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Static electricity can be a nuisance or even a danger. The energy that makes your hair stand on end can also damage electronics and cause explosions. However, properly controlled and manipulated, it can also be a tremendous boon to modern life.
“Electric charge is a fundamental property of matter,” according to Michael Richmond, a professor of physics at the Rochester Institute of Technology. Almost all the electrical charge in the universe is carried by protons and electrons. Protons are said to have a charge of +1 electron unit, while electrons have a charge of -1, although these signs are completely arbitrary. Because protons are usually confined to atomic nuclei, which in turn are embedded in atoms, they are not as free to move as electrons. Therefore, when we talk about electrical current, we almost always refer to the flow of electrons, and when we talk about static electricity, we usually refer to an imbalance between negative and positive charges in objects.
Causes of static charge buildup
A common cause of static charge buildup is contact between solid materials. According to the University of Hawaii, “when two objects are rubbed together to create static electricity, one object gives up electrons and becomes more positively charged, while the other material collects electrons and becomes more negatively charged.” This is because one material has weakly bound electrons and the other has many holes in its outer electron shells, so electrons can move from the former to the latter, creating a charge imbalance after the materials separate. Materials that can lose or gain electrons in this way are called triboelectric, according to Northwestern University. A common example of this would be shuffling across the carpet, especially in low humidity, which makes the air less conductive and increases the effect.
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