing about 58,900 deaths. The disease is most common in tropical areas of the world but may occur anywhere. Outbreaks may arise after heavy rainfall. The disease was first described by physician Adolf Weil in 1886 in Germany. Most leptospiral cases resolve spontaneously. Early initiation of antibiotics may prevent the progression to severe disease. Based on a 1988 study, intravenous (IV) benzylpenicillin (also known as penicillin G) is recommended for the treatment of severe leptospirosis. The bacteria can be found in ponds, rivers, puddles, sewers, agricultural fields and moist soil. Pathogenic Leptospira have been found in the form of aquatic biofilms, which may aid survival in the environment. Leptospira live in the kidneys of various wild and domestic animals. When animals ingest the bacteria, they circulate in the bloodstream, then lodge themselves into the kidneys through the glomerulular or peritubular capillaries. The bacteria then pass into the lumens of the renal tubules and colonise the brush border of the proximal convoluted tubule. This causes the continuous shedding of bacteria in the urine without the animal experiencing significant ill effects. This relationship between the animal and the bacteria is known as a commensal relationship, and the animal is known as a reservoir host. Leptospira are found mostly in mammals. Humans are the accidental host of Leptospira. Humans become infected through contact with water or moist soil that contains urine from infected animals. The bacteria enter through cuts, abrasions, ingestion of ontaminated food, or contact with mucous membrane of the body (mouth, nose, and eyes). Occupations at risk of contracting leptospirosis include farmers, fishermen, garbage collectors and sewage workers. The disease is also related to adventure tourism and recreational activities. It is common among water-sports enthusiasts in specific areas, including triathlons, water rafting, canoeing and swimming, as prolonged immersion in water promotes the entry of the bacteria. However, Leptospira are unlikely to penetrate intact skin. The disease is not known to spread between humans, and bacterial dissemination in recovery period is extremely rare in humans. Once humans are infected, bacterial shedding from the kidneys usually persists for up to 60 days. Rarely, leptospirosis can be transmitted through an organ transplant. Infection through the placenta during pregnancy is also possible. It can cause miscarriage and infection in infants. ZARAGOZA, MARY JOY C. BSED ENGLISH II SECTION 1048

[@nicsocsing2307]

LEPTOSPIROSIS AFTER WET SEASON IN THE PHILIPPINES If you are happy when tropical storm came to your place and you enjoy swimming with animal in flood area, your life is surely at risk because floods can potentially increase the transmission of the disease. In addition, if you have wounds while swimming in flood area you must avoid it because you may get infected. This disease is famous in Philippines during wet season, it is called “Leptospirosis”. But it can occur anywhere in this world. Leptospirosis a bacterial disease that affects humans and animals. It can pass from animal and human. Leptospirosis is caused by a bacterium called Leptospira Interrogans. The infection is transmitted by host animals to humans through contaminated water like flood. In the Philippines during wet season, most cases of human leptospirosis result from recreational activities involving water. If you’re around water where an infected animal has peed, the germ can invade your body through breaks in your skin, like scratches, open wounds, or dry areas. It can also enter through your nose, mouth, or genitals. It is really dangerous to our health. Moreover, if you get infected of this kind of disease you must monitor yourself. You usually start showing signs of leptospirosis within 2 weeks, though in some cases, symptoms may not show up for a month or not at all. Typical symptoms include: Headache, Muscle Ache, Jaundice, Vomiting, Diarrhea and Skin Rash. Many of these symptoms are similar to other diseases, including the flu and meningitis, so it’s important to get tested. Patients with suspected leptospirosis should be referred to a healthcare provider for appropriate laboratory testing and swift administration of treatment. According to DOH, Leptospirosis has low case fatality rate. However, it increases with advancing age and may reach 20% or more in patients with jaundice and kidney damage (Weil’s disease) who have not been treated with renal dialysis. Incubation period of the disease is 7-10 days. Furthermore, to prevent Leptospirosis persons in at-risk occupations should minimize contact with possibly contaminated environments by wearing protective clothing such as boots, gloves, aprons, and masks. Also, pet owners should take precautions if their animals are infected and should refrain from handling contaminated urine. Wash your hands also with alcohol and soap. In to the bargain, avoid swimming in the flood area to prevent leptospirosis. If you get infected, consult your Doctor and take some medicine like antibiotics to lessen the pain. So, let us avoid wet and dirty area because it can cause lifetime disease to our life. It is better to prevent a disease to secure our beautiful life. Maria Nicole Ocsing BSED English II Section 1048

[@shielamaedeguzman5674]

" Leptospirosis Can Threaten Humanity" Leptospirosis, which affects humans and animals, is a bacterial disease. It is caused by the genus Leptospira bacteria. It may cause a wide variety of symptoms in humans, some of which may be confused for other illnesses. However, certain affected people may have no symptoms at all. Leptospirosis can lead to damage to the kidneys, meningitis (inflammation of the membrane around the brain and spinal cord), liver failure, respiratory distress, and even death without treatment. In humans, Leptospirosis can cause a wide range of symptoms, including : High Fever, Headache, Chills, Muscle Aches, Vomiting, Jaundice ( yellow skin and eyes), Red Eyes , Abdominal Pain, Diarrhea, And Rash.The time between exposure of a person to a contaminated source and being ill is between 2 days and 4 weeks. In general, sickness starts suddenly with fever and other symptoms. In two phases, leptospirosis can occur : the patient can recover for a while after the first phase (with fever, chills, headache, muscle aches, vomiting, or diarrhea) but get sick again.It is more serious if a second step occurs; the person may have kidney or liver failure, or meningitis.The disease lasts from a couple of days to 3 weeks or longer. Recovery can take several months without treatment. Leptospirosis is treated with antibiotics and should be administered early in the course of the disease, such as doxycycline or penicillin.For individuals with more serious symptoms, intravenous antibiotics may be needed. A health care professional should be consulted by people with symptoms indicative of leptospirosis. To prevent from having leptospirosis first do not touch fresh water or soil which may be polluted with urine from animals. Second, stop handling items such as animal bedding that could be tainted with animal urine. Third, do not wade, dive, or bring your head out of lakes, rivers, or swamps in floodwaters or water. In particular, avoid contact with fresh water after flooding or heavy rain. Fourth, wear protective equipment like footwear and cover cuts and wounds with waterproof bandages or wrapping if it is not possible to prevent wading in floodwaters or other fresh water. Lastly, make drinking water healthy by boiling or using a suitable chemical treatment. Shiela Mae G. De Guzman BSED ENGLISH III Section 1267

[@keishaglydellupango8356]

Plunging At a 6 Feet Threat of Leptospirosis "Rain, rain go away little Jan's wants to play." Dark skies. Gushing of cold wind. Blaring of raindrops on the roof and heavy rains. Officially, rainy season begins. Living at the slums and flood-prone area of Metro Manila, Jan's house filled of filty brown water of flood only after an hour of downpour. "Rain, rain please don't stop anymore" sings by an eight year old Jan now enjoying the rain, puddling and swimming with friends in the flood. However, it’s been a week since Jan is hospitalized with his friends experiencing high fever, headache, vomiting, diarrhea and jaundice. Now, Jan's case is only one of 1.1 thousand reported cases of Leptospirosis in the National Capital Region of the Philippines as of 2019. This potentially serious but treatable disease, according to World Health Organization (WHO), Leptospirosis is caused by a bacterium called leptospira interrogans that are transmitted directly or indirectly from animals to humans. Usually transmitted to humans through the urine of infected animals like rodents, dogs, livestock, pigs, horses, wildlife. However, bacteria in the floodwater can also infect people by entering the body through cuts and skin abrasions. Symptoms of leptospirosis include high fever, headache, chills, muscle aches, conjunctivitis (red eyes), diarrhea, vomiting, and kidney or liver problems (which may include jaundice), anemia and, sometimes, rash. Symptoms may last from a few days to several weeks. Although deaths have occurred, they are rare. In some persons, the infection can be mild and without obvious symptoms. Just like Jan's case, 10 to 21 days he was infected to the symptoms of the disease. The treatment for this are the antibiotics of choice include penicillin, streptomycin, tetracycline or erythromycin. Kidney dialysis may be necessary in some cases. The WHO established the Leptospirosis Burden Epidemiology Reference Group (LERG) to review the latest disease epidemiological data of leptospirosis, formulate a disease transmission model, and identify gaps in knowledge and research. In 2011, LERG estimated that the global yearly rate of leptospirosis is five to 14 cases per 100,000 population. The number of cases of leptospirosis in Metro Manila like Jan is directly related to the amount of rainfall, making the disease seasonal in temperate climates and year-round in tropical climates. The risk of contracting leptospirosis depends upon the risk of disease carriage in the community and the frequency of exposure. "There have been 23 cases of leptospirosis and one death resulting from the disease at Manila hospital so far this year. In the same period last year the hospital recorded just seven cases. Most of the cases have been among residents of poor, low lying areas." According to Dr. Maria Soledad Antonio of the Department of Health’s communicable disease control service. Urban slum dwellers often suffer the most during outbreaks because of their precarious living conditions, lack of access to health and sanitation infrastructures, vulnerability to natural calamities, and increasing rat populations have also contributed to the problem. To prevent the said disease, Dr Antonio suggested to use proper personal protective equipment (PPE) by people who have a high risk of occupational exposure can prevent leptospirosis infections in most cases. Also for the time being all government health clinics have to warn people and children like Jan and his friends not to wade or swim in the floodwaters and be aware of the health issues and dangers that it might bring. KEISHA GLYDEL GUTLAY LUPANGO SECOND YEAR, BSED ENGLISH SECTION 1048

[@christianoas8766]

Leptospirosis:Unseen enemies! Being a Child is the most memorable moment in every single life and this is the time that playing around are the most happiest moments that we are wanted especially in rainy season. Most of us are experiencing shower came from the roof and running in small floods and other things is that children wanted to play in the backyard like grabbing soil to create a tunnel or sand ball but besides that as a parents we can't notice that there is a possible disease will get of it. Do you know what is Leptospirosis is? It's a bacterial disease that affects humans and animals. It is caused by bacteria of the genus Leptospira. In humans, it can cause a wide range of symptoms, some of which may be mistaken for other diseases. Some infected persons, however, may have no symptoms at all. Without treatment, Leptospirosis can lead to kidney damage, meningitis inflammation of the membrane around the brain and spinal cord, liver failure, respiratory distress, and even deathand bacteria that cause leptospirosis are spread through the urine of infected animals, which can get into water or soil and can survive there for weeks to months. Many different kinds of wild and domestic animals carry the bacterium. To help prevent of it rodent problem like rat, mice or any animals that cause of this kind of disease. The risk of acquiring leptospirosis can be greatly reduced by not swimming or wading in water that might be contaminated with animal urine, or eliminating contact with potentially infected animals. Protective clothing or footwear should be worn by those exposed to contaminated water or soil because of their job or recreational activities and dont let your children play with it. For some instances, wash their hands and dont let them play. OAS, CHRISTIAN NATURAL BSED-ENGLISH 3 1267

[@mooyoychannel1920]

SIGNS, SYMPTOMS, PREVENTION FOR LEPTOSPIROSIS Maximum numbers of people think that Leptospirosis is actually come from rats commonly during floodwaters and a kind of disease that trigger the pain of an open wound, which concludes their poor knowledge about the said malaise. CNN Philippines resident doctor Freddie Gomez said that Leptospirosis is a bacterial disease that can lead to kidney damage, liver failure, respiratory distress or even to death. Health Department recorded 1,030 cases from January 1 to June 9 in 2018 which there was 256 deaths and another 113 deaths from 2019 and 228 cases from last year based on the data gathering of DOH (Department of Health) Epidemiology Bureau Public Health Surveillance Division. "The bacteria harbors not just in rats, it's just that rats are the common animal that we think of because they just multiply so much and so fast and they're everywhere! they're presents in places that are not clean, so what happens is when the floods are coming they sort of bringing up the bacteria and just spread it around even further, but we have to be aware that it's just not rats it can be stray cats, stray dogs and all of these animals, it's just that they are not that prolific as rats and it should not be floods that they should worry about, you could be infected by Leptospirosis not just on rainy seasons but mostly in moist soil." This is a manifestation made by Dr. Freddie Gomez during his interview in CNN (Cable News Network) Philippines. How do we know if we are already suffering from Leptospirosis and not from other diseases? Andre Felix asked, one of the reporter in CNN (Cable News Network) Philippines. "What you have is an immediate high fever, let's say that you are exposed to the bacteria probably it can happen in a suit as 2 days or late as probably as 7 to 10 days, you have a severe headache, you might experience nausea, you might have vomiting or you might have a rash", Dr. Freddie Gomez said. "It's really important to tell your doctor the history before you got into that situation or illness, tell him/her if you were exposed to floodwaters or such scenario which Leptospirosis might be a factor", Dr. Freddie Gomez said. Don't self-medicate because there are many factors to consider for your health issues before suggesting a requisite medicine to take, because there are patients that are allergic to some compounds without realizing it", Dr. Freddie Gomez said. "It is necessary for us to wear PPE (Personal Protective Equipment) such as boots, cloves in order for us to avoid from being infected, but unfortunately that's not always the case, not everyone can do that, just be mindful of your surroundings, prevention is better than trying to look for a cure, so in this case keep your surroundings clean, avoid going to floodwaters and avoid going to a very moist soil", Dr. Freddie Gomez said. ORA-A AOMERO KLEIN C. 2ND YEAR, BSED-ENGLISH SECTION 1048

[@jhomarytoc5867]

“HUMANS’ BEST FRIEND BRINGS YOU TO HEAVEN” The Department of Health have warned people not to wade in floodwater during monsoon season after three times the usual numbers of cases of leptospirosis has been recorded. Flash floods are common throughout the Philippine archipelago during monsoon season , which runs from June to December. Leptospirosis are usually common in Metro Manila and other low lying areas in the country. Liptospirosis is usually transmitted to human through rodents,wild and other domesticated animals’ urine. However,bacteria in the floodwater can also infect people by entering the body through cuts and skin abrasion. Infection causes influenza-like symptoms,with fever ,myalgia “muscle pain” and headache. Most of the cases have been recorded among residents of poor in low lying areas,farmer working in the rice paddies,street vendors, and wet market vendors. The Department of Health recorded 228 cases from Oct. 12 to Nov. 14, 2020, most reported cases were from Metro Manila (63.28 percent), the provinces of Camarines Sur (17.7 percent), Rizal (17.7 percent) and Cebu (10.4 percent). "With the onslaught of the recent typhoons, we already prepared for the possible increase in the number of leptospirosis cases in our hospitals. We’ve prepositioned the necessary medicine and supplies to be able to adequately address any possible rise in cases," the DOH said. The Department of health advised everyone to avoid wade in floodwater, however, when a person is exposed to contaminated water clean it with soap and clean water. Signs and symptoms must be observe including: High fever, Headache, Chills, Muscle aches, Vomiting, Jaundice (yellow skin and eyes),Red eyes, Abdominal pain, Diarrhea ,and skin rashes. Many of these symptoms can be mistaken for other diseases. In addition, some infected persons may have no symptoms at all. The time between a person’s exposure to a contaminated source and becoming sick is 2 days to 4 weeks. Illness usually begins abruptly with fever and other symptoms. Leptospirosis is treated with antibiotics, such as doxycycline or penicillin, which should be given early in the course of the disease. Intravenous antibiotics may be required for persons with more severe symptoms. Persons with symptoms suggestive of leptospirosis should contact a health provider immediately. Amidst this pandemic we must be health conscious especially we are facing health crisis during this time. We should be aware and responsible. Always keep in mind “prevention is better than cure.” YTOC JOMAR E. BSED ENGLISH II SECTION 1048

[@ma.eloisadometita815]

LEPTOSPIROSIS: It's Definition,Implication, and Prevention Some of us may have misconception about this term - Leptospirosis. Most of us think that it came from rat's urine only but the truth is, leptospirosis is a bacterial disease that affects both humans and animals.Meaning, the bacteria that cause leptospirosis are spread through the urine of infected animals such as (cattle, pigs,horses,dogs,rodents, and other wild animals). When and where can you get Leptospirosis? Heavy rainfall may cause the bacterial infection to increase in a population especially to those places that experiences flooding. The symptoms and signs of leptospirosis may similar to those seen in many other diseases like dengue fever, malaria, and others. Symptoms can arise about two days to four weeks after exposure to the bacteria. Although some people have no symptoms, yet others may exhibit high fever,chills,headache,muscle aches,muscle pain, and fatigue. Some may asks, Is leptospirosis contagious? According to research, human leptospirosis is considered weakly contagious. This is because, like other animals, humans can shed leptospirosis in the urine during and after illness. Consequently, individuals exposed to the urine of humans who are infected may become infected too. For example, although the bacteria are not airborne and have a low risk of being in saliva, individuals handling wet bedding or blood-soaked material from an infected person can increase the chances of getting the infection. Unfortunately, pregnant mothers who get leptospirosis can infect their fetus. So what should we do to prevent leptospirosis? Medical treatment is one of the best aid for leptospirosis. Blood test is available as well as the antibiotics and vaccines. However, in some countries, vaccines are not available and some of the vaccines has side effects that cause painful swelling. The sad thing about leptospirosis is without treatment, it can lead to organ failure and even death. Avoiding contact with animal excrement, good hygiene, and avoiding contaminated water and soil are other ways to reduce the chance of getting leptospirosis. As much as possible, if you have open wound, do not go down to the water or flood because you do not know if it is contaminated by animal's urine that may lead to bacterial infection. Take note that dogs and many other animals, can be infected with leptospirosis too that's why, safety measures are not only intented for human, we must practice careful treatment also to our pets and ask or seek medical treatment if possible. Prevention starts in awareness and it must be practiced! DOMETITA, MA. ELOISA R. BSED ENGLISH III SECTION 1267

[@ronnienape737]

Coffee-colored river are all dangerous Children’s are all happy playing at the floods and ponds all over the country. We Filipino enjoy of seeing someone playing on it. The enthusiasm is much more greater. But we are endangering our lives on it. The transmission of infections and decease such us typhoid fever, cholera, hepatitis A and the most common decease that you can get is leptospirosis are highly at risk. Most likely children’s are prone from this transmission cause they play and stay much more longer than adults. Humans can be infected through contact with the urine of an infected animals. Leptospirosis is a bacterial disease that affects humans and animals. It is caused by bacteria of the genus Leptospira. In humans, it can cause a wide range of symptoms, some of which may be mistaken for other disease. The symptoms of these are high fever, headache, vomiting, chills, Jaundice (yellow skin and eyes). Philippines are tropical country which means floods and rain are all over the country. We are all exposed fom getting infected by these decease. The importance of having us a knowledge about leptospirosis is to have a preventive measurements specially to the children who are enjoying playing on wet and flood. Leptospirosis can be cured in fact antibiotics can cure it like doxycycline or penicillin. So we must not be ignorant, we must have an awareness of what are we doing cause prevention is better than cure. Nape, Ronnie Jr C BSED-ENGLISH 2 Section 1048

[@lynbarcelona1044]

Leptospirosis There's a time that we really want to go outside to visit our loveones, friends, family or just to have bond with them .But we are not allowed to go out especially rainy days . It because of the bacteria/diseases that are coming from animals just like fee and droppings of rats. Wherein you can be infected just like leptospirosis . According to the world health, Leptospirosis is probably the world’s most widespread zoonosis of global importance. It occurs in both developed and developing countries and large outbreaks have been reported from all over the world. Leptospirosis is a bacterial disease that affects humans and animals. It is caused by bacteria of the genus Leptospira. In humans, it can cause a wide range of symptoms, some of which may be mistaken for other diseases. Humans can become infected through: Contact with urine (or other body fluids, except saliva) from infected animals. Contact with water, soil, or food contaminated with the urine of infected animals. Leptospirosis can cause a wide range of symptoms, including:High fever,Headache,Chills,Muscle aches ,Vomiting,Jaundice (yellow skin and eyes),Red eyes,Abdominal pain,Diarrhea and Rash. To prevent this diseases, Avoid touching objects that may be contaminated with animal urine, such as animal bedding. Always place keep your place clean. And if you need to go out in a rainy days if it is not possible to avoid wading in floodwaters or other fresh water, wear protective clothing like footwear and cover cuts and wounds with waterproof bandages or dressing. DELOS REYES LYN BSED ENGLISH III 1267

[@jessanava6626]

"LEPTOSPIROSIS" When we say Leptospirosis it is a blood infection caused by the bacteria Leptospira, according to the video that I've done watching. Leptospirosis is a widespread and potentially fatal zoonosis that is endemic in many tropical regions and causes large epidemics after heavy rainfall and flooding. Infection results from direct or indirect exposure to infected resevoir host animals that carry the pathogen in their renal tubules and shed pathogen leptospires in their urine. Although many wild and domestic animals can serve as reservoir hosts, brow rat (Rattus norvegicus) is the most important source of human infections. Individuals living in urban slum environments characterized by inadequate sanitation and poor housing are at high risk of rat exposure and leptospirosis. The Global burden of Leptospirosis is expected to rise with demographic shifts that favor increase in the number of urban poor in tropical regions subject to worsening storms and urban flooding due to climate change. Development of more severe outcomes likely depends on three factors: Epidemological conditions, host susceptibility, and pathogen virulence. Mortality increases with age, particularly in patient older than 60 years of age. High levels of bacteremia are associated with poor clinical outcomes and based on animal model & in vitro studies are related in part recognition of leptospiral LPS by human. Patients with severe leptospirosis experience a cytokine storm characterized by high levels of ll-6, TNF-alpha and IL-10. Patients with the HLA DQ-6 allele are the higher risk of disease, suggesting a role for lymphocyte stimulation by a liptospiral superantigen. Liptospirosis is typically presents as a nonspecific, acute febrile illness characterized by fever, myalgia, and headache and may be confused with other entities such as influenza and dengue fever. Newer diagnosis and antibiotic treatment patients progressing to multisystem organ failure have livespread hematogenous of pathogens. A lot of people may curios about this disease and they couldn't avoid to keep on asking 'how this kind of disease transmitted to human's body?' According to the video, Humans can become infected through; contact with urine ( or other body fluids, except saliva) from infected animals. Contact with water, soil, or food contaminated with the urine of infected animals. Portals of entry enclude cuts and abrasions or mucous membranes such as the conjuntival, oral, or genital surfaces. Exposures may occur through either direct contact with an infected animal or through indirect contact via soil or water contaminated with urine from an infected animal. Individuals with occupations at risk for direct contact potentially infected animals include veterinans, abattoir workers, farm workers (particularly in dairy milk stations), hunters and trappers, animal shelter workers, scientists and technologist handling animals in laboratories or during fieldwork. The magnitude of the risk depends on the logical prevalence of leptospiral carriage and the degree and frequency of exposure. Most of these infections are preventable by the use of appropriate personal protective equipment such as rubber boots, gloves, and protective eyewear. Since many of these infections are covered by occupational health and safety regulations, local risk assessments and training are essential. For indirect contact with water soil contaminated with Leptospirosis is much more common, and can be associated with occupational, recreational, or avocational activities. In addition to the risk associated with outdoor work listed above, sewer work, military exercises, and farming in high rainfall tropical regions are recongnized; the latter is by far the most important numerically. The animals that carry the bacteria cause of Leptospirosis are cattles, pigs,horses,Dogs,rodents,and wild animals, those are the animals spread the disease through their urine which can get into the water or soil and can survive these for weeks to months. This disease often found in a warm climates. And although the bacteria live all over the world, it's especially common in Australia, Africa, Southeast Asia, Central and South America, and the Caribbean. So for us to be aware of this disease, if you're curious if you have Leptospirosis, this illness usually begins abruptly with fever and other symptoms that I've already mentioned above. Leptospirosis may occur in two phases: After the first phase (with fever, chills, headache, muscle aches, vomiting, or diarrhea) the patient may recover for a time but become ill again. As a listeners or readers out there you might ask "what is the best treatment for that disease? Is there still ways to prevent that kind of disease? Well, for me it's a big YES, we have solutions to prevent that kind of disease. The best treatment for that is to treated with antibiotics, such as doxycycline or penicillin, which should be given early in the course of the disease. Intravenous antibiotics may be acquired for persons with more severe symptoms. Persons with symptoms suggestive for leptospirosis should contact a health care provider. To prevent this kind of disease each of us must follow the following steps to protect ourselves: Avoid touching objects that may be contaminated with animal urine, such as animal bleeding. Don't wade swim, or put your head in floodwater or water from lakers, rivers, or swaps. Especially avoid freshwater contact after flooding or heavy rain, if it is not possible to avoid wading in floodwaters or other fresh water, wear protective clothing like foot wear and cover cuts and wounds with water proof bandages or dressing, and lastly, make water safe to drink by boiling or using an appropriate chemical treatment. There's no big differences in our today's situations , for us to keep safe we must follow the rules and regulations given by our superiors its either presidents, doctors, barangay captain and all who have concerns regarding this matter. Each of us must be observant and avoid those things that might cause us harm in our health. Aslo always wear sanitizers wherever you go and wear complete gear when you're going at the crowd places. NAVA, JESSA F. BSED ENGLISH -ll SECTION 1048

[@jaelcanale1757]

The Things You Must Know About Leptospirosis The Department of Health(DOH) noticed a decrease of cases in Leptospirosis in the year 2020. According to the DOH, there are only 1,070 cases of Leptospirosis as of November 2020 compared to the cases last 2019 that reaches 3, 140 cases. The most reported cases from October to November 2020 were from Metro Manila, provinces of Camarines Sur, Rizal and Cebu. You might think, 'what's with the leptospirosis stuff?'. Well, this column may help you to be aware about leptospirosis, the causes, symptoms and even the preventions of it. First, let's talk about what is Leptospirosis? According to the Centers of Disease Control and Prevention(CDC), Leptospirosis is a bacterial disease that affects humans and animals. It is a blood infection caused by the bacteria called Leptospira. How does a person gets infected by Leptospirosis? If a person have unhealed wounds or open cuts and had a contact with water, soil and even eaten foods that has a urine of an animal he/she can be infected. It can also enter through mouth, nose and even in genitals. According to CDC the bacteria that cause leptospirosis are spread through the urine of infected animals, which can get into water or soil and can survive there for weeks to months. It includes the urine of cattles, pigs, horses, rodents, dogs, and other wild animals. In some cases, people got infected through wading in a flood that is contaminated with animals urine. What are the symptoms or is there any symptoms if a person is infected by leptospirosis? Leptospirosis can cause a wide range of symptoms and can be mistaken as another disease. And in some cases, there is no symptoms at all. The symptoms are having high fever, headache, chill, muscle aches, vomiting, jaundice, red eyes, abdominal pain, diarrhea and rash. It takes 2 days to 4 weeks before the symptoms come out, from the day the person is exposed on contaminated things. If not treated immediately, leptospirosis may lead to kidney damage, meningitis, liver failure, respiratory distress and it may also cause death. So how does leptospirosis can be treated? If it is a severe case it is usually treated by Penicillin and should be given in the early stage of the disease. If the symptoms are more severe, intravenous antibiotics may be required and seek for health care attention for more consultation and information. If we have knowledge about leptospirosis and on how to prevent it, there is a little chance for us to be infected. During rainy days, avoid wading or swimming in floods. Floods might contaminated with the urine of animals. Use rainboots if you can't prevent yourself from wading during flooding. You must have Personal Protective Equipment(PPE) if your job is exposed on things that might contaminated by animals urine. Awareness is a prevention. Being aware of things around us will help us to prevent further damages that may affect and risks our health. JAEL T. CANALE 2ND YEAR, BSED-ENGLISH SECTION 1048

[@Aviation-Fg5]

"LEPTOSPIROSIS AND IT'S RISK FACTORS" How do we define leptospirosis? Leptospirosis is a bacterial disease that affect humans and animals. It is caused by bacteria of the genus leptospira. In humans, it can cause a wide range of symptoms some of which maybe mistaken for other diseases. In humans, leptospirosis can cause a wide range of symptoms including high fever, headache, chills, muscle aches, vomiting, red eyes and abdominal pain. Now let's talk about how does a person get leptospirosis, humans can become infected through contact with urine from infected animals, contact with water, soil or food contaminated with the urine of infected animals. There are some ways on how leptospirosis can be cured. LEPTOSPIROSIS is treated with antibiotics such as doxycycline pericillin, which should be given early in the course of the disease . Intravenous antibiotics may be required for person's with more severe symptoms. Much better if a person really prevent of having Leptospirosis as what a saying says " PREVENTION IS BETTER THEN CURE" GERENTE JAYSON B. BSED ENGLISH-III 1267

[@eros.sapiens_13]

Liptospirosis: A brush with death You woke up a week ago feeling odd. You were not sure what was wrong, but your body was full of aches, you felt hot to the touch, and you kept vomiting. Your mother told you to lay down and rest, hoping it was just a cold. You treated well but, unfortunately, your symptoms have come back with a vengeance your fever is back along with intense abdominal pain, your mouth is bleeding without being wounded, Also, when you look in the mirror, your skin has changed from the sun-kissed color you have always been the dots reddish one and your mesmerizing eyes to a dull yellow hue. The doctor comes and examined he told you it is a blood infection caused by the bacteria Leptospira, It is liptospirosis. According to World Health Organization Leptospirosis is a bacterial disease that affects both humans and animals. Humans become infected through direct contact with the urine of infected animals or with a urine-contaminated environment. The bacteria enter the body through cuts or abrasions on the skin, or through the mucous membranes of the mouth, nose and eyes. Person-to-person transmission is rare. In the early stages of the disease, symptoms include high fever, severe headache, muscle pain, chills, redness of the eyes, abdominal pain, jaundice, haemorrhages in the skin and mucous membranes, vomiting, diarrhoea, and rash. But nowadays Leptospirosis is treated with antibiotic's, such as doxycycline or penicillin, which should be given early in the course of the diseases. Intravenously antibiotic's may be required for persons with more severe symptom's. Persons with symptom suggestive of leptospirosis should contact a health care provider. Above all prevention is better than cure. Accept as much ‘cleanliness’ that it won't cause you to worry if it became dirty. Maintain ‘cleanliness’ such that and only to the point that it does not burden you into bondage.- Dada Bhagwan Tomaquin Christine Mary M. BSED ENGLISH III/ 1262

[@rapidomotovlogph4859]

LEPTOSPIROSIS A blood infection caused by the bacteria. Last two years ago it was considered the most critical news in social media most particularly in tvs and all sorts of communication. The enormous typhoons and deaths caused by the nature but unexplainable disease arises caused by organism probably from animals (rats and etc) flowed together with waste products commonly occurs at stagnants areas like riverbanks, polluted squatter residents, small houses for instances alongside railways and trashed waters. According to medical researchers this kind of common bacterial disease that affected humans passes to living creatures as for at stagnant civilization areas swift off by dirty soil and water goes to open wounds, unhealed break skin, genitals and mouths. It lives, this organism in kidneys, liver and lungs. If person is infected, the germs can invade the body through breaks in the skin, scratches, unhealed wounds. This risk of exposures occurs worldwide. It is most common to tropical climate. A pathologist indicated the possibility that this kind of parasites multiple im blood. There was develoment of antibodies from blood but it remained im organs. After it regains access to the kidneys it migrates to the intestitiums, renal tubules causing intestitial nephrites and tubular necrosis. Renal failures develops due to the tubular damages. This kind of parasites is very common to occupational exposure for instance, farmers that are always exposed to tilled soils, veterinarians which are always engaged in curing animals at slaughterhouse and fishworkers. Epidemic potential of this kind of disease occurs after heavy rainfalls. Typically spread rodents. Leptospirosis is known as severe pulmonary hemorrhage syndrome usual on sets is 1 to 2 weeks. It can be treated by doxycycline, penicilin, cefriaxone. UBAC, JUSHUA JUDE P. BSED ENGLISH - 2ND YEAR SECTION 1048

[@macadatceline5166]

A Danger While Having Fun Have you experienced playing under the rain? Or do you have kids who want to shower in it? Playing with your cousins, friends, and neighbours while soaking wet in rainwater seems to be a lot of fun. Your childhood is incomplete without experiencing these things. But beware for this moment of enjoyment may bring harm to your whole life. When there is rain, there is flood and when there is flood, there are possibilities that you might catch a bacterial disease. Leptospirosis is one of the bacterial diseases that we may caught from floods. Leptospirosis is a bacterial disease caused by a bacterium called leptospira interrogans that is harmful to animals and humans. This bacterium lived in the kidneys of many animals like rodents or rats. Their urine carries the said bacteria into the soil and water and may transfer to human through contact of the contaminated water or even on floods. If someone has a break in his/her skin like scratches, open wounds or dry areas no matter how small it is, this bacteria may enter his body that makes him/her sick. According to DOH, Philippines reported hundreds to thousands of cases of Leptospirosis every year. Example in 2018, there are 939 cases of leptospirosis with 86 of it that cause death. Our country is prone to this disease because it is active in temperate and tropical climate which our country has. Many of us knew the term “leptospirosis” but did you know how fatal it is? A person with this disease may suffer from high fever, muscle aches, abdominal pain, diarrhea, rash and others. It is fortunate if you feel this symptoms for you may have a chance to cure yourself but there is instances that you may have no symptoms at all. There is more risk in the latter because in this disease without treatment may lead to the damage in the kidney. It may also lead to meningitis or an inflammation of the protective membranes covering the brain and spinal cord. The treatment of leptospirosis may last one week of taking antibiotics recommended by the doctor but if it is neglected it may lead to severe damage to your body and make it lethal. Leptospirosis is a simple disease, half of it is truth and the other half is false. Now give yourself time to think. Raining season may be a good time for kids to play and have new unforgettable memories under the rain but make sure that they are safe. Always remember to wash your feet or any parts of your body that have a direct contact in flood or any contaminated water. Have an enjoyable youth memories but stay safe always. MACADAT, CELINE R. BSED ENGLISH 2ND YEAR SECTION 1048

[@roseliecueto4374]

Leptospirosis Infectious Disease In the country Philippines, leptospirosis is very common health concern. Many people suffer from this kind of disease. The Leptospirosis is very known as infectious disease that usually cause by a group of bacteria so called Genus Leptospira. This kind of bacteria commonly found in animals that lives in their kidney. It is zoonotic infection where it can spread and affect to both human and animals. The Philippines is very prone to this kind of bacterial disease because of troical climate, incidents of typhoons brought about climate changes ,deforestation, rapid urbanization and poor sanitation. According to Department of health every year the total average of leptospirosis cases is maximum of 680 and has 40 deaths during the rainy months of July to October. Leptospirosis can be transmitted through flooding and other contaminated water . Leptospira specie's are excreted in urine of infected animals. Humans become infected when they come into contact with an infected animals urine with water or mud that is contaminated. The germ can invade in the body through breaks in the skin like scratches, open or unhealed wounds and dry areas also in nose, mouth and genitals. The sign and symptoms of leptospirosis are having high fever, headache, red eyes, Yellow skin, abnominal pain, muscle pain, diarrhea, vomiting, chills and rashes. But not all this sign and symptoms are present in infected person. But leptospirosis can be treated through Antibiotics. Cleanliness is the key to prevent illness and be responsible aware on the surroundings to have a healthy living. CUETO, ROSELIE C. BSED ENGLISH II SECTION 1048

[@blacksheep6215]

1st. Hello sir Jeric! 🖤 Please make more videos.

[@jericcabug5720]

Thank you for the support. Yes po will be making more videos. just let me know kung ano ang suggestions nyo po for our future videos. thanks a lot!

[@blacksheep6215]

@@jericcabug5720 Naka subscribed na gani po ako Sir

[@antonioburabod7466]

Leptospira against people We are Filipinos known being tough in any type of typhoon and other calamities. Our counrty known as a coastal island flood prone country specifically the capital of the Philippines which is Manila were mostly having a wide cases and victims of flashflood during typhoons and calamities. After calamities, this is not only the problem were being face also the garbage and bacteria came from animals who known as a source of a certain bacteria which is Leptospirosis. Based on statistics, common source of leptospirosis is came from animals urine,or water and soil contaminated with animal specifically from both domestic and wild animals. Leptospirosis also known as "Leptospira bacteria" which is a kind of blood infection in human body. Leptospira spreads rapidly to all organs through the bloodstream and mainly affect the liver invaded spaces between hepatocytes causing apoptosis. Leptospira is well adapted to such an inflammatory condition that activates host plasminogen to become plasmintjat breaksdown extracellular matrix, degrades fibrin clots and complemental proteins to avoid opsonation. Common symptom of this diesease is headaches, muscle pain, fevers, to severe bleeding of the lungs , kidney failures or sudden death. It is estimated that one million severe cases of leptospirosis occur every year causing about 58,900 deaths mostly from tropical areas. Rates of leptospirosis can be reduced by improving housing , infrastracture and sanitation standards, efforts and flood mitigations projects can also help prevent it. BURABOD, ANTONIO III M. 2ND YEAR BSED - ENGLISH BLOCK 1089

[@edanoroshaimae6204]

LEPTOSPIROSIS Now a days there are a lot of disease we don't see a lot of diseases around us. We should have a healthy body/a healthy life in order to avoid those diseases. like LEPTOSPIROSIS According to study, Leptospirosis Is a bacterial disease that affect human and animal, it is cause by bacteria of the genus Leptospira, in human, it can cause a wide range of sysmtomps , some of which may be mistaken for other diseases. Some infected persons however, may have no symptoms at all. Without treatment, Leptospirosis can lead to kidney damage, meningitis (inflammation of the membrane around the Brain and spiral cord) liver failure, respiratory distress, and even death. LEPTOSPIROSIS has worldwide distribution, with a higher incidence in tropical climate, especially after heavy rainfall or flooding due to hurricanes. The most expose of this diseases is the farmers, mine workers, sewer workers, veterinarians,fish worker's , dairy farmers and Military personnel EDAÑO , ROSHAI MAE D. 2ND YEAR COLLEGE BSED ENGLISH SECTION- 1048

[@johnmomo7364]

A PERILOUS DISEASES (Leptospirosis) Leptospirosis is an infectious disease caused by bacteria of the genus leptospira. It can lead to potentially fatal infection of the kidney, liver, brain, lung or heart. Many animals can spread leptospirosis inclusively pets such as Dogs, farm animals and Rat or Rodents are the commonly carriers of leptospirosis, and it is worldwide zoonotic infection with a much greater incidence in tropical regions and has now been identified as one of the emerging infections diseases. It is a serious bacterial disease that affects humans health derived from the contaminated feces and urine of animals, and the Rodents is one of the causes of leptospirosis. Usually occurs in rainy season or in an contaminated water areas or soil such as pond, flood and lake and etc... and during rainy season and flooding the number of cases of people getting sick or infected with leptospirosis increases. Infected animals may continue to excrete the bacteria into the environment and in human life, the bacteria can enter the body through skin or mucous membrane ( eyes, nose, or mouth) especially the wounded skin. Drinking contaminated water can also cause infection. Outbreaks of leptospirosis are usually caused by exposure to contaminated water, such as floods and ponds and it is an occupational hazard for many people who work outdoors or with animals, such as farmers, fish workers, dairy farmers, military personnel, veterinarians, and animal caretaker. In this case most frequently affected leptospirosis are those living in urban areas especially children and outdoor workers. For everyone health prevention and protection against leptospirosis disease World Health Organization (WHO) recommend standards and strategies for the surveillance prevention and control of communicable leptospirosis diseases. In addition, we already know the leptospirosis is a serious infectious disease. My only advice is to take good care of our health and wear protection to prevent disease, otherwise consult the nearest Health Center or Doctor to make sure our health is good. CATAMPONGAN JOHNEL M. BSED- ENGLISH II 1048 - FINAL ENGLISH 37

[@erikaencinares2320]

LEPTOSPIROSIS :A moment that we're happy seeing our dog bark in the yard, especially when the visitors are coming. When you get home there will be a happy pets that will entertain you and make you smile, even we do not know when it will be like this to you. In our childhood we loved playing with the animals we see especially when we like it, also we love playing during the pouring rain. We don't care for the food we ate and drink as long as it satisfy us,but in every journey we had we do not know that there is a contiguous disease that can be found in single step that can cause suffering to death. In that is leptospirosis is one of bacterial disease that may caught from animals, food, floods and soil. Leptospirosis is an infection disease that can occur in humans and animals worldwide. A bacterial disease of humans and animals caused by leptospira bacteria that are found in infected animal urine and animal tissues. A high risk factors for leptospirosis include close association with animals and the water and soil they may contaminate with infected urine. According to "DOH, PHILIPPINES" reported hundreds to thousands of cases of leptospirosis every year. Example on 2019 trend in the Philippines a total of 406 leptospirosis cases were reported nationwide from January to April 27,2019.Our Country is also not safe for these disease, because a lot people didn't know about bacteria and lack of knowledge about it. Also a tropical climate which a lot of people suffered flood. In terms of "leptospirosis " there is a lot of symptoms that the infected may feel. These are : fever, severe headache, sore muscles, chills, vomiting and red eyes. These symptoms can mimic other diseases, such as influenza, and diagnosis is often difficult. Some people go on to develop severe disease, this can include weil's disease, which is kidney failure, jaundice, and haemorrhage into skin and mucous membranes. Meningitis and bleeding in the lungs can also occur. Most people develop severe disease require hospitalisation and serve leptospirosis can sometimes be fatal. These symptoms usually develop 5 to 14 days (can range 2 to 30 days) following infection and last form days to 3 weeks or longer. Leptospirosis also called "leptospira bacteria" these bacteria usually enter the body through skin cuts or abrasions, and occasionally the lining of the mouth, nose, and eyes. It usually associated with exposure to flood water contaminated with the urine from infected animals. Soil and mud also the source of infection. Eating and drinking contaminated food has occasionally been responsible for transmission of the leptospira bacteria. The treatment of leptospirosis may last one week of taking antibiotics recommended by the doctor but if it is neglected it may lead to severe damage to your body and make it lethal. Leptospirosis is not a joke. It is a dangerous enemy that we may encounter in our wrong action. In every area of our life first we must seccure our health to assure that were not expose in any diseases Maintain cleanliness Especially when we expose in flood, animals, and food or any contaminated that can cause bacteria. If we taking care of ourselves, other should follow because health is our wealth, just enjoy life with care. ENCINARES, ERIKA V. BSED ENGLISH II SECTION 1048

[@andreabanaag7029]

"All about Leptospirosis" Many of our fellow citizen are living in a low place areas where floods could easily occur even when the rain is not too much, most of the houses sank in the water and there is no other option but to walk right in it when they needed to go to a store nearby or if they have to evacuate. There are many illnesses present when there is flood and one of the most dangerous is LEPTOSPIROSIS. Leptospirosis is a blood infection caused by the bacteria Genus Leptospira and it both affect humans and animals. Leptospirosis can damage the liver, kidneys and other organs of the animals and humans. This decease occurs worldwide and is most common in tropical countries. This bacteria is cared in the animal’s kidney or liver and they could affect the human if ever a person had a contact with an infected water where urine of the carrier of this bacteria is present through an open wound, dry skin and/or through the genitals. Signs and symptoms of leptospirosis is actually indifferent from that of other non-harmful deceases however if misunderstood and mistreated, the occurrence of this decease could lead to a serious matter. In humans, Leptospirosis can cause a wide range of symptoms including: high fever, headache, chills, muscle pain, vomiting, jaundice (or yellow skin and eyes), red eyes, abdominal pain, diarrhea, and rashes however, there are cases that the patient does not show any symptoms at all. Leptospirosis is treated with antibiotics, such as doxycycline or penicillin, which should be given early to the patient. Also, there can be difference with how much a patient takes the medicine depending on how light or severe the symptoms are. This illness lasts from few days to 3 weeks or longer, if not treated easily the patient’s recovery may take several months. BANAAG, ANDREA MAE R. BSED ENGLISH second year Section 1048

[@maryjoyperez12]

LEPTOSPIROSIS: You should know about the sign and Symptoms What exactly is Leptospirosis, a question in my brain that cannot be answer? They say leptospirosis is a bacterial disease that affect human and animals it can pass from animals to human, But the question is what is the only cure for leptospirosis is a the cure, many question in my mind where it really came from and if there is a cure? Leptospirosis is a disease of the environment transmission depends on interactions between humans and mammalian reservoir hosts. A variety if infectious diseases that present as undifferentiated febrile syndromes such as dengue and influence. Leptospirosis is a Blood infection caused by the Bacteria leptospirosis the sign and symptoms of Leptospirosis 90% of cases of the disease are mild leptospirosis, lung affected as the most serious and life threatening of all complications and high fever, vomiting, Diarrhoea, Red eyes, Muscle aches, Rash, chills, Headache and lung problems. The importance of pulmonary hermorrhage a lethal compilation of leptospirosis has become a widely recognized. Infection caused by pathogenic leptospirosis is an important zoonotic disease worldwide that effects multitude of mammals, from rats to humans. The efforts of find to LEPTOSPIROSIS vaccine should include the manufacturer and testing conjugate leptospiral lipopolysaccharide vaccine. PEREZ, MARYJOY G. BSED ENGLISH III 1267

[@dyannmoran8309]

Health Education on Leptospirosis Not long ago year 2020 on the 11th day of November, Typhoon Ulysses lashed the main island of Luzon, whipping destructive winds and dumping heavy rainfall that precipitated massive flooding in a number of areas including Cagayan Valley, which was one of the most severely overblown. One of the affected persons was Jerome Basconcillo, a resident of Barangay Tumana Marikina City. He was said to have been trapped inside their house, having the urge to survive the flood he swam into the dirty and polluted water caused by the typhoon. Mr. Basconsillo survived the flood, yet he felt weary after it. At first, his family thought that it was just a fever, but after a week it led to his inability to properly walk. He was then brought into the hospital, unknowingly that it would lead to something serious. Unluckily, Mr. Basconcillo was diagnosed with leptospirosis. Leptospirosis, many as it may be are familiar with this term; but the awareness regarding this disease is something vague. Questions about leptospirosis are frequently raised, but the public seems to either underrate the answers behind it or the information dissemination seems to be lacking. Therefore, here are the frequent queries regarding leptospirosis and the responses that have to be acknowledged due to its valuableness to the public health; as the government sited that the commonalities’ well-being remains at the prime concern as it is the most pressing matter. What is leptospirosis? Leptospirosis is a bacterial disease and a blood infection which strikes both humans and animals. A bacteria of the genus has caused leptospirosis existence, this is named Leptospira. In humans, it can cause a wide range of symptoms, some of which may be mistaken for other diseases. To the same extent as Mr. Basconcillo’s situation, where his family thought that it was just a normal fever; but turned to be a serious disease. Leptospirosis is commonly mistaken to be a flu, it is because the mild cases have symptoms that tend to resemble those of other conditions. Yet, usually, leptospirosis begins suddenly with fever accompanied by chills, intense headache, severe muscle aches, and abdominal pain. What are the symptoms of leptospirosis? According to the statement given by Dr. Agustin of Amang Rodriguez Memorial Medical Center, “Most of the symptoms are not specific, such as fever and headache; and most of the time it only seems like flu. Obvious signs are when a person’s eyes turned yellowish and his urination tends to be little, that is when you really recognize that a person has been infected with leptospirosis.” The only possible way to not leptospirosis be mistaken as flu is to consult a doctor not just when you feel unease; but right after you get in contact with water or soil where rodents stay, keep in mind that self-diagnosis is one of the most dangerous things a person could do to his/her health. Who is most likely at risk of being infected with leptospirosis? People who spend more time outdoors around animals are the ones at risk. According to an article published in the leptospirosis prevention site; veterinarian, farmer, underground worker, slaughterhouse worker, and military personnel are the most likely type of employees that get afflicted with leptospirosis. Though it does not mean that a person belongs in these jobs that he or she would really be infected, this only states that they are more in danger than others. Take note, if a person raft, swim, or camp near affected lakes and rivers or even indulge in a flood of water, you could also get the disease. Similarly with Mr. Basconcillo's case who swam into the flood caused by typhoon Ulysses. Can leptospirosis be cured? The main medicine that could kill leptospirosis is by using antibiotics, such as Doxycycline and Penicillin. Doxycycline is a tetracycline antibiotic that fights bacteria in the body. Doxycycline reduced the duration of illness by 2 days and favorably affected fever, it prevented leptospirosis and had no adverse effects. Antibiotics should be given early in the course of the disease. On the other hand, those with severe symptoms must take intravenous antibiotics and you may have to go to the hospital if your infection is more severe. In the same manner with Mr. Basconsillo’s case, it was a good thing that he was brought to Amang Rodriguez Memorial Medical Center and was given an antibiotic by Dr. Bianca Marie Agustin. After a week, Mr. Basconcillo’s situation gotten better; that’s how antibiotics help in killing the bacteria and in healing the leptospirosis afflicted patient. What happens if leptospirosis is left untreated When leptospirosis infected a person and he/she did not do anything about it that would lead to liver failure, your liver or kidneys may lose their ability to function and that would be fatal. Also, respiratory distress, and even worse, death. Based on the statistics published in Wikipedia, It is estimated that one million severe cases of leptospirosis occur every year, causing about 58,900 deaths. That is why treatment should always be the first thing to do if prevention could not be put into one’s action. How can leptospirosis be prevented? There are cases wherein this disease can’t be prevented, just as during the onslaught of the flood which is what happened to Mr. Basconcillo. Wearing protective clothing like footwear and cover cuts and wounds with waterproof bandages or dressing is something that could be done if it is not possible to avoid wading in floodwaters. But as much as possible, physicians do advise the public to stay away from waters where rats or other animals usually peed. Also, keep rodent problems under control; for they are the carrier of bacterias that causes this disease to humans and other animals. How can a person usually have leptospirosis? Once a person is around infected water or soil or where an animal or pests peed; the bacteria will immediately occupy your body through some breaks in your skin; such as open wounds, scratches, or even dry areas in your body. Some bacteria also have the ability to enter one's mouth, nose, or genitals. A study was made in the United States of America stating that it is hard to spread this disease from human to human, but it is not impracticable. Leptospirosis can be passed from an infected person to an uninfected one by having sex or even through a mother who is breastfeeding her child. To put it bluntly, the aforementioned details concerning Leptospirosis are the ones that need greater attention, also, it has to circulate more evenly for the benefit of public health. Impartially, research gate researchers’ brought up in their article, “construction of knowledge about leptospirosis relied mostly on the information provided by mass and social media; reading materials; word-of-mouth publicity; observations; experiences; and knowledge sharing among families, friends, and communities. The development of educational materials that may reduce the gaps in knowledge, and thereby improve health literacy and enhance preventive health behaviors for avoiding leptospirosis”. DYANN C. MORAN BSED-ENGLISH III SECTION 1267

[@justinemarkespinas9034]

RATS, FLOODS, AND THE FILTHY LETHAL LEPTOSPIRES Clogged sewers and canals cause instant floods after only minutes of a downpour. In this kind of situation, people that resides in low-lying and flood prone areas have to wade in floodwaters, thus the rise in number of leptospirosis cases. Health officials always warn the citizens especially during monsoon seasons to avoid wading in filthy floodwaters as it may result to acquiring leptospires, but people or some just don't take the matter seriously as for some may have no choice but to get their feet submerged in floods. Leptospirosis is caused by pathogenic leptospira bacteria found in wild and domestic animals such as rats, dogs, pigs, cattle, horses, and insectivores; or carnivorous mammals that thrive by consuming insects. Rats and rodents shed large amounts of the said bacteria in their urine, and because these animals that are considered as pests live in dirty sewers, human transmission highly occurs through contact of the skin with cuts and abrasions exposed to contaminated floodwaters; and through the mucous membranes of the eyes, nose, and mouth. Leptospires are not just found in floodwaters but it can also be found in damp soil, vegetation or mud. The manifestation of the leptospira bacteria takes about 10 days after direct contact, though in some cases, it takes as many as 30 days and as little as two after exposure. The early stages of the disease may include symptoms such as high fever, muscle pain, redness in the eyes, chills, hemorrhages in skin and mucous membranes or pulmonary bleeding, abdominal pain, diarrhea, vomitting and rashes. Some cases may show signs like dark-colored urine and light stools, low urine output, yellowish discoloration of the body and severe headache. If left untreated, the disease can lead to more critical complications like kidney failure, brain damage, and in severe cases, death. Last 2018, leptospirosis outbreak has been declared in the Philippines after the Department of Health indicated that a total of 1,030 cases of leptospirosis with 93 deaths have been recorded; a 41% increase in cases reported in comparison with the first six months of 2017. Severe rains of 2018 have caused extreme floods in low lying areas in the Metro and other parts of the country which was believed to be the cause of the said outbreak as patients may have been wading through flooded areas. In the year 2019, the number of cases tripled in number as 3,140 cases have been recorded, then decreased by 66% in 2020 with 1,070 cases. The decrease in recorded cases was made possible as the DOH quoted, "With the onslaught of the recent typhoons, we already prepared for the possible increase in the number of leptospirosis cases in our hospitals. We've prepositioned the necessary medicine and supplies to be able to adequately address any possible rise in cases." Leptospirosis can be treated with antiobiotics given as early in the course of the disease as possible. Severe cases may require greater medical intervention, but still, treatment is more effective when started as soon as possible. The World Health Organization (WHO) and Department of Health (DOH) recommends these preventive measures against the leptospire infection that includes: avoiding contact with floodwater as much as possible, wearing protective clothing like boots, gloves, and masks, washing or taking a shower after having contact with floodwater as soon as possible, washing and cleaning of wounds especially those on the legs and feet, consuming clean drinking water, and maintaining the cleanliness of home and environment; all are of great help in the prevention and control of leptospirosis. ESPINAS, JUSTINE MARK D. BSED-ENGLISH IV SECTION 1267

[@judyannespinas8744]

Leptospirosis: A Noiseless Plague Infection Is leptospirosis occurred due to massive flooding? The negative effects of floods on the coastal regions of Northern Mindanao. The Philippines suffers frequent typhoons each year since the country is exposed to the experienced great damage of flooding. Flooding also causes various health effects that break down the prosperity of the affected population. Cagayan de Oro is known to be an area prone to flooding in the Philippines. The place is nearby in Magat Dam which resulted in the river level rising until the breaking point was reached. On December 17, 2011, tropical storm Washi hit Misamis Oriental province’s capital city Cagayan de Oro on the Philippine island of Mindanao. The storm flooding that followed it resulted in the deaths of 1,257 people and displacement of over 300,000 more. Amidst the chaos of the storm and evacuation, Filipino citizens were struck by yet another ordeal: outbreak. A waterborne disease was spreading through the population due to the crowding from displacement, poor sanitation, and lack of clean water. People were getting sick and even dying, and with more rainy conditions on the way, the outbreak was set to get worse before it got better. The culprit behind the Philippine citizens’ extra misfortune was the bacterial disease Leptospirosis (Huston, 2012). Leptospirosis is caused by a bacterium called "Leptospira Interrogans". A disease that can affect virtually all mammals including man as such it is called a zoonosis and seen around the world. The disease can cause anyplace from mild subclinical infection to death due to organ failure it can be seen mostly in regions with warm climates and high annual rainfall and has a momentous impact on public health all through the developing world. Due to the destructive nature of floods, 24 people died of leptospirosis and mostly males were diagnosed with the disease. Some parts of Cagayan de Oro still experienced flooding on Thursday. Too much rain, garbage, clogged waterways caused Cagayan de Oro flood. According to Dr Freddie Gomez, if you were walking through a flood the thing to watch out for is it enters your body through your mucous membranes that means through your nasal cavity, mouth, eyes, cuts and bruises. So if you think you have that and notice that you have signed of flu symptoms a few days after it's best to see a doctor so they can give you the correct antibiotics do not take antibiotics right away do not try to treat yourself. In evacuation centre many people were wounded, citizens of Cagayan de Oro experienced lack of sustained access to clean water because some barangays in the city was cut off also garbage was overflowing from the on-site bins, dogs and pigs were no system place for animal defecation that probably a potential source of disease. Leptospirosis is bacterial contamination caused by contact with flood water, mud, or food contaminated with the urine of rats, dogs, pigs, cattle, or goats. Sanitation, therefore, became a serious concern in Cagayan De Oro. According to the World Health Organization (WHO), Leptospirosis affects both humans and animals and it is one of the most common infectious diseases of animals that can be transmitted naturally to humans. Leptospirosis from contaminated skin and water bring up and just spread around even further that leads to a possibly dangerous disease characterized by high fever, headache, jaundice, rash, abdominal pain, muscle pain, chills, and diarrhoea. After the effects of typhoon Washi, the entire Misamis Oriental experienced a lack or shortage of medicine. Gaane gave a letter to Pimentel asking for 2000 boxes of doxycycline. The Senate President hails from Cagayan de Oro. Doxycycline is effective in therapy for patients with leptospirosis. It reduced the duration of illness by 2 days and favourably affected fever and headache. The government must improved vaccines and medicine access. Above all, doctors play an important role to treat leptospirosis they are the one may prescribe antibiotics. Delayed initiation of treatment increased risk for death. Early treatment is the foremost effective thing to be done when the side effects began to appear. Leptospirosis can be treated with antibiotics that ought to be given as early in the course of the illness as possible. ESPINAS, JUDY ANN B. BSED ENGLISH III SECTION: 1267

[@jackieconcepcion30]

"A HUMANS AFFECTED BY LEPTOSPIROSIS" Leptospirosis it is an example of one's health where the relationship between human and animals. Exposures through water and soil contaminated by the urine infected of animals. These cases may spread after the floods because of the contaminated water and soil. Many people are encountered with these cases like farmers, sewer workers, animal handler and among others. They are encountered leptospirosis through an unclean wind blows and contaminated both water and soil. Some of the days they are suffered by the sickness like fever and any other illness causes by leptospirosis. There are some ways to prevent the spreads of these cases through maintaining clean water and soil. Be a responsible humans, learn to clean the sorroundings both soil and water, also maintain the cleanliness due to animals in your homes. Maintain proper disposal to avoid soil and water contaminated on the affected areas. CONCEPCION, JACKIE LAPE BSED ENLISH/SECOND YEAR SECTION: 1048

[@shannaba1330]

LEPTOSPIROSIS AND HOW TO PREVENT IT The Department of Health declared an outbreak of Leptospirosis since all of area in Philippines was affected by the ordersuccession typhoon, And most of the place was flooded, and also the overflowing of the dam that can cause a flood also. And their house was covered by flood. According to a report in some news, Duque advises that the public should at least have the knowledge about Leptospirosis. “Hopefully we can sustain this and we can do that only by remaining vigilant against Leptospirosis”, he remarked. Many people died also because of this Leptospirosis although other was suffering it. But before that what is Leptospirosis? According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Leptospirosis is a bacterial disease that affects humans and animals caused by a bacteria of a genus called Leptospira. Leptospirosis is a serious disease that can lead to kidney damage, meningitis, liver failure, respiratory distress, and death. The disease is spread through contact of urine with infected animals especially rats. The rain or flood is a factor of spreading the virus to humans. Wading in a flooded area where water freely flows from sewage and drainages is not advisable as this carries a lot of viruses such as Leptospirosis. Such water conditions may highly infect humans especially those who have open wounds. How to prevent Leptospirosis 1. The best way to prevent Leptospirosis is to keep your hands and feet clean. Wash it well after using the toilet or after having been exposed to dirty water. 2. Avoid stepping into rainwater or floodwater. If it is unavoidable, make sure to have footwear that can protect your feet from water infections. Wash your feet and hands with soap and sanitize after. 3. Keep your nails short and clean because long nails may trap dirt and contaminants. After having a manicure or pedicure, make sure to avoid rainwater as much as possible. In the event that you incurred wounds while having your nails done, take extra care. You wouldn’t want your nail polish to scrape off because if the chipped-off particles from nail polish make their way into the open wounds, bacteria will most likely enter as well causing infection. 4. Keep your environment clean. Proper disposal of garbage can help drainage and sewage systems avoid clogging when it rain. This also keeps the rats away. Symptoms of Leptospirosis You Should Know About and Monitor: The symptoms of Leptospirosis include high fever, headache, chills, muscle aches, vomiting, jaundice (yellow skin or eyes), red eyes, abdominal pain, diarrhea, and rashes. If all or more of these are evident in a person, please consult a doctor immediately. It is highly advisable to do this to avoid suffering a more serious disease. As we all know, Leptospirosis can also result in death. VIDAS, SHANI ABEGAIL A BSED ENGLISH III SECTION:1267

[@elmersuaatendido5188]

AN OUTBREAK OF LEPTOSPIROSIS DISEASE. The Department Of Health (DOH) advise people to be careful, especially that we are now prone into a leptopirosis disease because of a heavy rainfall and flooding that could be possible have an infectious and contaminated water or infected area that cause of leptospira bacteria found in both wild and domestic animals. Letpospirosis is a globaly important issues every year, not only here in the philippines but also around the world. This might be consider a silent but very alarming disease. Leptospirosis is a bacterial disease that affect human and animals. In animals it is quickly kill about eight to ten days after infection. The immune system produces an antibody response that quickly clear most of the leptospira from the body. However, the damage cause by the bacteria often lead to liver failure or kidney failure, and sometimes both. Meanwhile in humans, it can cause a wide range of symptoms, some of which may be mistaken for other disease. However some people may have no symptoms at all. It is cause by a spinal shaped bacterium. The symptoms includes are high fever, chills, muscle aches, head ache, vomiting, diarrhea, and jandice ( yellow skin and eyes). Moreover, according to research this disease transmitted once you have touched the infected area, or having a close contact with water, food or soil containing urine from infected animals. The incubation period is usually 5 to 14 days, with a range of 2 - 30 days. But without treatment it can lead to kidney damage, miningitis, liver failure, resperatory distress and even death. For the incidence record, on August 20, the DOH reported a total of 981 cases of leptospirosis, with 113 deaths due to the disease, nationwide. This is 62.5% decrease from the same period in year 2018, when 2, 618 cases and 256 of deaths were recorded all over the country. Base on the research it was have 500,000 persons estimated that are infected of the disease recorded world wide per year. Furthermore, here in the Philippines one of the most controversials news on leptospirosis was announced by Former President Benigno S. Aquino III during one of his relief operation visits on August 18, after have a flood brought by typhoon Sendong in Region 10 on December 17 2011, which also affect many areas of luzon including Metro Manila, that cause of surge in leptospirosis cases occurred due to massive flooding. He said an unidentified pharmaceatical company that allegedly raised the prise of it's leptospirosis medicine, dexycycline by up to 750 percent. Amid the heavy flooding in many parts of luzon. The company was allegedly selling it's leptospirosis medication between 50 to 75 pesos from it's previous price of 10 pesos. Doxycycline is an antibiotic that is recommend to prevent leptospirosis among those with increased risk of exposure. However doxycycline does not totally protect against leptospirosis, and even those who will develop fever after taking doxycycline should go to their doctor for examination. Leptospirosis can be treated with antibiotics, such as doxycycline or penicilline, however these antibiotics is not recommended for pregnant women and children bellow eight years of age. The expert advise that the risk of acquiring Leptospirosis can be greatly reduced by not swimming or wading in water that might be contaminated with animal urine, or eliminating contact with potentially infected animals and also remind us to always wash our hands and feet after coming from the outside especially when it have a heavy rainfull. ATENDIDO, ELMER, S. 3RD YEAR. BSED- ENGLISH SECTION: 1267

[@joefygargantacasabuena2098]

Leptospirosis Leptospirosis is a world wide issue concerning human health.what is leptospirosis? Leptospirosis is an bacterial disease that causes by bacterium called Leptospira Interrogans that affect both human and animals.The disease can be acquired through unhealed break skin like scratches,open wounds or even dry areas.The organism is carried by many animals and live in their kidneys and end up in soil and water their urine.Risk of exposure especially occupational exposure that have the great tendency to acquire such disease.The disease may multiple in blood ,it can develop antibodies,remain in organs like liver,brain,lung ,heart,and kidneys.After destroying kidney it can lead to renal failure,liver involvement,Juandice,and skeletal muscle invasion.Some how it can also lead to intestitial hephmitis and tubular necrotis. In first phase of infection an infected person may experience following symptoms,a high fever, headache,red eyes,yellow skin, abdominal pain,muscle pain, vomiting,rash,chills and diarrhea.The second phase of infection known as Weil's disease,the possible symptoms are Juandice,Renal failure, pulmonary Hemorrhage ,cardiac arrhythmias and meningitis.The symptoms can last in 2 days to 4 weeks.In diagnosing the disease organism may isolated through dark examination for urine and blood.Before the 10 days of illness dark field of examination for the urine may take.After 10 days of illness a dark examination for blood can be tested.Some other possible test are the aglutination test,slide aglutination test,ELISA lgm,measure lgm antibodies,DOT ELSA and dip stick method,PCR test,LEPTOSPIRAL DNA(blood/urine). Leptospirosis can be treated by taking antibiotics specially penicillin.For the least severe cases a person can take Doxycycline, Tetracycline, Ampicillin,or Amoxicillin in a dosage of 100 mg twice a day for seven days.Being healthy is great shield for a happier living.Keep our body safe from different disease and having a healthy life style because prevention is better than cure. CASABUENA JOEFY G. BSED ENGLISH SECTION 1048

[@jopetcuesta4959]

Leptospirosis Leptospirosis is a bacterial disease that affects humans and animals. It is caused by bacteria of the genus Leptospira. In humans, it can cause a wide range of symptoms, some of which may be mistaken for other diseases. Some infected persons, however, may have no symptoms at all. Without treatment, Leptospirosis can lead to kidney damage, meningitis (inflammation of the membrane around the brain and spinal cord), liver failure, respiratory distress, and even death. CUESTA JOPET M. 2ND YEAR/BSED ENGLISH SECTION:1048

[@christinejoylegaspi2771]

BEWARE ABOUT LEPTOSPIROSIS Taking care of our health is one of our basic obligation. Eating healthy foods and doing exercises could help in maintaining our body, and mind healthy. But sometimes because of not being aware on how a diseases could get we can do things that risk our health. Like children swimming and wading in flood water without knowing that they could acquire Leptospirosis. That's why we should know about what Leptospirosis is and how we could avoid getting it. Leptospirosis is a bacterial disease that affects both humans and animals. It is a disease caused by infection with "Leptospira bacteria" , bacteria that can be found worldwide in soil and water. Leptospirosis is common in tropical and subtropical areas with high rainfall, in certain area, cases of Leptospirosis peak during the rainy season and the illness may spread where flood occurs. Just like in the Philippines, last November- December 2020, cases of Leptospirosis increase because of several typhoons enter in the Philippines that caused a widespread flooding in different places and regions in the country. Humans become infected through direct contact with the urine of infected animals( animals that commonly develop or spread Leptospirosis includes: rats or rodents, Cattle, swine(pigs), dogs, horses, sheeps and goats) or with a urine- contaminated environment. The bacteria enter the body through cuts or abrasions on the skin and/or open wounds and person to person transmission is rare. In humans, Leptospirosis can cause a wide range of symptoms including: high fever, headaches, chills, muscle aches, vomiting, jaundice (yellow skin and eyes), red eyes, abdominal pain, diarrhea and skin rash. Leptospirosis without treatment can lead to kidney damage, meningitis ( inflammation of the membrane around the brain and spinal cord, liver failure, respiratory distress, and even death. Leptospirosis is treated with antibiotics, such as doxycycline or penicillin, which should be given early in the course of the disease and intravenous antibiotics may be required for persons with more severe symptoms. Leptospirosis is not just a simple disease, if it is not treated well it could lead to a more severe conditions or worst "death". We can prevent acquiring Leptospirosis by not swimming or wading in flood water that might be contaminated with animal urine, or eliminating contact with potentially infected animals. And if you cannot avoid wading in flood water you should wear protective clothing and footwear for your safety. Being aware about Leptospirosis could help everyone to be safe and keep their children from the risk of the disease. Always remember" PREVENTION IS BETTER THAN CURE" LEGASPI,CHRISTINE JOY A. BSED ENGLISH II SECTION 1048

[@kiziahannecapellan9096]

BE AWARE OF YOUR SURROUNDINGS: LEPTOSPIROSIS After 105 new cases of Leptospirosis were reported in Metro Manila area of the Philippines between June 10, 2018 and July 3, 2018 an Outbreak was declated. Severe rains have caused extreme floods in low lying areas in the Manila area and other parts of the country. It is believed that patients may become infected from wading through the flooded areas. According to World Health Organization (WHO), Leptospirosis is a bacterial disease that affects both humans and animals. Humans become infected through direct contact with the urine of infected animals or with a urine-contaminated environment. The bacteria enter the body through cuts or abrasions on the skin, or through the mucous membranes of the mouth, nose and eyes. Person-to-person transmission is rare. In the early stages of the disease, symptoms include high fever, severe headache, muscle pain, chills, redness of the eyes, abdominal pain, jaundice, haemorrhages in the skin and mucous membranes, vomiting, diarrhoea, and rash. It occurs worldwide, but is most common in temperate or tropical climates. It is an occupational hazard for many people who work outdoors or with animals. We can prevent this from happening by cleaning our surroundings and being a responsible pet owner. Simple action of caring can save people from having this disease. Prevention is better than cure. CAPELLAN, KIZIAH ANNE L. BSED - ENGLISH II (1048)

[@markjohnlupangotabigue8367]

Leptospirosis: A Perilous Bacteria Leptospirosis is an infectious disease that causes serious illness in dogs, other animals, and people. The disease is caused by spiral-shaped bacteria called leptospires that live in water or warm, wet soil. Initial signs of leptospirosis include fever, lethargy, and lack of appetite. Leptospirosis is very harmful to us. As a human we should know about this. Loving our pet is not bad but sometimes we must have disciplined to our self and pet. Especially for this Leptospirosis. Like, in our dog. Dog is one of carrier of this bacteria. It can become infected and develop leptospirosis if their mucous membranes (or skin with any wound, such as a cut or scrape) come into contact with infected urine, urine-contaminated soil, water, food or bedding; through a bite from an infected animal; by eating infected tissues or carcasses; and rarely. Almost of this case, Dogs transmit leptospirosis to humans because Leptospirosis is a zoonotic disease, which means it can spread from animals to people. Pet owners and veterinary staff should be careful when caring for an infected dog. The primary mode of transmission of leptospirosis from pets to humans is through direct or indirect contact with contaminated animal tissues, organs, or urine. In some instances, shedding of leptospires in the urine may persist for as long as 3 months after infection as a result of inadequate or lack of treatment. But, Leptospirosis can be cured? Leptospirosis is treated with antibiotics, such as doxycycline or penicillin, which should be given early in the course of the disease. Intravenous antibiotics may be required for persons with more severe symptoms. So that, In order to make us become safety. We must keep on self control to ourselves and our pet. We always bear in mind that Leptospirosis is everywhere. Always keeping our pet more valuable because our pet, our best friend. We cared for animals because we have needed them for our survival. Perhaps this is why humans still possess an instinct to protect the well-being of animals both domestic and wild. Mark John L. Tabigue BSED ENGLISH II Section 1048

[@nicleytube26]

LEPTOSPIROSIS: THE CAUSE AND PREVENTION Nowadays, many diseases are discovered and we do not even know that by simply walking in a watery places can cause disease because we are not aware of what bacteria has in it especially in areas where many animals roam and just urinate everywhere. Some of us especially young people are not aware with the diseases caused by the urine of animals that can infect humans. One of the disease that came from animals is a disease called leptospirosis. It is caused by bacteria of the genus called leptospira interrogans that can affect humans and animals. This kind of bacteria can be found anywhere in the world especially in areas with warm climates and has a long rainy season both in soil and water. This organism is carried by an infected animals and it enters the kidney where it goes to the ground or perhaps to the water through their urine.Humans become infected through direct contact with the urine of an infected animals,bacteria enters the body through cuts or rubs on the skin or through the mocus membranes of the mouth, nose and eyes. Leptospirosis is the most common zoonotic disease in the world which means that it can be spread from animals to humans. It is estimated that more than 1 million cases occurs worldwide every year including almost 60,000 deaths. The symptoms in the human infected with this disease are high fever, headache, red eyes, yellow skin, chill, vomiting, rash, diarrhea, abdominal pain and muscle pain but some of these symptoms cannot be seen in an infected person.On the other hand these symptoms may be mistaken to other diseases. Liptospirosis can damage the liver, kidneys and other organs of animals and humans if not treated early.It can be treated with antibiotics such as doxycycline or penicillin which should be given early to those infected with this disease. Though this disease is curable we should be very aware and sensitive to our environments.It is better to do research to share and make it understandable to young people who are not yet aware to this kind of disease so that it can be further prevented.The government should also make campaign to fight this disease. To prevent Liptospira bacteria wash hands with soap as we know that bacteria quickly killed by soap,disinfectant and drying. Hate, Junalyn R. BSED English ||-1048

[@elnaaguirre9973]

LEPTOSPIROSIS CASES IN THE PHILIPPINES INCREASE MORE THAN THE USUAL NUMBER -DOH By: Elna M. Aguirre Cleanliness, Awareness, and Prevention must be prioritized, and take full action and responsibility to fight against bacteria that may cause Leptospirosis from animal urine that can affect humans and animals. Flash-floods and waste are one of the main reasons for the rapid spread of the bacteria. Most commonly affected are those living in slum or squatter areas, living along the riverside, and those who are exposed and with contact in contaminated water or soil where the organism is carried by many animals and lives in their kidneys and end up in soil and water through their urine. Leptospirosis occurs worldwide and is considered to be the most widespread Zoonotic Disease in the world. It’s estimated that more than 1 million cases occur worldwide each year, including about 59,000 deaths. The first outbreak of Leptospirosis was isolated in the Philippines from one of the human cases of Weil’s Disease in 1932 and was increases every year up to recent. Leptospirosis symptoms occur in the first phase of the infection, many of the symptoms can be mistaken for other diseases with the symptoms like headache, vomiting, abdominal and high fever. Some infected persons may have no symptoms at all or may overlap into severe diseases included Jaundice, Renal Failure, Pulmonary Hemorrhage, Cardiac Arrhythmias, and Meningitis where bacteria can be transmitted from mother to unborn child or breastfeeding. In 2019, around 1.1 thousand reported Leptospirosis cases were located in the National Capital Region (NCR) of the Philippines resulting in severe infections and deaths. Over the years, cases increases than the usual number of infected persons. Health officials had warned people not to wade in floodwaters that are filthy and clogged with waste. Most of the cases with the highest rate of risk have been among residents of poor, low-lying areas and open-air street markets, according to Dr. Antonio. In November 2020, most reported cases were from Metro Manila (63.28 percent), the province of Camarines Sur (17.7 percent), Rizal (17.7 percent), and Cebu (10.4 percent), according to a Health official. The outbreak has been attributed to socioeconomic and environmental factors including unplanned urbanization, growth in urban slums, poor waste disposal, poor sanitation, rat infestation, heavy rains, and floods. Dr. Nina Gloriani of the University of the Philippines Manila, College of Public Health, and her team have registered the first locally produced vaccine (LEPTOVAX) to fight against the Leptospirosis bacteria. It is expected to be used on house pets and livestock to protect them from the Leptospira bacteria which is being transmitted by rats. The project was supported by the Department of Science and Technology (DOST). Originally believed to be a seasonal disease that occurs during the rainy season, leptospirosis has become endemic in some areas, according to Dr. Gloriani. It can be cured and treated with oral antibiotics. Severe causes usually treated with penicillin and less severe may be treated with doxycycline, tetracycline, ampicillin, and amoxicillin with a doctor's prescription twice a day for 7 days. With the help of Health officials together with the Government, they created organizations and programs that aim to maintain Environmental Cleanliness and Awareness to lessen affected humans and animals caused by Leptospirosis and other types of diseases. Aguirre, Elna M. BsEd English - First Year Section 1048

[@melizamallerna3948]

LEPTOSPIROSIS PREVENTABLE AND TREATABLE There are many cases of leptospirosis has been recorded in the Philippines every year. It is an acute febrile illness that encountered throughout the world and it is quickly increase the case of leptospirosis during monsoon season through flood. The Department of Health (DOH) noted a decrease in leptospirosis cases last year, as of Nov. 14 there are only 1,070 cases compared to 3,140 cases in the same period on 2019. “Ang leptospirosis ay hindi natin dapat baliwalain dahil nakamamatay po siya,” Tayag said during the Laging Handa briefing. But it can be treatable and preventable. Leptospirosis is a bacterial disease that affects humans and animals. It is caused by a bacterium called Leptospira interrogans. The organism is carried by many animals and lives in their kidneys. It ends up in soil and water through their urine. It can be pass from animals to humans. If a person around the soil or water where an infected animals has peed, the germ can invade in body through breaks in the skin, open wounds or dry areas. It can also enter through nose, mouth or genitals. It is transmittable through mother to unborn child or breastfeeding. Leptospirosis can cause a wide range of symptoms such as; High fever, headache, red eyes, yellow skin, abdominal pain, muscle aches, rash, vomiting, chills and diarrhea. These symptoms usually occur in the first-phase of the infection, some infected persons may have no symptoms at all. The second-phase symptoms may overlap with the first-phase symptoms. In severe disease it include the Jaundice, renal failure, pulmonary hemorrhage, cardiac arrhythmias, meningitis. The second phase of leptospirosis called weil’s disease. Diagnosis of leptospirosis is done by isolating the bacteria from the patient. Blood tests are also available. It can be also treated by antibiotics such as penicillin, doxycycline, tetracycline, ampicillin or amoxicillin. Which should be given early in the course of the disease. Most people recover within a week without treatment, but around 10 percent go on to develop severe. The risk of acquiring leptospirosis can be greatly reduced by not wading in water that might be contaminated with animal urine, or eliminating contact with potentially infected animals. If it is not possible to avoid wading in floodwaters or other fresh water, wear protective clothing like footwear and cover cuts and wounds with waterproof bandages or dressing. And to prevent any kind of disease always keep the environment clean. MELIZA T. MALLERNA 2ND YEAR, BSED-ENGLISH SECTION 1268

[@raragamingraragaming1459]

_" ITS BETTER TO PREVENT THAN CURE" _ We as a filipino in concern to our health we advocate some initiatives in order to prevent and cure health disease in our country . We have facing a lot of health problems and one of those is the so called ' LEPTOSPIROSIS ! So what is leptospirosis ? And how can we cure and prevent this ? Let me discuss first what leptospirosis is all about ? Leptospirosis is a bacterial disease that affects humans and animals it can pass from animals to humans when an unhealed break on the skin comes in contact with water or soil where animal urine is present . It is caused by bacteria of the genus leptospria . It causes also leptospira interrogans . The organism is carried by animals and lives in their kidneys . It ends up in soil and water through their urine. If person around soil or water where an infected animal has peed. The germ can invade in body through breaks in the skin like scratches open wounds or dry areas . It can also enter through nose ,mouth , or genitals . It's hard to get it from another human through it can be transmitted through mother to newborn or unborn child or breastfeeding . Leptospirosis can occurs worldwide but it's most common in temperate or tropical climates . Those occupational exposures are the farmers , mine workers , sewer , workers , slaughter house workers ,veterinarians , fish workers , dairy farmers and military personnel . Pathophysiology says that the bacteria can enter the body through broken skin or mucous embranes and it multiplies in blood development of antibodies . Organism disappear s from blood remains in organs such as brain , liver , lung , heart , and kidneys . After the organism gains access to the kidney it migrates to the interstitum renal tubules and tubular lumen causing intertitial and tubular recrosis. Muscular microcirculation is empaired an capillary permeability is increased with resultant fluid leakage and circulation hypovolemia . Here are some signs and symptoms of leptospirosis . High fever , headache , red eyes , yellow skin , abdominal pain muscle pain rash vomiting chills diarrhea . In addition , some infected person may have no symptoms at all . The time between a persons exposure can be 2days to 4weeks . Despite of that there are still treatment against leptospirosis such as ANTIBIOTICS, PENICILLIN , DOXYCYCLINE , TETRACYCLINE , AMPICILLIN AND AMOXICILLIN . People says it's better to prevent than cure . Yes so these are the things that can we do in order to prevent leptospirosis diseases . First thing is, avoid touching fresh water or soil that may be contaminated with animals urine . Second , avoid touching objects that may contaminated with animals urine such as animal bedding Wade. And last but not the least don't wade swim or put your head in flood waters or water from lakes, river or swamps . AND WITH THAT , I CAN SAY THAT ITS BETTER TO PREVENT THAN CURE ! ARIGADAS GERLIE DUBLIN BSED ENGLISH III .SECTION 1267

[@evelynsuson5056]

Leptospirosis: A disease Our biggest treasure is our health, that is very essentials in human aspect. We should be careful in everything we do, because it has an impact or effect to us, avoid things that made you in danger, just like as a danger of a disease which is"Leptospirosis". Leptospirosis is a bacterial disease that affects both humans and animals. Humans become infected through direct contact with the urine of infected animals or with a urine contaminated environment. The bacteria enter the body through cuts or abrasions on the skin or through the mucous membranes of the mouth, nose and eyes. Person-to-person transmission is rare. Leptospirosis has worldwide distribution,with a higher incidencein tropical climates, especially after heavy rainfall or flooding due to hurricanes. In most cases, leptospirosis is unpleasant but not life-threatening,like a case of the flu.It rarely lasts more than a week. Your life is at risk if you spend a lot of time around animals or in the outdoors. In the early stages of the disease, symptoms include high fever,severe headache, muscle pain,jaundice(yellowing of the skin and eyes),haemorrhages in the skin and mucous membranes, vomiting, diarrhoea and rash. Many of these symptoms are similar to other diseases, including the flu and meningitis, so it's important to get tested by your doctor. Symptoms may also include kidney failure and lung problems. You may need to have antibiotics injected into your body, and in every serious cases,the infection could damage your organs. Prevention is the key to keep yourself healthy: Avoid contaminated water, Keep away from infected animals, especially wild rats, Be aware of your surroundings, especially when you travel and Use disinfectant. Always remember that your health is your wealth. EVELYN C. SUSON BSED ENGLISH 2ND YEAR SECTION 1048

[@aeserjohnramos7002]

Leptospirosis Outbreak and its Endemic Challenge to Public Health In the foreboding risk of the outbreak of diseases during the beginning of rainy season, the public health attentively apprise individual about the wading through floodwater. The people and the community are both concern in the health problem to protect from possible waterborne diseases as they are prone to several infections, including leptospirosis. Leptospirosis is an infectious disease caused by spiral-shaped bacteria known as leptospires that spread in the kidneys of animals and are shed in the urine. It can be transmitted from animals to humans called as zoonosis and from animal to animal with the urine of an infected animals or with a contaminated environment by reproductive tissues. A widespread bacterial disease living mostly in tropical and subtropical regions, both in urban and rural environments. It is capable to survive for weeks to months in a warm and humid conditions usually recognized in soils and several bodies of water, including mud, streams, swamps, lakes and rivers. Leptospirosis is easy to defecate from an infected animal, but it is rarely transmitted from person to person in both direct and indirect exposure upon excretion. Human infection can usually occur through superficial cuts in the skin and open wounds or the mucous membranes of the eyes, nose or mouth. It is also known as mud fever, swamp fever, swineherd’s disease, and more severe cases are known as Weil’s disease. However, leptospirosis can rapidly develop to life-threatening complications or can be fatal, especially if left untreated. Leptospirosis is one of the most common zoonoses with human infection occurs throughout the world. It is also highly considered as endemic zoonosis in the Philippines and resulted as peak of a sudden outbreak. The incident rate of diseases have been reported every year with an average number of 680 cases and 40 deaths which can be the second highest in Southeast Asia. The alarming outbreak commonly observed in several cities of Metro Manila and in the provinces of Luzon aftermath of heavy rainfall which led to a massive flooding. With the start of the rainy season, the risk of waterborne diseases increase. Several communities expound another cause of inflation case was recognized due to barred drainage systems, inadequate garbage disposal, and poor sanitation that may cause apprehension to be more in dangerous status to the community. "As animals are constantly in our environment, there is a particular danger of getting leptospirosis when flooding occurs, such as following a typhoon or very heavy seasonal rains, because of exposure to contaminated water when wading in floodwaters," the World Health Organization stated. Furthermore, it presumes a tremendous challenge among authorities to gain enough knowledge about the leptospirosis to know its diagnosis and treatment procedures to those infected person given the excessive demand of health care system. It became a serious public health concern in the country, not only because of its rapid incidence rate, but also because of its significant to the public safety and economic extremity impact. As response to the problem of leptospirosis, wearing protective clothing such as boots, gloves, and masks are necessary to practice in order to minimize human exposure to mud and in any surface waters. Use boats and other means of transport in the flooded areas, instead of wading through water in areas of highest incidence that leads danger in human. Washing frequently or having a shower become more recommend right after to those wounds in particular, especially on the feet and legs. The field data study found out that an antibiotic treatment provided early is being related with a lower risk of severe disease which suggested to a direct to low intensification and fatality outcome. The recommendation of presumptive antibiotic treatment, pointing to the verifiable benefit to lessen the complications of disease. Antibiotics should be used correctly and perceptibly to a proper diagnosis and early treatment of leptospirosis in its complications. Through the risk of leptospirosis, it formally allows the public health system to be prepared in time that serve as a helpful guide to everyone. The help of preventive measures enable to focus on the restrictions of the animals reservoir and limiting human exposure to minimize the chance of human infection. Practising good personal hygiene including the use of protective equipments and providing the immunity against all strains for animal vaccination are needed for multidisciplinary approaches as responsive action in this kind of disease. It can be achieved through comparative understanding and right treatment that also raise a consciousness to the unforeseen challenge of the presence of zoonosis diseases and leading to reduce the risk of leptospirosis in both human and animals to be in safe place. Ramos, Aeser John D. BSED-English II Section 1048

[@rtlifes]

LEPTOSPIROSIS BACTERIAL DISEASE Do we all know what is the desease leptospirosis? Ok,the leptospirosis desease is a bacterial disease that can affects humans and animals,it can pass from animals to humans if when an unhealed break in our skin comes in contact by bacteria of the genus leptospria.The causes of leptospirosis is it caused by a bacterium that was called leptospira interrogans.The organism is carried by many animals and lives in their kidneys it ends up in soil and water through the urine.If the person around soil or a water where an infected animal has peed,the germ can invade in body through breaks in the skin,like scratcher,open wounds or dry areas it can also enter through nose, mouth or genitals.Its hard to get it from another human,though it can be transmitted through a mother to unborn child or breastfeeding. The risk of exposure of leptospirosis it occurs worldwide but it most common in temperate or tropical climates.And occupation exposure are the farmers,mine workers,sewer workers, slaughterhouse workers, veterinarians,fish workers,dairy farmers and military personnel. The pathophysiology was said that the bacteria can enter the body broken skin or mocous membraines it multiplies in blood.Development of antibodies.Organism disappears from blood but remains in organs like our brain,liver,lung,heart and our kidneys.After the organism gains access to the kidney it migrates to the interstitium,renal tubules,and tubular lumen,causing interstitial nephritis and tubular necrosis. These are the sign and symptoms are high fever, headache,red eyes, yellow skin, abdominal pain, muscle pain,rash, vomiting,chills and diarrhea.These symptoms usually occur in the first phase of the infection many of these symptoms can be mistaken for other diseases.In addition,some infected persons exposure to a contaminated source and becoming sick in 2 days and 4 weeks.The second phase symptoms may overlap with the first phase symptoms insevere disease and include the jaundice,renal failure, pulmonary hemorrhage,cardiac arrhythmias and meningitis. So by now,we all know that this disease occurs worldwide and anywhere.So that's why we must make sure that our life's are secured from this desease.Because being healthy is our key too in our success because if your unhealthy you can't even pursue your dreams in the future. Cento, Rizalyn F. BSEd English ll Section-1046

[@princesscastillo694]

How Leptospirosis Spreads Leptospirosis is a disease that is caused by a bacteria called leptospires. A bacteria common to animals that is near living along with humans. The bacteria is from the kidney of the host and spreads thru urination. People with open wounds, scratches or openings in the skin is prone to the disease. Main modes of transmission:(Ref: WHO) Feral and domestic animals constitute the reservoir of the agent, transmitted through contact of mucous membranes or (broken) skin with water (swimming or immersion), moist soil or vegetation contaminated with the urine of infected animals; occasional infection occurs through ingestion/inhalation of food/droplet aerosols of fluids contaminated by urine. The incubation usually lasts about 10 days (2 to 30 days) People can be infected through(ref: WHO) Direct contact with the urine or reproductive fluids from infected animals.Contact with urine-contaminated water (floodwater, rivers, streams, sewage) and wet soil.Ingestion of food or water contaminated by urine or urine-contaminated water. Transmission occurs through mucous membranes, conjunctiva, and skin cuts or abrasions.Human-to-human transmission is very rare but has been documented through sexual intercourse and breastfeeding. Transmission has also rarely occurred through animal bites.High-risk activities can include wading, swimming, or boating in floodwater or freshwater (rivers, streams, lakes) that may be contaminated with animal urine. Some actions like prolonged immersion in, submerging head in, or swallowing contaminated water can particularly increase risk.Other high risk activities can include direct contact with animals and activities that can lead to skin abrasions and water or soil exposure, such as clearing brush, trekking, and gardening. With people invading the habitats of animals, is not shocking that we acquire this disease. With the continues urbanalization, we destroy invaded their territory, so might as well face the consequences. Castillo, Princess H. BSED ENGLISH-II SECTION: 1048

[@angelicaberinguela2255]

LEPTOSPIROSIS, A DEADLY DESEASE Through the years we've been through, filipino citizens are really a fighter, warrior, and courageous. Many disaster will come and has been done but it'll never break us down. Typhoons, earthquake, floods, and the current situation that makes people suffer is the virus (covid-19). Set aside those problems for now, focus, be aware and face leptospirosis. What is leptospirosis anyway? Is it deadly and serious? Leptospirosis also known as Weil's desease is a bacterial desease that affects human and animals. A blood infection caused by the bacteria leptospira. Can be pass from animals to human, mostly whenan unhealed wound has been contact with water where animals urine is present. A person who have wound, open skin and dry skin should take care of it to avoid being infected with this desease. It may came from cattle, swine, dogs, rats, horses, etc. A person has a leptospirosis, will develop from 2 days to 4 weeks after being exposed to the bacteria. Symptoms are fever, headache, muscle pain, abdominal pain, vomiting, diarrhea, and red eyes , but some infected have no symptoms at all. It is risky and serious case for those who have contact with infected where bacterias are present such as: farmers, mine workers, slaughterhouse workers, sewer workers, etc. And of course it may get from different activities; swimming, rafting, kayaking and unintentionally get wet from floods. Leptospirosis is treated with antibiotics, such as doxycycline for less severe case and penicillin for severe, the best option could do is to have a check up. Some people recover within a week without treatment from health provider but around 10 person go on to develop severe leptospirosis because for not asking a help from experts. Without proper treatment leptospirosis can lead to kidney damage, meningitis, liver failure, respiratory distress, and worst it can lead to death. Be careful of what you do and where you go, to avoid deadly lepto. ANGELICA B. BERINGUELA 2ND YEAR BSED-ENGLISH SECTION 1048

[@peachxierafrancisco3758]

Save Your Pets and Yourself from Leptospirosis Leptospirosis is a zoonotic infection caused by spirochetes belonging to pathogenic species of Leptospira. Rats are known to be tje host of the bacteria, although livestock animals and domestic pets can act as incidental host. Human infection occurs from exposure to the infected urine of animal abd the infection in people can cause flu- like symptoms and can cause liver or kidney disease. Leptospirosis is a serious public health concern in the philippines, not only because of its increasing incidence rate, but also because of its significant health and economic impacts. Based on research "Leptospirosis in 2008 was estimated at 4.8 per million population, which can be considered the second highest in Southeast Asia. Leptospirosis outbreak commonly occur in the Urban citied of Metro Manila after heavy rains and floods". Other kept on questioning on how they get this kind of disease, this bacteria enter the body through broken skin or mucous membranes then it multiplies in blood. The organism will disappear from blood but still it reamins in organs such as brain, liver, lung, heart and kidney after that when it already gain acces to the kidney it will migrates to the interstitium, renal tubules and tubular lumen. Symptoms of Leptospirosis are vomiting, high fever, headache, red eyes, yellow skin, abdominal pain, muscle pain, Rashes and Diarrhea. Leptospirosis can be diagnosed through blood and urine samples or a sample of cerebrospinal fluid and bloodtest for leptospirosis anti-bodies or gentic material. Doxycycline can prevent leptospirosis. It is given by mouth once a week to people who are likely to be exposed to the bacteria. There are medicine that can help to treat this kind of disease, for mild infection it can be treated with antibiotics such as ampicillin, amoxicillin, doxycycline or azithromycin and it is taken orally. For weil syndrome, possibly blood transfusions and hemodialysis. Their is a fund that is tend for the patient of Leptospirosis. Based from other sources, (WTCL) or the Willingness to contribute to labor, the total economic value of preventing Leptospirosis was slestimated at US$124.97 million per annum, which represents 1.13% of Metro Manila's gross Domestic Product (GDP). OLAERA, CLARA F. BSED ENGLISH II SECTION: 1048

[@charrisseespejon3022]

LEPTOSPIROSIS Its rainy season again here in the Philippines as of now many people experiencing fever, cough and other flu because of changing weather also if theres a rain possibly there is also a flood a dirty floods because of humans irresponsibility of putting their garbage yo its proper place. Some people are unaware that flood is dangerous dangerous they make it a pool especially those who has a low quality of life, dirty floods contains of garbage , dirt, and urine of animals. Urine of animals causes this leptospirosis bacteria, it is transmitted from animals to human and and from mother to its breastfeeding baby. It invade to an open wounds, break in skin or a dry areas thats the time that a high risk of having this bacteria is possible it can also enter through humans mouth, nose and genitals . It common occurs in a temperate and tropical climates places like Philippines. The sign and symptoms of this are high fever, head ache , red eyes, yellow skin, abdominal pain, muscle pain, rash, vomiting, chills and diarrhea. Sometimes infected person may have no symptoms at all. It is treated of antibiotics. So we need to take care of our health amidst of this pandemic. CHARRISSE C. ESPEJON BSED-ENGLISH-II 1048

[@cristinatoledoetcobanez6037]

THE PREVALENCE OF LEPTOSPIROSIS CAN BE MINIMISED IN BOTH HUMANS AND ANIMALS If Leptospirosis has been recognized as an emerging global public health problem because of its increasing incidence in both developing and developed countries (WHO & ILS 2003). It is highly endemic in the Philippines with disease incidence estimated at 4.8 per million population. In a four-year period from 2011 to 2014, an average of 786 leptospirosis/leptospirosis-like illnesses was observed. Most of the cases peak during rainy months or after typhoons due to flooding and have been a continuing problem in the country. However, during summer months occupationally at-risk groups such as farmers, abattoir workers, and garbage collectors are affected (DOH 2014). Leptospirosis is caused by spiral shaped bacteria that can damage to the liver, kidneys and other organs of animals and humans. The disease occurs worldwide. Cases usually occur during the summer and fall. Large outbreaks have occurred after floods. Leptospirosis can affect many wild and domestic animals, including marine mammals. The disease can affect cattle, sheep, goats, pigs, horses, and dogs but is rare in cats. Leptospirosis is spread through the urine of infected animals, which gets into water or soil and can survive there for weeks to months. Animals become infected when they come into direct contact with this contaminated water or soil. The bacteria enter through cuts in the skin or through mucous membranes (eyes, nose or mouth). Animals can also become infected by drinking contaminated water. The bacteria can also be inhaled (aerosol). Disease in cattle, sheep, goats and swine may include a fever and reproductive problems. In horses, the eye is most commonly affected. The eyelids may be reddened, the horse will be sensitive to light and may blink frequently or clouding of the eye may be seen. Signs of disease in dogs may include fever, vomiting, abdominal pain, diarrhea, weakness, refusal to eat, depression, stiffness and severe muscle pain. Some infected animals may show no signs of illness. Kidney damage can also occur. Young animals are usually more severely affected than older animals. Humans can become infected with leptospirosis in ways similar to animals (direct contact, ingestion, or inhalation of contaminated water or soil). Humans can also be exposed through direct contact with the urine of infected animals. Disease may range from mild to severe. Signs include flu-like illness (fever, body aches, headache), weakness, vomiting, mental confusion, jaundice (orange/yellow skin color), and stiff neck. Severe cases can lead to damage of the liver, kidney or central nervous system (brain, spinal cord). In Animals -Contact your veterinarian.In Humans - Contact your physician. To protect your animal from leptospirosis. Avoid contact with contaminated water or soil environments or infected wildlife, especially rodents. Do not allow animals to drink from or enter contaminated bodies of water. Leptospirosis vaccines are available for pigs, cattle and dogs. These vaccines help to prevent disease severity but may not completely prevent infection. To protect yourself from leptospirosis. Prevent and control infection in animals. Mice and rats can be reservoirs of the disease so rodent control is important. Do not handle urine, blood or tissues from infected animals. If you have contact with infected animals, wear protective clothing, especially gloves. Always wash your hands after touching animals or anything that may have been contaminated with animal urine. The Philippines is a country where leptospirosis is endemic. Leptospirosis outbreaks are usually reported during the rainy season june to november and right after the rainy season in floodprone areas. The present study was carried out in order to clarify whether environmental leptospirosis are able to survive after a storm surge in a country where leptospirosis is endemic. Clinical symptoms largely depend on host susceptiblity, the degree of infection and virulence of the infecting Leptospira strain. Leptospirosis is a notifiable disease under the Health Act 1956, and regarded as a significant hazard under the Health and Safety in Employment( HSE) Act 1992. Medical practitioners must notify any suspected cases to the medical officer of health of the local public health service. Notification must not wait until infection is confirmed. Any medical practitioner who doesn't report leptospirosis as a notifiable disease is not meeting their duty under the health Act. Treatment for leptospirosis has the most chance of success if it begins as soon as exposure to infection is known or suspected. It is important to display first aid advice in work areas, provide a first aid kit, and follow first aid procedures. A readily available supply of clean water is important when exposure is happened. Leptospirosis is difficult to eliminate;therefore, minimisation is the best option for managing risk. The hazard will still exist, but exposure is minimised through appropriate controls, including a robust and recognised vaccination programme, awareness, hygiene, PPE and monitoring procedures. A robust vaccination programme is essential; however, because leptospirosis is very difficult to eliminate in an open environment, other management methods sbould be used. Personal hygiene is good additional protection. The aim of PPE is to prevent urine, contaminated water and fluids from getting through cuts in the skin or the mucous membranes of the eyes, nose or mouth. PPE should be water proof and clean. If working in wet conditions or assissting with lambing, extra PPE may be needed. PPE alone cannot be relied on for protection. CRISTINA T. ETCOBANEZ 2ND YEAR, BSED-ENGLISH Section 1048

[@ronnellalaguna2500]

WHAT IS LEPTOSPIROSIS? Leptospirosis is a widespread and potentially fatal zoonosis that is endemic in many tropical regions and causes large epidemics after heavy rainfall and flooding. Infection results from direct or indirect exposure to infected reservoir host animals that carry the pathogen in their renal tubules and shed pathogenic leptospires in their urine. Although many wild and domestic animals can serve as reservoir hosts, the brown rat (Rattus norvegicus) is the most important source of human infections. Individuals living in urban slum environments characterized by inadequate sanitation and poor housing are at high risk of rat exposure and leptospirosis. The global burden of leptospirosis is expected to rise with demographic shifts that favor increases in the number of urban poor in tropical regions subject to worsening storms and urban flooding due to climate change. Data emerging from prospective surveillance studies suggest that most human leptospiral infections in endemic areas are mild or asymptomatic. The symptoms of leptospirosis You usually start showing signs of leptospirosis within 2 weeks, though in some cases, symptoms may not show up for a month or not at all. Headache, Muscle ache,Jaundice (yellowing of the skin and eyes),Vomiting,Diarrhea,Skin rash Leptospirosis is treated with antibiotics, such as doxycycline or penicillin, which should be given early in the course of the disease. Intravenous antibiotics may be required for persons with more severe symptoms. LALAGUNA, RONEL A. BSED-ENGLISH III 1267

[@laramaerocia1607]

Careful Leptospirosis is harmful Today's season that the rain is always fall and we're Filipinos we love to go out and paddle in the rain and we love to touch the raindrops in our skin. But behind that happy moment their is something that can harm to our health. Leptospirosis is highly endemic to the Philippines, outbreaks usually occur during the typhoon season, a typhoon caused serious flooding in metro manila, the numbers of patients with suspected signs and symptoms of leptospirosis increased sharply including 178 who died ( case fatality ratio) in 8% in 15 hospital in metro manila were reported to the department of health conducted a hospital based investigation to describe the characteristics of hospitalized patients investigate risk factors for death, and indentify the causative leptospirosis and serograph , primary cause of death were pulmonary hemorrhage and acute respiratory distress syndrome/severe respiratory failure follow by acute renal failure and multiple organ failure follow by acute renal failure and multiple organ failure/ intravascular coagulation. Univariate analyst showed the following to be associated with death older age, jaundice,amuria and hemoptysis of the initial laboratory findings, neutrophilia, thrombocytopenia, increased blood urea nitrogen and increase creatinine Level were associated with death. Death can be reduced if there indicator are detected management introduced early. Laboratory data such as potassium levels might also be helpful but these test are often not available for all suspected cases in resource poor settings especially during outbreaks the trend of most patients being that is compatible with previous reports and though to reflect higher exposure to contaminated water. Leptospirosis is typically seen in resource poor settings where costly medical equipment such as dialyzer and ventilator are rarely accessible for leptospirosis outbreak control and CER reduction in leptospirosis endemic regions, continuous case and environment monitory and early introduction of appropriate treatment for suspected cases are warranted. So that today's season we should protect ourselves in all times because life is precious. We need to take care of it. Because health is wealth. ROCIA LARA MAE TOLEDO BSED ENGLISH-3RD YEAR Section:1267

[@honeyibanez3383]

WHAT IS LEPTOSPIROSIS? A bacterial disease that affects human and animals. It can pass from animals to humans when an unhealed breakin the skin comes in contact with water or soil where animal urine is present. It is caused by bacteria of genus leptospira. The symptoms of leptospirosis are high fever, headache, muscle aches, vomiting, jaundice,red eyes. Leptospirosis caused by a bacterium called leptospira interrogans. The organism is carried by many animals and lives in their kidneys, it ends up in soil and water through their urine. If person around soil or water where an infected animal has peed the germ can invade in body through breaks in the skin like scratches, open wounds, or dry areas. It can also enter through nose, mouth

[@honeyibanez3383]

or genitals. It's hard to get it from another through it can be transmitted through mother to unborn child or breastfeeding. The ways to cure and refrain from having leptospirosis treated with antibiotics such as doxycycline or penicilin which should be given early in the course of the disease. Intraveneous antibiotics may be required for persons with more severe symptoms. To prevent infection, avoid contact with floodwater is unavoidable. Wash or shower as soon as possible after having come into contact with flood water. HONEY BATIANCILA IBAÑEZ BSED ENGLISH II SECTION 1048

[@rinalynapalit4089]

WHAT IS LEPTOSPIROSIS Leptospirosis is a bacterial disease that affects humans and animals. It is caused by bacteria of the genus Leptospira. In humans, it can cause a wide range of symptoms, some of which may be mistaken for other diseases. Some infected persons, however, may have no symptoms at all. Without treatment, Leptospirosis can lead to kidney damage, meningitis (inflammation of the membrane around the brain and spinal cord), liver failure, respiratory distress, and even death. The bacteria that cause leptospirosis are spread through the urine of infected animals, which can get into water or soil and can survive there for weeks to months. Many different kinds of wild and domestic animals carry the bacterium. These can include, but are not limited to; Cattle, pigs, horses, dogs, rodents, wild animals. When these animals are infected, they may have no symptoms of the disease. Infected animals may continue to excrete the bacteria into the environment continuously or every once in a while for a few months up to several years. Humans can become infected through having Contact with urine (or other body fluids, except saliva) from infected animals. Contact with water, soil, or food contaminated with the urine of infected animals. The bacteria can enter the body through skin or mucous membranes (eyes, nose, or mouth), especially if the skin is broken from a cut or scratch. Drinking contaminated water can also cause infection. Outbreaks of leptospirosis are usually caused by exposure to contaminated water, such as floodwaters. Person to person transmission is rare Being aware with this kind of issues really matter especially that it is connected with our own health it could help every people to prevent and give an immediate solution to this kind of disease which is the leptospirosis. RINALYN B. APALIT SECOND YEAR, BSED-ENGLISH SECTION:1048

[@jozafrancisco460]

GRIPPOTYPHOSA( LEP-toe-sp-ROW-sis) A disease that caused by bacteria that occur in humans and animals worldwide. In humans it causes a wide range of symptoms like dengue, malaria, hantavirus, brucellosis, high fever, headache, rash, muscle aches, red eyes, abdominal pain, vomiting, diarrhea, sore throat, fatigue, chills and juandice, incubation period usually 5-14 days with a range of 2-30 days. If the patients cannot be treated it could develop kidney damage, liver failure, meningitis, respiratory distress and death occurs. There is misunderstanding with the people perspective about leptospirosis because they only think people can get it through urine of rats , but it can get from pigs, horses, particularly wild animals. It is very hazardous for many people who works outdoors or with animals like dairy farmers, fish workers, sewer workers, mine workers, farmers, slaughterhouse workers, veterinarians and animal caretakers and military personnel. The disease has also been associated with rafting in contaminated lakes and rivers, swimming and wading, the person who particularly in outdoor a in tropical or temperate climates is the one who have a high risk and exposure in Leptospirosis. It can be spread thought urine of infected animals which can get into water or soil, through contact with this contaminated urine, and other body fluids human and animals will be infected. It can be treated with antibiotics if it's early penicillin and doxycycline are recommended, while if it's more severe symptoms intravenous antibiotic is required. Soap, disinfectant and drying can quickly killed bacteria. For an individual who have risk may take an antibiotic like doxycycline two days before exposure, there are 95% chance to prevent the infection. This prevention is not recommended for long term of exposure to treat the person who has a high risk for leptospirosis. Avoid contact with animals and human who are infected to reduce the chances to get the disease. If animals are infected they can go to veterinarians to have access to vaccine that can help to prevent leptospirosis for atleast 1 year it Kay help protect the animal owner and the animal itself from the leptospirosis. FRANCISCO, JOZA V. BSED ENGLISH III SECTION: 1267

[@elisasanjua2650]

Leptospirosis We should should be fully aware that desease is serious matter like, leptospirosis can be deadly however. it is curerable. Leptospirosis is a widespread and potentially fatal zoonosis that is endemic in many tropical regions and causes large epidemics after heavy rainfall and flooding. Individuals living in urban slum environments characterized by inadequate sanitation and poor housing are at high risk of rat exposure and leptospirosis. Infection results to direct or inderect exposure to infected reservoir host animal that carry pathogens in thier renal tubules and shed pathogenic leptospires in thier urine identified as one of the emerging infectious diseases. The epidemiology of leptospirosis has been modified by changes in animal husbandry, climate, and human behavior. Portals of entry include cuts and abrasion or mocous membranes such as the conjunctival, oral or genital surfaces direct contact with an infected animal or through indirect contact via soil or water contaminated with urine from an infected animal.Individuals with occupations at risk for direct contact with potentially infected animals include veterinarians, abattoir workers, farm workers and etc. Are high risk by this desease called leptopirosis but, Most of these infections are preventable by the use of appropriate personal protective equipment such as rubber boots, gloves, and protective eyewear. Since many of these infections are covered by occupational health and safety regulations. Always bare on your mind that prevention is better than cure. Leptospirosis is difficult to eliminate; therefore, minimisation is the best option for managing risk. The hazard will still exist, but exposure is minimised through appropriate controls, including a robust and recognised vaccination programme, awareness, hygiene, PPE and monitoring procedures. Elisa E. San juan Bsed english 2 1048

[@kateyvonne]

RAINY DAYS: LEPTOSPIROSIS These rainy days, you can't stop yourself going out and play in the rain. You miss your childhood where you play with your friends and have a race of your paper boats on the over-flowing canal. It brings you so many childhood memories that you wish you can freeze the time and be a child forever. But, do you think about what's in the water that you're playing with your friends? There are lots of diseases you can get from playing in the rain especially, leptospirosis. According to the World Health Organization (WHO), leptospirosis is a bacterial disease that affects humans and animals. Humans become infected through direct contact with the urine of infected animals or with a urine-contaminated environment. The bacteria enter the body through cuts or abrasions on the skin or the mucous membranes of the mouth, nose, and eyes. In flood-prone areas, most people who live there are the ones that might get leptospirosis because there are chances that they will step on the water that is urine-contaminated without knowing it. In this case, if the person got exposed to the bacterial disease, he/she might experience symptoms such as high fever, severe headache, muscle pain, chills, vomiting, diarrhea, and rash. If it gets worse, it can lead to death. In preventing leptospirosis, we must keep our environment clean. Declutter the canals that are the source of the flooding, wear safety boots and gloves, take care of yourself, and be a responsible citizen of society. You are not the only one who can benefit from it but also, the entire community as we unify for its residents' health and safety. ALVAREZ, KATE YVONNE E. BSED ENGLISH III SECTION 1267

[@judy-annbarcenas8128]

LEPTOSPIROSIS; DANGER TO THE PET OWNER Do you love your pet? Of course you did loved your pet! But do you know the danger of having a pet recklessly? There’s a quote stating that ‘‘our pet is our closest friend’’ but how about I tell you that having a pet will put you on danger unintentionally. Do you know that you can get leptospirosis from your pet? But what is actually leptospirosis is? Leptospirosis is a blood infection caused by the bacteria leptospira. Signs and symptoms can range from none mild (headaches, muscle pains and fever) to severe (bleeding in the lungs or meningitis). The other names of leptospirosis is/are rat fever, field fever, rat catcher’s yellows and pretibial fever. The transmission of the leptospirosis can be from animal to human, where humans are accidentally host of leptospira. Humans become infected through contact with water or moist soil that contains urine from infected animals. The bacteria enter through cuts, abrassions, ingestion of contaminated food or contact with mucous membrane of the body (e.g. mouth nose and eyes). The occupation at risks of contracting leptospirosis includes farmers, fishermen, garbage collectors, sewage workers, veterinarians and animal caretaker. Leptospira are found mostly in mammals. However reptiles and cold blooded animals such as frogs, snakes, turtles and toads have been shown to have the infection. Whether they are reservoirs of human infection is unknown. Rats, mice and moles are important primary host, but other mammals like our pets such as dogs, deer, rabbits, hedgehogs, cows, sheep, swine, racoons, opossums and skunks can also carry the desease. The usual onset of leptospirosis is one to two weeks that causes the bacteria leptospira typically spread by rodents, due to the risk factors of exposure to infected animals or contaminated water. The prognosis to the risk of death is only 7.5%, with the frequency of infected rises up to one million people per year and deaths rises up to 58,000 per year base on the data gathered from Wikipedia.org. We need an enhance safety protocol, so that we can reduce the spread of leptospirosis, just like with your pets, make sure it was vaccinated and always keep your pet clean and do not always have a direct contact with your pet. Especially keep your environment clean or in general be hygienic in your environment. BARCENAS, JUDY-ANN, L. BSED ENGLISH-II SECTION: 1048

[@graceberocil4222]

How the human catch leptospirosis? The leptospirosis are a type of serious implication caused by bacteria,which comes from the urine of animals such as rates in the street near and in a flooded nired with a rat urine. How the person get leptospirosis? Leptospirosis is spreadly mainly by contact with water and soil, and also we can get the leptospirosis in a law lying areas bacteria can spread or enter inside the body like through wounds on the feet and other parts of the body .let's ldentify some symptoms like a read eyes , high fever, head each, abdominal pain, that are some symptoms of leptospirosis. The bacteria live all over the world and it's especially common in Australia and Africa. People an catch leptospirosis where they are exposed to urine of infected animals infected general enters through cuts and through the mocous membrances of the eyes , nose or mouth.going on the contaminated revers and lakes may also be source of infection and the urine contaminated animal nature when regarding is another source. What need to know leptospirosis is relatively are bacterial infection taht affects people and animals. "The negligence around is sometimes the couse of having leptospirosis" that pass from animals to humans when an unheald break in the skin comes in contact with water or soil where animals is presen. BEROCIL GRACE M. BSED- ENGLISH SECTION 1048

[@renalynobrence4838]

''WHAT IS LEPTOSPIROSIS'' There have many question that are our mind.What is leptospirosis? Where did it come?What is the way to prevent, but this question are answer in your own experience. like now, its rainy day, there have many children are playing outside, while raining, that's why children or human are getting the disease that called leptospirosis , because you define leptospirosis is the disease that came from the urine of the animals, you getting this disease, when have a flood, because so many bacteria, that hold in your skin, especially the open wound. Apart from the rat or other animals there would be carrier of leptosperosis the other animals, like cow, horses, dogs and other. LEPTOSPIROSIS it is a serious disease, because if there is cure in early , it is affected the kidneys of human, would be the bacteria can hold the skin through the open wound and if inserted inside the body of human that bacteria, spread it in the other part of the body , and especially if hold on the kidneys, that's why the human stone is destroyed and it cause also the blood infection, and not in a flood can get disease it also you can get the plants. for example: When the animals pee on the plants, then of course you did not avoid to touch the plants. Human can become infected also if he/she contact the water ,soil or food also that contaminated with the urine of infected animals. Then the bacteria can enter the body through skin, eyes, nose, mouth. The most exposure of the leptospirosis is in an occupational or people who work outdoors or with animals, because this is the people exposure like farmers, when the farmers are going in the farm, there are many urine of animals, like carabao sometimes carabao pee in the area of where the farmer are need to clean this area or when the farmer plunge into abundant and dirty water. Then when you are affected the leptospirosis you can feel the fever, chills, headache, muscle aches, vomiting , diarrhea, abdominal pain, yellowing skin, and eyes, skin rash, red eyes, and the way to cure leptospirosis is drink the the antibiotics, and the way also to avoid the disease is you avoiding the contact with animal, then do not swim or walk in the dirty street that have a dirty water and especially don't swallow water that may contain animals urine, and i know it is not easy to avoid because you don't know where is the animals pee, then if you are affected this disease you need to treated early and aggressively, the chances for recovery are good but you did not avoid, there are still a risk or permanent kidney or liver damage. OBRENCE RENALYN BARCENAS 2ND YEAR BSED- ENGLISH SECTION -1048

[@paulmartinvillaraiz8729]

“HUMAN RIGHT ADVOCATES REACT ON ANTI TERROR LAW” Critics of Philippines’ anti-terror law lumped in with communist rebels as deadly ‘red-tagging’ continues under Duterte.The Supreme Court of the Philippines began there hearing petitions against an Anti- Terrorism Law that seeks, and also the Filipino is already been marked out as such , deadly form of labeling.Parlade’s remarks - in which he mentioned left-wing lawmakers Ferdinand Gaite, Carlos Zarate and Sarah Elago by name - constituted “a clear threat” that was “designed to intimidate” petitioners, Carpio and Morales told their former colleagues on the Supreme Court in a manifestation and motion bringing attention. “As the government said that the importance of Anti- terror law is to prevent, prohibit, and penalize terrorism in the Philippines. As a declaration of the President and officially designated as Republic Act No. 11479 as a law to ensure that the Philippine government is safe from those person could try to destroy the country. The law was signed by President Rodrigo Duterte on July 3, 2020, in the midst of the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic and comes as part of the Philippines continued fight against terrorism in its borders” But the some of the Human Rights Advocate pass there petitions to the Supreme Court to know that this law should know first what should be the Scope of this Law to mobilize and secure the right of the Filipino Citizen and also the safety. And also according Article 10 of the Human Rights Act: Freedom of expression Everyone has the right to freedom of expression. This right shall include freedom to hold opinions and to receive and impart information and ideas without interference by public authority and regardless of frontiers. The government needs to accept that there are no shortcuts to peace and retract the bill into law.The 2020 Anti-Terrorism Bill is an upgrade of the Human Security Act of 2007, which the military says is outdated and insufficient to fight modern-day terrorism, which involves online recruitment and planning of terrorist activities. VILLARAIZ, PAUL MARTIN P. BSED ENGLISH II SECTION 1048

[@dyannmoran988]

Health Education on Leptospirosis Not long ago year 2020 on the 11th day of November, Typhoon Ulysses lashed the main island of Luzon, whipping destructive winds and dumping heavy rainfall that precipitated massive flooding in a number of areas including Cagayan Valley, which was one of the most severely overblown. One of the affected persons was Jerome Basconcillo, a resident of Barangay Tumana Marikina City. He was said to have been trapped inside their house, having the urge to survive the flood he swam into the dirty and polluted water caused by the typhoon. Mr. Basconsillo survived the flood, yet he felt weary after it. At first, his family thought that it was just a fever, but after a week it led to his inability to properly walk. He was then brought into the hospital, unknowingly that it would lead to something serious. Unluckily, Mr. Basconcillo was diagnosed with leptospirosis. Leptospirosis, many as it may be are familiar with this term; but the awareness regarding this disease is something vague. Questions about leptospirosis are frequently raised, but the public seems to either underrate the answers behind it or the information dissemination seems to be lacking. Therefore, here are the frequent queries regarding leptospirosis and the responses that have to be acknowledged due to its valuableness to the public health; as the government sited that the commonalities’ well-being remains at the prime concern as it is the most pressing matter. What is leptospirosis? Leptospirosis is a bacterial disease and a blood infection which strikes both humans and animals. A bacteria of the genus has caused leptospirosis existence, this is named Leptospira. In humans, it can cause a wide range of symptoms, some of which may be mistaken for other diseases. To the same extent as Mr. Basconcillo’s situation, where his family thought that it was just a normal fever; but turned to be a serious disease. Leptospirosis is commonly mistaken to be a flu, it is because the mild cases have symptoms that tend to resemble those of other conditions. Yet, usually, leptospirosis begins suddenly with fever accompanied by chills, intense headache, severe muscle aches, and abdominal pain. What are the symptoms of leptospirosis? According to the statement given by Dr. Agustin of Amang Rodriguez Memorial Medical Center, “Most of the symptoms are not specific, such as fever and headache; and most of the time it only seems like flu. Obvious signs are when a person’s eyes turned yellowish and his urination tends to be little, that is when you really recognize that a person has been infected with leptospirosis.” The only possible way to not leptospirosis be mistaken as flu is to consult a doctor not just when you feel unease; but right after you get in contact with water or soil where rodents stay, keep in mind that self-diagnosis is one of the most dangerous things a person could do to his/her health. Who is most likely at risk of being infected with leptospirosis? People who spend more time outdoors around animals are the ones at risk. According to an article published in the leptospirosis prevention site; veterinarian, farmer, underground worker, slaughterhouse worker, and military personnel are the most likely type of employees that get afflicted with leptospirosis. Though it does not mean that a person belongs in these jobs that he or she would really be infected, this only states that they are more in danger than others. Take note, if a person raft, swim, or camp near affected lakes and rivers or even indulge in a flood of water, you could also get the disease. Similarly with Mr. Basconcillo's case who swam into the flood caused by typhoon Ulysses. Can leptospirosis be cured? The main medicine that could kill leptospirosis is by using antibiotics, such as Doxycycline and Penicillin. Doxycycline is a tetracycline antibiotic that fights bacteria in the body. Doxycycline reduced the duration of illness by 2 days and favorably affected fever, it prevented leptospirosis and had no adverse effects. Antibiotics should be given early in the course of the disease. On the other hand, those with severe symptoms must take intravenous antibiotics and you may have to go to the hospital if your infection is more severe. In the same manner with Mr. Basconsillo’s case, it was a good thing that he was brought to Amang Rodriguez Memorial Medical Center and was given an antibiotic by Dr. Bianca Marie Agustin. After a week, Mr. Basconcillo’s situation gotten better; that’s how antibiotics help in killing the bacteria and in healing the leptospirosis afflicted patient. What happens if leptospirosis is left untreated When leptospirosis infected a person and he/she did not do anything about it that would lead to liver failure, your liver or kidneys may lose their ability to function and that would be fatal. Also, respiratory distress, and even worse, death. Based on the statistics published in Wikipedia, It is estimated that one million severe cases of leptospirosis occur every year, causing about 58,900 deaths. That is why treatment should always be the first thing to do if prevention could not be put into one’s action. How can leptospirosis be prevented? There are cases wherein this disease can’t be prevented, just as during the onslaught of the flood which is what happened to Mr. Basconcillo. Wearing protective clothing like footwear and cover cuts and wounds with waterproof bandages or dressing is something that could be done if it is not possible to avoid wading in floodwaters. But as much as possible, physicians do advise the public to stay away from waters where rats or other animals usually peed. Also, keep rodent problems under control; for they are the carrier of bacterias that causes this disease to humans and other animals. How can a person usually have leptospirosis? Once a person is around infected water or soil or where an animal or pests peed; the bacteria will immediately occupy your body through some breaks in your skin; such as open wounds, scratches, or even dry areas in your body. Some bacteria also have the ability to enter one's mouth, nose, or genitals. A study was made in the United States of America stating that it is hard to spread this disease from human to human, but it is not impracticable. Leptospirosis can be passed from an infected person to an uninfected one by having sex or even through a mother who is breastfeeding her child. To put it bluntly, the aforementioned details concerning Leptospirosis are the ones that need greater attention, also, it has to circulate more evenly for the benefit of public health. Impartially, research gate researchers’ brought up in their article, “construction of knowledge about leptospirosis relied mostly on the information provided by mass and social media; reading materials; word-of-mouth publicity; observations; experiences; and knowledge sharing among families, friends, and communities. The development of educational materials that may reduce the gaps in knowledge, and thereby improve health literacy and enhance preventive health behaviors for avoiding leptospirosis”. DYANN C. MORAN BSED-ENGLISH III SECTION 1267