Why Do Leaves Change Color and Fall?

[@SciShow]

Thanks to everyone who pointed out the 'Acher Saccharum' typo! The video has now been annotated with the correct spelling. Also-- thank you for pointing out that berries were being represented by an impostor graphic: the strawberry. -Sarah (Editing and Graphics)

[@CorboMM]

I almost did not notice the annotation for strawberries, I had to go back to read the text and was really hoping to read "A strawberry is not a berry but a banana is"

[@azuralsplace]

I really don't understand why people thumbs down stuff like this. I mean did the color of the leaves offend someone cause it doesn't show a specific hue or they're skin tone. Of course this is just a opinion based on what many people fret about in life. Themselves.

[@Dartmorin]

It is mostly people who found minor mistakes or those who thought that the matter was not explained enough.

[@wellhattedreliableexcavati5973]

David Markus Or just trolls.

[@Dartmorin]

Well that is... I never thought about that. You are right.

[@Zeyev]

I liked the video, especially your having stated that the leaves don't *change* color so much as lose the green. But raking instead of composting is a bad idea. I wish more of us had the room to allow the leaves return to the soil.

[@Crystalvampire66]

If you had 3ft deep leaves with dog crap hidden under them, you'd rake too. I don't want to, but it isn't really a choice.

[@voradorked]

Trees also deposit any damaging toxins and other un needed things into their leaves before shedding them. Raking leaves is cleaning your trees litter box.

[@DRida64]

Let the trees pick up their own goddamn leaves.

[@WeatherMan4Ever]

Amen to that! Of course it's always cool to see a dog or kids to jump in a pile of leaves, soooo...

[@lirg123]

Poverty Gaming they don't rot, they decomposed.

[@MrCorbin2618]

lirg123 de·com·pose ˌdēkəmˈpōz verb (with reference to a dead body or other organic matter) make or become *ROTTEN*; decay or cause to decay. synonyms: decay, *ROT*, putrefy, go bad, go off, spoil, fester, perish, deteriorate; More (with reference to a chemical compound) break down or cause to break down into component elements or simpler constituents.

[@MrCorbin2618]

lirg123 Rot and decompose are synonyms.

[@lirg123]

MrCorbin2618 dumb up.

[@AzKam84]

This dude looks like he belongs in a final fantasy game wielding a massive sword

[@KambEight]

It wasn't really in the video, but I love the image of the grim reaper holding a rake instead of a scythe.

[@dkdrock456]

This is something I hear asked a lot, even in the comments here! Do trees and plants feel "pain" or "emotion"? Can you hurt a tree or any plant? Does ripping/picking off a leaf off of a bush or a tree "hurt" it? These are things we can all benefit from being more aware of. Please and thank you SciShow

[@SaiyanHeretic]

I used to ask my father the same question every Autumn: "How did nature deal with fallen leaves before humans invented the rake?" I've never gotten a satisfactory explanation as to why it was necessary for me to spend hours raking and stuffing leaves into non-biodegradable plastic bags, just so the garbage man could haul them off and throw them into a landfill.

[@MarieMandolin]

I learned that at five years old. Glad you are sharing it here. I should have thought to do so.

[@BombayDuck87]

This is called senescence. The pigments don't just go away but the plant is recycling them by disintegrating them. en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plant_senescence

[@unvergebeneid]

Actually, the yellow pigments are there all along while the red ones are _produced_ in fall. There are different theories as to why that is, from protection against the sun while there is less chlorophyll in the leaves to sending a signal of health to plant-eating animals but whatever it is, red wasn't there to begin with.

[@PowerMadLabRat]

I was sure I'd heard that somewhere. Brill name btw.

[@unvergebeneid]

LegoGirl1990 There are different types of chlorophyll but all land plants only have chlorophyll _a_ and _b_ IIRC.

[@massivereader]

LegoGirl1990 If I remember my HS biology there are four common types of chlorophyll (A,B,C,&D). A&B are found in most plants, C&D mostly in cyanobacteria. Vaguely remember some news about there being a fairly rare F type much more recently discovered. All the varieties have different absorption spectra and thus reflect different colors of light (yellow-green, green, red-blue, blue-green IIRC)

[@unvergebeneid]

massivereader I don't know about chlorophyll _f_ but there are the related compounds bacteriochlorophyll _a_ through _g_.

[@Zeezjay]

as a lifelong resident of boston, massachusetts, i've become so incredibly jaded to the changing colors in fall because of all of the god damn new yorkers that come here to clog up our streets and stare at yellow trees

[@AAAnjOOO]

You gave a very "elementary" explanation to this phenomena and I was a bit disappointed. I just attended a tree phenology lecture the other day that discussed a couple hypotheses in literature explaining leaf senescence. The reason why this explanation is lacking is because trees senesce at varying times and intensity. Also, anthocyanins and carotenoids were found to be produced more at the time of senescence, contrary to the belief that these pigments are always within leaves throughout the year. This suggests that the reasons for senescence are a bit more complex than the simplest explanation. A couple theories are proposed in literature to explain this phenomenon in terms of the interactions of trees with predating species (such as aphids). W.D. Hamilton in 2001 suggests the Honest Signalling Hypothesis which says that the brilliant display of colour is to signal to insect pests that they are well defended and should not be attacked for the winter (read more here: doi: 10.1098/rspb.2001.1672). Other hypotheses include using these pigments to protect from light damage (10.1104/pp.103.027631) and the change in colour in response to the visual capacities of aphids (10.1016/j.tree.2008.10.006). These are all hypotheses that address the paradoxes which the "less light less chlorophyll" explanation fails to explain. I was a bit disappointed in that I expected SciShow to address the literature and show new perspectives on topics that might seem obvious to us.

[@VeganSaskatchewan]

I agree, while this video addresses the HOW leaves change colour, I find it doesn't explain WHY they change colour. #scilit

[@Reivivus]

Maybe you will make the discovery!

[@Dochorahan]

I can listen to this guy all day.

[@michaelbyun7943]

1:13, the label should read "Acer saccharum" when it reads "Acher saccharum." I do enjoy the videos (though this one was rather elementary in explanations), but I also hate misspellings in botanical nomenclature. Thanks Michael and the rest of the SciShow team for educating the formidable student that is the Internet!

[@RossDouglas82]

Here's some more tree related questions. Why do conifer trees like pine trees have small spikey leaves? Why don't they lose their leaves in the winter, even when they are exposed to weeks of almost total darkness; and how do they manage photosynthesis in areas with such weak sunlight?

[@Sublimexxx]

Another reason for the falling of leaves is to avoid the problem of heavy snow, as we saw on Oct 29th 2011 in New England.

[@FNHot]

I swear there is more to this as well. I remember reading a study that showed the leaves also have a chemical added to them that makes them hostile to anything on the ground. So as they rot, if anything tries to grow under that tree, it cannot because of the chemicals from the rotting leaves in the soil.

[@vincentbarrera4119]

I think Michael Aranda is awesome to look at.

[@conduit64]

Where I live in Florida we only have two season, summer and not summer. Even if a tree drops it leaves it completely skips the fall color change, just goes straight from green leaves to barren.

[@AssClappicus]

f**king love sci show ARRHRRRGGHGHHGHGHGHG

[@Cosmalano]

Why aren't leaves green in the fall? Because Hank is.

[@chrisnguyen1186]

He thinks, therefore he is.

[@Lordran__]

the fall has come unusually early here in southeastern new york state. the leaves started to change color & fall off before the season even started. I've never seen fall come this early. the winter was extremely cold & stormy; the spring was very rainy; the summer was unusually cool. & fall is here unusually early. I can't help but ask "WHY??"

[@jibbyjackjoe]

I prefer to mulch the leaves and leave them on the ground. Put the nutrients back into the system...rather than buying more fertilizer at the store.

[@liv6882]

The reality that the leaves don't change colour but actually just lose pigment sort of crushes my childhood fantasies about autumn faires....

[@brontesaurusrex7235]

Bless you for this, this is just in time for my science unit.

[@josephwight4466]

You should do the science behind jello/gelatin, like how it turns from a powder to jello? what makes it hold its form?

[@ToniT800]

Dammit, it is autumn already. Time to change wallpaper on my desktop =)

[@ljmastertroll]

I thought the colors were because the tree was blushing as it slowly becomes naked.

[@Zakna]

Also snow will not pile up and snap branches like it did during the summer snow storm in Calgary when all the tree still had green leaves. The city is still recovering from all the down branches. www.flickr.com/photos/zakna/sets/72157647102466790/

[@osmia]

Good point. I never thought of that but it's so logical when I see you say it.

[@paulex12]

This is also why evergreen trees in climates where it snows tend to be shaped like cones.

[@angelcollina]

I love the colored leaves in autumn! :D Playing in the leaves is one of my fondest memories from childhood.

[@Roxsith]

AhA something to correct ! :D Anthocyanins may color both berries and strawberry, but a strawberry is not a berry :P

[@youmaycallmeken]

Deciduous trees near a house block much of the sun's warming light in the Summer, but let's much of that warming light reach the house in the Winter (at least on sunny days), so it lowers energy costs.

[@InvasiveWargaming]

Just a heads up: the maple genus is acer not acher, as shown in the picture.

[@forzaa867]

I don't if Vsauce said this in a video but I heard that they change color because they try to resist against the dropping temperatures and the shorter days and so the trees that are probably the weakest lose their leaves as a green or yellow but much stronger trees tend to keep resisting and that's causes the leaves to turn to a darker orange then brown, I don't know which is right.

[@cristianreyes9765]

Came to the comments just to see if someone had pointed this out.

[@Modified_India]

Hey Its nice video but need little changes, in the end you said all the pigments are already there but its not totally true, I work with betalain (another pigment similar to anthocyanin), there are researches which suggests that plant synthesise these pigments when they need it (i.e anthocyanin or betalain under various stresses). These are not always there.

[@tommurphy1153]

Wouldn't NOT raking them up be better as the organic matter would then return to the soil to be recycled by nature?

[@EmyllSomar]

Yeah, but we're humans and we have to interfere with everything we see.

[@cool2t]

impressing visitors is more important than feeding microbes.

[@DemPlantz]

If they fall in large quantities, no. If they completely cover the ground it'll just block the sun and kill the plants underneath. Raking them up and then running them through a grinder to be used as fertilizer later would be a better option.

[@Murked2000]

DemPlantz Or use them as toliet paper so you could use less trees :D

[@DemPlantz]

Poverty Gaming In nature its fine to leave them on the ground because everything, including the plants beneath will die and be used as fertilizer for the next growth cycle. However, if you want to keep your lawn looking nice through the fall then yes, rake the leaves, otherwise it will kill the grass.

[@gudjonolafsson]

I have noticed from the trees in my garden (in Iceland) that they do not shed their leaves if the wind is blowing. That way, when the leaves fall, they do not blow away and the tree can use the rest of the nutrients for itself.

[@OleksandrKolyvushko]

Leafs are falling to protect branches of a tree from the masses of snow, that could accumulate on the surface of the leaf

[@heather0f]

Hmmm coincidentally I was thinking about this the other day. My conclusions were pretty different so thanks for revealing the truth to me ^,^

[@purewaterruler]

what were your conclusions

[@sweetsingin]

The thumbnail led me to believe you had a new (rather agèd) hosted. Boy, was I glad to see Michael. :)

[@Roxor128]

You missed out on an opportunity to mention the Deciduous Beech, the only Australian native plant to lose its leaves in response to the cold.

[@777Skeptic]

So this is the tree's way of clicking Windows > Shut Down > Hibernate.

[@jedidrummerjake]

Great stuff! Thanks, you guys!

[@TVinmyEye]

Living in LA i dont know what the hell fall/Autumn is.

[@LostTrigger]

they change color when there rent is due (different shades represent different amounts of debt), they fall off when evicted. i thought everyone knew this?

[@Haastastic]

You guys should get clothing sponsors and provide links to clothing that you are wearing in each episode.

[@SynchronizorVideos]

So what happens if you plant a northern or southern deciduous tree species near the equator where the temperature and quantity of sunlight doesn't vary much year-round? Would the tree just stay green all year?

[@ItsShatter]

At around 00:42 correct me if I'm wrong; but isn't the number one job of a plant to reproduce, (as is the same for all other organisms.)?

[@gardiner_bryant]

But it's also because snow and ice on leaves weighs a lot more when it's on leaves and the tree's limbs would break under the weight.

[@Celosten]

True. We had snow here in September. There were a lot of broken trees around the city.

[@MrNojam4u]

@UnashamedlyHentai Yes, and if you listen closely, you can hear the tree quietly say "ouch."

[@raghuvarv]

01:47 How can anyone look badass holding a rake...?

[@radishraccoon3657]

They also reabsorb nitrates and phosphates from the leaves before abscission occurs...

[@spookytook]

I clicked on the video because I needed a reminder lol Thanks guys!

[@SethWatersVlogs]

SciShowians, answer this question! Should we rake leaves up, or allow them to decay to further nitrogen cycles and provide nutrients for the grass to spring forward stronger next spring?!

[@jackschitt1709]

leaves carry diseases, it's better to just burn them

[@tweedyburd007]

Jack Schitt dead leaves don't carry diseases

[@masansr]

It depends. In parks, you usually don't want to have the bad smell that's bound to be there due to decay, neither do you want the grass to grow even more. In lawns it's probably the same.

[@traog]

masansr There is no bad smell from decaying leaves. If there was forests would be one of the most disgusting places on earth.

[@PowerMadLabRat]

You answered your own question :)

[@accidentalmeditations292]

I have a question I'd like to see you guys answer: If, for some reason, our blood were to reverse its flow direction, what exactly would happen? Step by step por favor. -E

[@utkua]

"nature taking extreme measures to conserve energy" would be a better entrance

[@Dragontongue18]

SciShow I want to see MIchael host more videos!

[@maribakumon]

His earlobes jiggle when he moves his head. It's quite distracting, yet very hypnotizing.

[@The1Helleri]

Somehow I got the impression that the guy in the picture used for the thumbnail would be explaining this one.

[@pertaterful]

I have hard this explanation before, but it doesn't make much sense to me. Before fall, leaves are extremely green, and during fall leaves are extremely red. If both pigments were present in those amounts during the summer, wouldn't the leaves look brown because there is both green and red present? Does the green somehow block out the other colors from being seen? Is more red produced once the green goes away?

[@rhemorigher]

''Deciduous' from the Latin "To fall".' Don't know why, but I found that sentence very funny.

[@EricCharland]

Misleading thumbnail ! All along i was expecting that man to give us the details. :P

[@shawngimnes]

Can you guys talk about the mammoth that was found with living cells and liquid blood and how it might get cloned?

[@shawngimnes]

I... that was very well done sarcasm... I almost thought you were a nut.

[@PASTommy]

Just wondering but how come certain high pitched noises give people the goosebumps and really hurt your ears even tho they aren't really loud?

[@krumble104]

That's great guys but only a partial explanation - why are the autumn leaves a deeper red (and more colourful all round) some years? I seem to recall the summer's weather has something to do with it ....but it may have just all been a dream!?!

[@manstie]

Why does pain hurt/sting longer while colder?

[@Stoned_Pony]

I've wondered this too, why does stuff hurt more in the cold?

[@Aaronlcyrus]

Probably because of the way your skin reacts to the cold. Things like goosebumps may irritate an already inflamed area.

[@voradorked]

You have less blood flowing close to the surface of the skin while cold. when you are cold, blood stays more in the core of your body to keep your important organs warm. Just like if you run around and sweat, your skin gets red or "flush" with blood.

[@NighteeeeeY]

DUDE I WEAR THE EXACT SAME HOODIE AS YOU HAVE RIGHT NOW HOW COOL IS THAT :)))))) but its from h&m in germany? how is this even possible?

[@Garcia-elf]

What makes things like glass, ice or plastic, transparent???

[@ToniT800]

It is bandgap between valence and conductive energy levels of particular material. If light (photons) have less energy that this gap, they cant be absorbed and fly through, such materials are transparent. If the bandgap is low, all photons are absorbed , and the material is opaque;)

[@MrFreakHeavy]

I think that's because their electrons need a photon with an specific amount of energy to interact with. If they are, photons get absorbed by the electron. What happens is that they energize the electron and make it jump from a lower orbit to a higher one, the unstable, more energetic electron then releases the photon, goes to a lower orbit and that's what you detect as the color of the object. If the photon has more or less energy that what the electron needs to interact, it would pass through the object like nothing, without being absorbed by the electrons. In transparent objects the range of energy for photons is very small, so most of the light passes through. In the case of glass, glass is actually green (just like water is blue), but you need a very thick glass to see the color change (or look at a glass pane from it's side). Because the interaction is not 100%, most of the photons of the specific energy can also pass through the object without interacting with electrons. The opposite case of a transparent object would be a black one, since it absorbs basically every specter of light, and then releases small amounts of it. White, would be similar, but releases photons of almost all the specter of light.

[@name7251]

MrFreakHeavy What determine how much light does as object release?Is there a way to actually trap all of the light and by doing so basiclly making the object invisible?

[@ToniT800]

Name No, if you trap all the light in an object, it will be completely black;)

[@name7251]

Toni T800 Yeah that makes more sense when you think about it,it probably creates a ga,a zone where you get no light from so it will be completly black.

[@LordDane1986]

I love this show, even if I know 75% of what it tells me I still learn stuff. I mean i just thought it was God telling us even death can be beautiful.

[@TheDKninja]

If you close your eyes, you can clearly tell how much he sounds like hank. What do you call that accent?

[@crazitaco]

Hanklish.

[@rhemorigher]

crazitaco Hanklerfishlish?

[@JillH1995]

It's the TV accent, the accent without an accent. It's supposed to be generic. If you watch Michael's vlogs on his channels, he doesn't sound like Hank. Hank probably doesn't sound like the Hank we're used to, because he talks like this on all his channels.

[@matthewwayne98]

An explanation accent.

[@crazitaco]

Woah, I don't remember making that comment. Or even seeing this video. O_o And this was 2 years ago?

[@CreativePlagiat]

Is that guy with the rake trying to recreate Grant Wood's "American Gothic"? Because if he is, kudos for the facial expression.

[@dr.jackauty4415]

This is an old theory and is simply not true. There is a sharp upregulation in the genes for the other coloured pigments, anthocyanins particularly. This may be for several reasons, but one theory is that these pigments are also antioxidants that help protect the tree from oxidants produced during programmed death of the leaf.

[@DandySprat]

Because the guy from the leaf raking stock photo was in the thumbnail, I though there was gunna be some guest specialist on the show...

[@lohphat]

Besides the green fading don't the reds and browns darken by accelerated oxidation since there's less water in the leaf?

[@AelwynMr]

This is not quite the whole story! It's been demonstrated that trees actually synthesise some of the pigments, they were not there before. This is likely a message to pests: the healthier the tree, the more striking the colour, the worse a place it is for parasites to overwinter, since healthier trees will mount stronger defences and more quickly in spring. Just like gazelles jump to show off their strength when they spot a predator. Cleverer than you thought!

[@chiquilio]

Can you explain the reason of the particular smell when rains in dry soil?

[@Messi_Mania]

can you explain how `Aquaman Crystal` works?

[@huelat]

Is it possible to strain your retinas if they have to close too fast because of sudden light exposure? Or open? What is in the light that makes them react?

[@CapriUni]

I've seen many people try to be poetic, talking about how the colorful leaves of autumn all about death... But I guess it's really more like a shark shedding its worn out teeth, so new teeth can grow in. >;-) But if you still want to be cuddly about it, just tell yourself the tree is just getting undressed before going to sleep.

[@lastrequiem9245]

why do we drive on a parkway and park on a driveway? or why is there Brail on a drive through ATM!?

[@ofallsadwords3207]

re: Braille on drive through ATMs: Blind people can be passengers in cars. If they sit behind the driver, they can use the ATM.

[@lastrequiem9245]

ofallsadwords I know the answers already I just want them to make a video on it! Not necessarily about the brail. That's an easy answer. But the other.... its like why is it when u put a package in a car its called a shipment but you take the same package and put it on a ship its called cargo!

[@turkwinif]

LastRequieM That's the *magic of English-ish-ish-ish...*!

[@tweedyburd007]

LastRequieM because the government doesn't have common sense

[@stephenevelyn1571]

What triggers the leaves to change color... temperature drop or a reduction in light absorption due to shorter days?

[@crazitaco]

Question, we have some non-native deciduous trees around here whose leaves still fall off, but the only colors the leaves turn are brown and an ugly grey color. Why don't they turn red and orange like in other places?

[@johnnyminecrafter]

He has such pretty eyes omg

[@FMH00]

In my garden there are two big birch trees that are almost touching each outer, but one of them lose it's leaves two full months before the outer one. Why don't they start losing their leaves at the same time?

[@seizetheapathy]

How does the tree stay alive through the winter? Does it go through a sort of hibernation?

[@ljanovsky7943]

Question- Is glass a solid or a liquid? Bets have been placed. Thanks!

[@Mynder16]

Okay, a followup question that could probably be answered quickly with Google but I like a good conversation in the comments. Why is green the BEST colour for plants?

[@nolanthiessen1073]

Seem to recall it being based on the sun's maximum intensity being at a certain wavelength.

[@MrFreakHeavy]

It's not. Green was just successful by coincidence. *shrug* Red is really good. Blue-green and yellow is also too. There's even purple. Green was just... lucky? I know this is not the answer you were looking for. But, it's like saying "why are 5 fingered hands the best for human hands?". It was just how we evolved. :) Life is simple, my friend. "If it works, it's AWESOME, so let's keep it!!" And sometimes, some things end up being more successful, because it just happened to be on a certain organism, at a certain moment, at a certain place that made it become the right condition for it to flourish. And there you have it. Life in a nutshell.

[@StreetMisfit]

i like this video. great job

[@TessaBain]

Rake them up? Don't be silly. They look nice and are supposed to go back from whence they came.

[@Doubleagentaron]

I love his hair

[@zachcrawford5]

Don't rake the leaves. Just mow them up with the lawn mower and leave the shedded bit on the lawn. This will give your lawn's soil a fertilizer boost saving you time and money. As long as you can see the grass, your good. if you can't see the grass despite shredding the leaves with the mower rake off the top layer of shreddings until you see grass again. Then take the shreddings you've raked off and cover your gardens with them. This will help protect your garden's soil and your perennial's roots from extreme cold during the winter. Also lots of beneficial organisms will love nothing more then to break the leaf shreddings down into plant nutrients in the spring.

[@scrappmutt2]

Why is it cold in the winter? I know it sounds like a dumb question, but the difference between winter and summer are that the days are shorter in the winter only by a few hours depending on the latitude, and the tilt of the Earth. In summer, when the sun comes out, it heats up usually within only a couple hours and at night in a desert can get almost as cold as it does in the winter. Where I live, days are only shorter by about 2-3 hours, granted, but given the same amount of time after sun rise, it never reaches the temperature it does during the summer. I used to think that it was colder because when tilted, the hemisphere in winter was further from the sun, but the orbit of the Earth is actually skewed by about 3 million miles (if I recall correctly) and it's actually further from the sun during the northern hemispheres summer. The radius of the Earth is only about 4000 miles, so I don't think it's related to the distance from the sun. So, why is it cold in the winter?

[@techofpain97]

Well from what I know, it is colder in the winter because the angle of which the sun shines on your respective hemisphere is decreased. With a larger angle we recieve more direct sunlight which means more heat in the summer. This is why even though the earth is closer to the sun in the winter the winter is still colder. ( Sorry if I'm not good at explaining this)

[@techofpain97]

Jay Theo-Ignis (I'm not sure if I answered your question properly)

[@turkwinif]

Another reason is that the Sun is not out for as long as it is in summer. At the beginning of winter, the Sun is at its lowest point in the sky, and, here in Michigan at least, we only receive about 8 hours of daylight. At the beginning of summer, however, the sun is at its highest point and we get about 16 hours of daylight. That's a big difference in how much light we receive!

[@MrFreakHeavy]

Basically what Jay Theo-Ignis said. The angle at which the sunlight strikes the atmosphere is the reason for temperature change. In summer, the sun hits "directly" (90°) at the surface of the earth, so the light goes thorough the atmosphere very easily. During winter, the sunlight strikes at a higher angle (above 120°, I think, but I'm not sure of the correct figure), which means that most of the light can be reflected... like a mirror. This is also why the poles are very cold, even during summer.

[@JillH1995]

Yes, it has to do with the angle at which the sun's energy hits your hemisphere, and that's dependent on the tilt of the axis. I had a teacher do the following to explain this phenomenon: shine a flashlight at a wall at a 90 degree angle and the light will make a circle on the wall. Now tilt the flashlight. The area that the light is hitting will increase, but the amount of light will remain the same (you can see the light get dimmer). The same thing happens with the earth and the sun. You could also try this with a flashlight and a globe, which would probably help you visualize it even better. Find a globe that's tilted, and move it around your sun (flashlight) to see how the amount of energy that hits your location varies.

[@raymondnouata7697]

lol, here is Australia it's just coming into spring.

[@neocorleone1984]

"[beta-carotene] pigments are present throughout the year, but the red pigments, the anthocyanins, are synthesized de novo once roughly half of chlorophyll has been degraded." -wikipedia

[@sebastianmalton5967]

Doesn't he usually say "Subbable subscribers who keep these questions coming" not "answers" like he did today?

[@brandoniversen3308]

I was with you up till the raking.

[@funnysenpai6795]

thx u so much!😊😁

[@BlueTyphoon7]

I have a QQ I'd like talked about sometime maybe, Why do helium inflated balloons deflate themselves over time if they are left alone and not untied?

[@howarthe1]

In Tales of a Fourth Grade Nothing by Judy Blum a character explains that the trees in New York City do not change color because of all the pollution. Why does pollution keep the leaves green?