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The Swaddle team explores the history of 'Chaiyya Chaiyya,' Helen's cabaret dances, Madhuri Dixit ending the vamp/heroine binary, and 'feminist' item numbers, to understand whether the 'item number' can be empowering.
Correction: The dates mentioned in the sources for some of the songs are inaccurate. Here are the corrected sources:
At 1:07 -- Mayya Mayya (2007)
At 3:11 -- Yeh Hawas Kya Hai (1974)
At 5:15 -- Yaarana (1995)
At 6:54 -- Mehboob Mere (2000)
Research Sources:
1. The Item Number: Cinesexuality in Bollywood and Social Life by Rita Brara (www.epw.in/journal/2010/23/special-articles/item-number-cinesexuality-bollywood-and-social-life.html#:~:text=The%20item%20number%20is%20a,the%20cinesexual%20in%20social%20life.)
2. Chapter 3 (Misogyny and Erotic Pleasure in Bollywood’s “Item Numbers”) in Misogyny, Toxic Masculinity, and Heteronormativity in Post-2000 Popular Music by Suman Mishra (link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-030-65189-3_4)
3. Item Number/Item Girl by Akshaya Kumar (www.researchgate.net/publication/317696334_Item_NumberItem_Girl)
4. Film Dance, Female Stardom, and the Production of Gender in Hindi Cinema by Usha Iyer (d-scholarship.pitt.edu/22815/1/IyerUsha_ETD_2014.pdf)
5. The story behind Madhuri Dixit’s ‘Ek Do Teen’, the most famous counting exercise in Hindi film music by Scroll staff (scroll.in/reel/872889/the-story-behind-madhuri-dixits-ek-do-teen-the-most-famous-countdown-in-hindi-film-music)
6. Stardom Ke Peeche Kya Hai?/What Is behind the Stardom? Madhuri Dixit, the Production Number, and the Construction of the Female Star Text in 1990s Hindi Cinema by Usha Iyer (read.dukeupress.edu/camera-obscura/article-abstract/30/3%20(90)/129/58558/Stardom-Ke-Peeche-Kya-Hai-What-Is-behind-the)
7. Of Names of Women in Hindi Cinema: An Exploration in Semantics by Anindita Ghose (www.researchgate.net/publication/23778353_Of_Names_of_Women_in_Hindi_Cinema_An_Exploration_in_Semantics)
8. What Led to the Debate on ‘Vulgarity’ in 1990s India? ft. Shohini Ghosh (kzbin.info/www/bejne/anzKmX-nh9Z-gJI)
9. The Troubled Existence of Sex and Sexuality: Feminists Engage with Censorship by Shohini Ghosh (www.academia.edu/44225499/The_Troubled_Existence_of_Sex_and_Sexuality_Feminists_Engage_with_Censorship_1999_)
10. What Is Behind Film Censorship? The Khalnayak Debates by Monika Mehta (legacy.chass.ncsu.edu/jouvert/v5i3/mehta.htm)
11. Framing the Body and the Body of Frame: Item songs in popular Hindi cinema by Ravneet Kaur
(www.researchgate.net/publication/330444146_Framing_the_Body_and_the_Body_of_Frame_Item_songs_in_popular_Hindi_cinema)
12. 'Is it time to bury the item song? The answer can only be yes' by Damini Kulkarni in The Scroll (scroll.in/reel/897299/is-it-time-to-bury-the-item-song-the-answer-can-only-be-yes)
13. 'Are item songs passe?' by Uma Ramasubramanian in The Asian Age (www.asianage.com/entertainment/bollywood/020319/are-item-songs-passe.html)
14. Dr. Shohini Ghosh on Savita Bhabhi, Media Censorship, and Queer Cinema in India by The Swaddle team (dashboard.simplecast.com/accounts/37f39665-7ed6-4279-b1e7-eed7e2764e6b/shows/7b976716-0b68-48ea-b302-de8de97a0a1f/episodes/c266da0a-5301-4d59-ba05-d2f3affd1762/)
Credits:
Edit and Motion Graphics: Bavana Gone
Art Director: Neha Shekhawat
Scriptwriter, Voiceover: Anahita Sachdev
Sound Design & Mixing: Pranav Ratra
Visual Researcher: Avishi Gupta
Creative Director: Shrishti Malhotra
Executive Producer: Karla Bookman
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