What is Rhabdomyolysis? Symptoms, Causes, Treatment, Diagnosis

What is Rhabdomyolysis? Causes, Treatment, Diagnosis
1. What is rhabdomyolysis?
Rhabdomyolysis is the breakdown of damaged skeletal muscle, releasing components like myoglobin, creatine kinase (CK), and potassium into the bloodstream, potentially leading to kidney damage and other complications
When should you suspect rhabdomyolysis?
Suspect rhabdomyolysis after trauma, intense exercise, or drug use, particularly when symptoms include muscle pain, dark urine, and general weakness, or when patients present with elevated CK and kidney dysfunction signs.
How is rhabdomyolysis diagnosed?
It is diagnosed through blood tests showing elevated creatine kinase (CK 5,000 U/L), urinalysis detecting myoglobin (causing dark-colored urine), and electrolyte imbalances such as hyperkalemia and metabolic acidosis.
Why is rhabdomyolysis dangerous?
Rhabdomyolysis is dangerous because the breakdown products, especially myoglobin, can damage the kidneys, leading to acute kidney injury (AKI). Electrolyte imbalances, like hyperkalemia, can also cause life-threatening arrhythmias.
What are common complications of rhabdomyolysis?
Common complications include acute kidney injury (AKI) from myoglobin deposition, electrolyte imbalances (hyperkalemia, hypocalcemia, hyperphosphatemia), compartment syndrome due to swelling, and cardiac arrhythmias caused by potassium and calcium abnormalities.
What is the role of creatine kinase (CK) in diagnosis?
Creatine kinase is an enzyme released during muscle breakdown. Levels above 5,000 U/L are diagnostic for rhabdomyolysis and correlate with disease severity.
How is rhabdomyolysis treated?
Treatment involves aggressive intravenous fluids to maintain urine output and flush myoglobin, electrolyte management to correct hyperkalemia and other disturbances, dialysis for severe kidney injury, and addressing the underlying cause, such as discontinuing toxic drugs or managing infections.
Can rhabdomyolysis be prevented?
Yes, it can be prevented through proper hydration during intense exercise or heat exposure, careful monitoring of drugs like statins, avoiding sudden intense physical activity, and early management of infections.
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