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Factors Affecting Venous Return:
The pressure gradient from veins to the heart drives blood flow from veins to the heart. Sympathetic activity causes vasoconstriction and thereby increases venous return. Valves in veins counteract the effect of gravity and help in venous return. Activity in nearby muscles increases blood flow in the veins, by a mechanism called a muscle pump or venous pump. Respiratory activity creates negative pressure in the thorax, which helps pull the blood from the lower extremities. And finally, the suction effect by the heart itself also contributes to the venous return.
Dr Vipul Navadiya
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