Why & How do the 4 fundamental forces of nature work?

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Prequel to this video here: • The Four Fundamental F...
How does a force between particles work? What causes an attraction or repulsion? Why does electromagnetism and gravity have infinite range, but the strong and weak force have a small range? Quantum chromodynamics (QCD), and Quantum electrodynamics (QED) are discussed.
All forces, except maybe gravity, are mediated by force carrying particles called gauge bosons. They operate by same mechanism: the exchange of virtual bosons. Photons carry the electromagnetic interaction, gluons carry the strong force, and the W and Z bosons for the weak force. The graviton would be the boson for gravity. Real versions of these gauge bosons have been observed, except the graviton.
What is a virtual particle? These exist due to the Heisenberg uncertainty principle. The uncertainty principle states that the change in energy times the time of a particle’s existence must be equal to Planck’s constant over 4*pi. This means virtual particles can exist as long as its for a really short time.
How does an exchange of these virtual particles result in a force? Imagine two people on a boat throwing basketballs at each other. As the two throw the balls away from each other, there is a transfer of momentum that occurs. This moves the boats apart. For attraction, the same two boaters are holding a boomerang. When one person throws the Boomerang, it circles back such that the other person catches it facing the opposite direction. The boats pull closer together.
When two similar charges are near each other, quantum theory shows that the exchange of virtual particles create an energy gradient between the two particles so that there is a higher energy state between the charged particles. Since particles want to be exist at their lowest energy state, they move apart. The opposite happens when dissimilar charges are near each other. A lower energy state is created between the two particles.
Electromagnetism has an infinite range because photons have zero mass. But the Gluon is also massless, so why does the strong force have a short range? This involves quantum chromodynamics or QCD.
The main difference between photons and gluons is that photons are electrically neutral so they do not interact with themselves. Gluons however carry a charge so that they interact with each other. This limits their range because they form a kind of link or rubber band with not only the quarks, but also with themselves. Gluons are electrically neutral but carry a color charge. Color is just a metaphor to describe a new kind of property of particles.
There are three kinds of color charges, Red, green and blue. Color charges have to be balanced by either a combination of the three colors to make a neutral white, or by color-anticolor pairs. Electromagnetism and gravity get weaker as objects get farther apart but the force between two quarks gets stronger as they get further apart.
It works like a rubber band. If you try to pull two quarks apart the force between them gets very strong. This tends to pull a quarks back into the proton or neutron. However, if you knock a quark very far away from the neutron or proton, the energy becomes so large that the rubber band-like force created by gluons breaks. And the energy released creates a new quark/ani-quark pair, called a meson. And these are the residual particles that mediate the velcro-like force that keeps protons and Neutrons tied together in the nucleus.
#fundamentalforces
How does the weak force work? It is more like a power that certain particles have to turn themselves into different particles. A neutron is composed of two down quarks and one up quark. A proton is composed of two up quarks and one down quark. Any neutron can turn into a proton by converting one of its down quarks to an up quark. It does this by emitting a negatively charged W boson. This turns the down quark into an up quark, changing the particle from a neutron to a proton. Since the W minus boson carries a negative charge, the Neutron now becomes a proton with a positive +1 charge to balance charges. The reason this interaction has a very short range is because the W boson is quite massive, so it just doesn’t survive for very long.
Since gravity has infinite range, its carrier particle the Graviton should also have no mass. Quantum gravity is hard because at quantum scales, It is overwhelmed by other three forces. For now, gravity treated in mostly in geometric terms using GR.

[@ArvinAsh]

Part I or precursor of this video is located here: kzbin.info/www/bejne/bGecgoiAp6tnq5I

[@Hermetics]

Best theory, that encompass all theories and all fields of science. (real applications to cure all diseases, neutralize radiation, fusion, and everything you can and can't imagine) kzbin.info/www/bejne/gGO4dpaoiq5jitk

[@AlexanderGoncharenko]

Photons don't have mass, but they still have energy, which is ignored in the formula

[@pressaltf4forfreevbucks179]

@@AlexanderGoncharenko you obviously don't know the full formula. It's E²=(MC²)²+(PC)². You solve for a massless particle and you find that it doesn't carry mass but it does carry momentum(P)

[@THE-X-Force]

I really need some help, please. Every time I see a depiction of gravity, with the graph paper dipping into a well beneath a massive object, I know that it's wrong, but I can't get my mind to come up with the correct imagery. Gravity can't just be acting in one direction (as depicted here, downward). That "well" must be all around the object, no?

[@PatrickRyan147]

Hi Arvin.. loving your work. What do you think of the Holodeck theory! Apparently, we don't live on an actual planet moving through space in an expanding universe. It only appears as though we do. We actually live inside a hyper-realistic holodeck complex super-structure probably no bigger than the sun, powered by a black hole at its core. Our original species defeated death by uploading their souls into Eternal Computers, but living as a disembodied consciousness for all of eternity in some computer isn't much fun so they recreated their native world (Earth) in the holodeck complex, seeded it with the building blocks of life, waited by the event horizon at the core of the super-structure and then returned some three and a half billion years later so that they could holographically project their souls onto our bodies so that they can feel what it's like to have flesh and blood bodies again and live forever through reincarnations. This is their/our Heaven because a Holodeck scenario is potentially eternal. This is the true nature of our reality. It makes sense. How else can we explain fine-tuning, especially the mass of the neutrino. Our reality was MANUALLY fine-tuned..

[@VizcayaAkingProbinsya]

I wish i could live a longer time to see the future discoveries of what reality really is....

[@shmerox7683]

Yeah I have the same wish

[@nickharrison3748]

Entropy comes in your way

[@nolinbolin5064]

Not only discover it's nature, but also overcome it's grasp.

[@kjugirl]

feel the same way. on one hand we life in the perfect time where questions got so much more precise and new discoveries around the corner. but the real fun would start when we actually have answers to those basics. like he said in the video here...it will be only the beginning

[@derda3209]

I think we will figure out lots of stuff in the future but always discover more questions than what we can solve.

[@richardfeynman5560]

I'm a physicist myself and I have to say that the explanations given here are the best way to give people an understanding of the fundamental principles of nature. You would need a lot of mathematics and time dive deeper into this matter. But for the average person this channel is the best one can do. Many thanks to Arvin Ash and keep up the good work!

[@ArvinAsh]

Thanks. And you're screen name is a tribute to one of the greatest.

[@greatestever2903]

I’m really into physics I sometimes don’t fully understand things here and feel as though whipping out the pencil and paper and really doing the math would help me get it and visualize it better - but I hear Physics isn’t a good field for work so I can’t really afford to spend years doing this for nothing. What are your thoughts?

[@beri4138]

"I'm a physicist myself" - Richard Feynman

[@keepitreal2902]

@@greatestever2903 Did a science degree, physics honours. Can't recommend the job prospects. If you want a job go do engineering.

[@rajasarkar2145]

Every individual has the fundamental right to learn PHYSICS(Nature)

[@tcb3901]

I’m happy that youtube has this kind of higher-detail science content

[@Giantcrabz]

@xxxh4x0rxxx how so

[@beri4138]

PBS Spacetime is great too

[@mikeeagle2653]

Lmao 😂. KZbin doesn’t have science content. KZbin is an open forum hence the name KZbin People form a channel and post videos not KZbin

[@tcb3901]

Mike Eagle oh ok cool. You’re rude, Mike 👍🏻

[@mikeeagle2653]

Chris B Lmao 😂. Oh you didn’t know that’s what happened on the KZbin science channel.

[@picksalot1]

The graphics you use are extremely helpful in explaining complex, subtle, and abstract properties. Being bashed over the head with Greek letters and incomprehensible numbers doesn't really help me understand much. You've understood that better than any other Physicist or Cosmologist I follow on KZbin. Thanks for making Particle Physics comprehensible in such an enjoyable and accessible way.

[@KineticSymphony]

Yeah, math is useful, but not fun for conceptualizing reality, which is what I fundamentally care about. Having an intuitive reasoning of the world.

[@sussekind9717]

The feeling you get at the instant you grasp a concept, is one of the best feelings there is. To bad it is so fleeting, just leaving you wanting more. Kind of like drugs. Thank you for feeding my addiction, Arvin.

[@ArvinAsh]

Happy to be your "drug" dealer!

[@honeybabou6119]

That is curiosity, a very healthy thing.

[@FranktheDachshund]

Statistically I've got about 25 years left, so come on physicists, lobby that money and get busy I need to know!

[@dns911]

We are trying 😂 But indeed there is more money needed. Especially compared to stupid and shortsighted things like military, war etc💰

[@JarodM]

Human greed slows down progress Gentlemen.

[@PaulMarostica]

That's what I've been trying to get them to do. Search keywords: matter theory marostica. P.S. FranktheDachshund, you might like my video, "Quantum Mechanics Intervention".

[@loungelizard836]

Sadly, there's no established Physics Inc. to lobby for money. Capitalist influence on government always favors inertia. The only way to defeat inertia is through revolution.

[@Sralaineo-]

@@JarodM More like Political BS games to me and Human lives lost and Sufferings are Continuing... This CoVid 19 Pandemic and everything else is Population Controlled, isn't it. ??????????

[@Thanos-hp1mw]

What a fascinating reality I exist in... 3 years ago I wanted to quit being... what a fool I was... I will never be thankful enough to my parents for keeping me alive... I want to learn and live more and more each passing day...

[@andresandfernando]

When I first learned about virtual particles, I also imagined two boats on a pond exchanging balls. However, I could never wrap my head around how exchanging balls would lead to attraction, until now. Thanks for always making great content Arvin, by far the best science channel on youtube.

[@ArvinAsh]

Happy to help. Thank you. I appreciate that. See you in the next video my friend.

[@RobBoydBennett]

The boomerang example was a help for me.

[@bengoody595]

No it's the opposite. Exchanging balls is repulsion and the boomerang exchanging is attraction!?

[@RobBoydBennett]

@@bengoody595 Thanks.. that right.

[@ArvinAsh]

@@bengoody595 Yes, roughly speaking this is the way an exchange of virtual particles would occur.

[@stuglenn1112]

As a non physicist layman your level of explanation is about perfect for me. With your videos I usually feel I have a better grasp of the concepts at hand and not more confused. Thank you for taking the time and effort to make these.

[@dennistucker1153]

I feel the same.

[@ArvinAsh]

Great to hear! I try to make these so my mother can understand. But alas, she finds most of my videos too confusing. Lol. But when she does understand it, I feel I got it right.

[@Picasso_Picante92]

Another excellent video my friend. Timely too. I was reading up on QUARKS and Bosons. Your explanation helped very much. Thank you.

[@ArvinAsh]

Glad it was helpful!

[@tonysantos6345]

Definitely the best physics channel I have met on YT. It deserves millions of views. Particularly the pace of the speech of the host is very pleasing.

[@aliabbaszoher5618]

The simplicity with which you explain and the way you put things across shows how much effort and time you put into script and refining it. Thanks and keep up the awesome work

[@greatestever2903]

I JUST FOUND THIS CHANNEL AND I CANT STOP WATCHING MUST LEARN IT ALL MUST LEARN EVERYTHING AHHHHHH 👁 🧠 👁 👄

[@anonymousmobster2444]

Your brain is smaller than your mouth.

[@xk_monster]

@@anonymousmobster2444 This is a unintentionally good quote.

[@nerdexproject]

My god I LOVE THIS CHANNEL SO MUCH!! This is a true science channel! I might have a hard time following everything but it fascinates me anyway! Big thank you Arvin!

[@ArvinAsh]

Glad you enjoy it!

[@swolebowl1693]

Definitely enjoyed it even if half how of all he says goes straight over my head

[@vincecox8376]

I have been studding the construction of the Pyramids. It blows my mind when you can see all the details of construction on the Petro cliffs. They used the "B" field of a magnet!!! what's so hard to understand?? If you take a large granite stone and vibrate the "B" field of a magnet into same, at the correct frequency, it will heat up and become soft as well. Easy to form and cut. What's the big deal it's written all over the stones IT'S ALL ABOUT THE "B" FIELD not the North and South poles. In the dark ages we got hooked on the least important part of magnetism North & South poles. We need to get our heads out of our A__. In 1958 I became a HAM operator Built and designed my own receivers and transmitters. We depend on the "B" field to transmit our AC current through the wire as well as any radio signals..FACT!!

[@josejoaquin1305]

even though I have to repeat some parts like 10 times, I end up understanding. And that makes me feel really excited. You are one true master explaining phisics to common peope like me, please keep uploading videos, I do REALLY enjoy them (and the animations truly help my lack of imagination). Thanks a lot Arvin

[@andreyassa7638]

Thanks for always being such a cordially person and for explaining such complex matter in a way that I'm always able to understand the subject you're talking about. And thanks for your effort to produce these videos. I'm convinced you're of great help not only to me.

[@nolinbolin5064]

This is the first attempt I have even seen to explain the pull of electromagnetism. There might be others, but this is the first I've seen.

[@pressaltf4forfreevbucks179]

That was amazing. You just gave us the best introduction to the strong and weak interaction i've ever seen. Before you talked about the strong force and QCD i thought i had a clear understanding of it but apparently not. Especially when you described the way mesons are formed. I do have a question though. How does a proton turn into a neutron? Does it have to absorb an electron and an anti neutrino? Or does it have to absorb a w boson? Or something else? Thx for your work, keep it up

[@ArvinAsh]

Glad you enjoyed it! It emits a virtual W+ boson, turning one of its up quarks to a down quark. The W+ then decays into a positron and electron neutrino. This is an extremely rare event and tend to occur only in unstable large atoms or isotopes.

[@pressaltf4forfreevbucks179]

@@ArvinAsh Ohh ok. So its like the neutron decay but with opposite charges. Nice

[@djdrocco]

I thought proton decay was still purely theoretical. And how would mass be conserved? Neutrons are more massive, and positrons/neutrinos have their own mass.

[@pressaltf4forfreevbucks179]

@@djdrocco the mass of a particle is NOT fixed. The type of proton decay that result into a neutron is not theoretical, i think you are talking about the decay that results to a pion and a positron which is theoretical

[@pressaltf4forfreevbucks179]

@@djdrocco now to answer your mass conservation question, proton decay happens in unstable atoms as uranium 236 as said by arvin. I think, energy is stolen by the binding energy of the nucleus that helps the decay happen not sure though. Hope this helps

[@MrSamvirk]

I wish i could met u in person.. its lucky to have a mentor like u.. the level of deepness & clarity in ur voice adds up to your brilliant way of explaining things in layman terms

[@dickbuster9801]

I feel healed when watching Arvin Ash's videos. Like he reads a book on physics then puts a lot of energy and creativity into making presentable images with a dialogue that is matched with great analogies but keeps the technical formulas and points out which each terms means. Theoretical physics combined with human moral problems is the heart of what our lives are all about

[@DIGtotheIT]

This is the best description of QCD I have ever seen

[@AbhishekSingh-yh7ce]

I have watched many QCD videos but Arvin simplified it in such a way that even a school student can understand it comfortably #hatsoffsir

[@cbmasson3572]

Fascinating stuff Arvin - great job in making complex subject a bit more accessible.

[@Txgdfgvz367ur]

I can't express how important it is for someone who's understanding is based on intuition rather than pure maths, and hitting endless frustration about the abstract idea of charge and force, to be told 'we don't actually know what charge is' Thank you!

[@ringocash6143]

All my life looking for answers here I got the explanation of the force that I have been spending to find the origins themselves !!!!!!

[@lelouchlamperouge6987]

That's deep @ringocash

[@strangerwithscience3597]

I dont understand what ut trying to say : (

[@mr.ramchandermishra2181]

Can I know those questions if u don't mind coz I m curious to find the answer of those questions which r not answered by anyone till now

[@sutirtha1132]

I wish i had a physics teacher like u in my school life....really impressed by ur way of teaching. I love physics

[@thecathode]

Thank you a lot for these videos Arvin, since secondary school it is somehow postulated that particles repel and attract due to some forces and then they go on from there with field and wave theory, all can be transmitted through vacuum (understood as nothingness) which is really really weird. Thank you for trying to heal our existential doubts by tackling the underlying mechanism of transmission of these forces.

[@JohnAlbertRigali]

Your explanation of virtual particles is the friendliest that I’ve heard or read to date.

[@ronrothrock7116]

The Theory of Everything is much closer than you think. It is something like what Einstein did with relativity; it isn't discovering something new, it is looking at things from a different way.

[@PrivateSi]

Subspace: +ve charge cells (+1 base charge quanta) held together by an ethereal sea of free-flowing -ve charge . SWEET Quantum-Relativity Inertia: Energy lost by a free cell squeezing through the lattice is returned with a kick as the lattice decompresses/refreezes/balances behind Momentum: Free cells have inertia, free chunks form energy loops of cells in front moving to fill -ve space behind. Holes are just -ve charge flow Positron: +ve free cell (+1 elctric charge) pulls in -ve charge that rebounds with curved outflows. Drags cells, vibrates the Lattice Electron: -ve hole (-1) pulls in +ve cells that rebound outwards before stopping or looping back in. Drags -ve charge, vibrates the Lattice Neutrino: Over 50% (else back to empty lattice) out of phase Electron + Positron. Close free cell & hole with tight shared charge loops so tiny mass Proton: 2 positrons (fuzzily) sandwiching/wrapping 1 electron (pep, +1 electric charge). 3 sub parts and long charge loops so mass is large Neutron: Proton + Electron. Electron joins another nucleus proton, (pep)(e)(pep), decays outside via centrifical/vibe force on the dangling electron Alpha Particle: 2N + 2P.. (pep)(e)(pep)+(pep)(e)(pep), 8p-6e = +2 electric charge. -ve core in a +ve shell (PPeePP). Helium: (eAe) ++++: Lattice chunks + holes of various sizes quickly turn to smaller chunks and holes, until electrons, positrons, neutrinos/back to regular lattice Atom: Lattice density increases to the nucleus centre. Outer electrons may be squashed flat on the nucleus surface or pulled away (completely) Weak Force: A nucleus weak point hit hard enough releases alpha particles, neutrons, protons, electrons, positrons, neutrinos and (gamma) light Nuclear Force: Gravity + electric attraction beat repulsion. Fuzzy balloons recursively pulled into spheres. Stretched flux tube joins parted particles Electron Bond: Electron stretched between two +ve nuclei zones. There is also a 6 ins+6 outs charge flow model of electrons and positrons -ve Charge Flow: Continuous, centralised inflows, outflows curve with shallow exit angle. Lateral forces in random directions cancel, else spin Magnetism: Spin-aligned particles have straight and joined so shorter internal flows with longer external loops back. Ferrous matter joins the circuit Gravity: Mass pulls -ve charge from voids that repel more so expand. Higher -ve charge density compresses lattice. Compression waves travel at C Time: Charge density shrinks lattice, slowing charge flow and light as they cross cells in a fixed time. Universal clock? Process synchronisation? Velocity: Higher velocity compresses lattice (Length Contraction) and base processes cross more cells so local time slows (Time+Mass Dilation) Black hole: Drags lattice around (Frame Dragging). Neutrino crystal. Feeding may annihilate core boundary matter to empty lattice (a universe?) Hawking Radiation: Annihilated matter frees trapped -ve charge that radiates in all directions, out of the black hole and into its core Tunnelling: Intrinsic radial energy of positron and electron charge flow directed in one direction for a brief time, possibly travelling at C2, or even C3 Particle Entanglement: Particles linked by charge flows.. Stopping a flow at any point in the network breaks entanglement -- Light Blip: Compressed (+extra?) -ve charge dipole pulls in lattice. Concentrates -ve charge so may deplete voids and add to gravity. Velocity = C Light Wave: Amplitude = number of blipping layers. Shorter wavelength = higher blip frequency = higher wave energy. Peaks concentrate blips Photo-Electric Effect: Light frequency over a threshold determined by atomic mass and valency dislodges an electron on impact Photon Entanglement: Vibrating line of cells like an ultra-fine (spinning?) AC current / Warped line of cells between entangled photons -- Big Bang: Lattice explosion flings charge as matter / Black holes collide so rapid core growth / Black hole hit like a bell / Lattice expansion/growth Steady State: Universe could grow slowly. A big hit may start simultaneous (patchy) matter formation across the whole universe, not from a point Boxed Universe: If voids can't expand when they lose -ve charge to matter gravity wells are steeper with more compressed lattice Flow/Gradient: As stationary as possible -ve charge density gradient vs -ve charge continuously flowing from voids to centres of gravity and back Vacuum Fluctuations: Continuous flow could create dark matter whirlpools. Neutrino collisions, light-neutrino interactions. Background radiation Conservation: Everything is conserved - but if a black hole core annihilates matter to empty lattice that absorbs the energy the information is lost PROS: Simpler, semi-symmetric, recursive, realistic, 3D/4D, self-contained, open/closed, (in)finite, (semi)conformal, cyclic , (un)balancing -- This isn't any form of science, not even pseudoscience. It is materialist make-believe in-mind modelling minus maths. A self-contained quantum-relativistic universe/multiverse using the fewest base particles and forces (2+1). The above quark free variant is one of many possibilities. Powerful premise.... The Lattice is everything, there is no nothing, no thing is perfectly still, balanced lattice. Space is Cartesian everywhere and there is probably not (much) truly empty lattice containing no thing(s). There is no before or after The Eternal Lattice, there is no outside and The Lattice knows everything because it is everything - except a (collective) conscious entity. LOL!

[@RandyLunn]

PrivateSi b

[@SuperFunniestvideo]

@@PrivateSi can u make some illustrations of what youre saying?

[@celiogouvea]

I believe that whatever space-time is, dark matter or higgs field, I think pulsars generate electromagnetic field by twisting them. If space-time is a elastic structure, we can combine all forces.

[@christianfaust5141]

Like always absolutly great this insight how the exchange of virtual particles results in forces. I am an electrical engineer who worked in electro optic area but that's quite a long time ago but still I can follow up to a certain extend. And definitely during your video my neurons are in a higher energy state and afterwards I am in the released state of wondering how great our Universe works.

[@andylee4245]

Your explanations with the visuals are super clear. Thank you for your videos

[@bobrob6834]

Love ur videos .im 50 years old .i have a grade 9 education but for the sake of my daughter i studied on line particle theory and taught it to her when she was about 9 years old .this really brings back memories and i want to learn it all over again .i think i ran into trouble trying to understand the math in the decay process , if my memory serves me correctly .wasnt there a ...tiger particle or something .the lesson i started witj start by just explaing fundementals and how what we thought was fundemental was not at all .and how we learned to break down to smaller and smaller fundementals up down gluons photons .i wish i had my first study lesson so i coukd start from the beggining so i dont miss a step .but ur videos r great .so much better to get my mind into this instead of the complete mess everything else in this world has turned into

[@bobrob6834]

I did find my original lesson on google .its good for begginers to catch up quickly ."particle adventure " the standard model - what the world is made up of .perfect for begginers .

[@romishcraft]

Love from India. Really love the content you post. Content creator like yours make KZbin an amazing platform. Thank you so much for quality content.

[@ArvinAsh]

Thanks. I appreciate that!

[@tryagain_ww]

Why do people have to say "love from India" Its not like your country is special

[@romishcraft]

@@tryagain_ww Country is not Special but it's just a way to let the creator know that people from India are also big fan of his content. Just to make Arvin realise his reach.

[@tryagain_ww]

@@romishcraft He can see that from his analytics and have you ever seen people say that from other countries No because they know that he can see that from his analytics but we Indians always want to.

[@romishcraft]

@@tryagain_ww If that seems cringy then I'l stop. I need more critics to finally come to a conclusion.

[@warren64216]

Beautifully presented....

[@ArvinAsh]

Thanks. I appreciate that.

[@UnknowingTio]

I just discovered your channel and is already one of my favorites, thank you so much.

[@donAlbertic0]

thanks for your videos Arvin, each one of them just open my mind to appreciate more how odd reality is, and makes me in love of scientific theories to explain it

[@stabilini]

Oh man this is brillant! Thanks thanks thanks for so much content.

[@ArvinAsh]

Glad you enjoy it!

[@ryantennyson7562]

Thank you again. The most obvious is gravity, yet still mysterious. Keep teaching us.

[@ArvinAsh]

Yep, I agree it is still the most mysterious, even though it is all around us.

[@ephemeralvapor8064]

@@ArvinAsh How much, or does it at all, kasimir effect excluding virtual particles forming within massive objects create a pressure gradient of virtual particle pressure between mass and "empty" space?

[@ProactiveForce]

Thanks for putting this together. Very well done!

[@peterdamen2161]

Wow, fantastic video!!!! It's given me a lot of insight, especially the explanation of how attracting forces work, using the analogy of boomerangs 🙂

[@gamelord5798]

This man is an excellent educator. He understands how to condense complex conceptual matters to convey them in simple units of information.

[@TNTsundar]

I was waiting for your video and here it is. Another great video Arvin! 🙏

[@ArvinAsh]

Glad you liked it!

[@GauravKumar-qr8pt]

💓

[@sequoiahughes8536]

Thank you for this explanation with the graphics and analogies

[@rucjos]

I never ever imagined that an amateur like me would get insights into this level of science in such an instructive way. This channel is so freaking awesome.

[@douglasstrother6584]

Don't underestimate capacitors: these inspired Maxwell to posulate the Displacement Current, and in this case we have Hendrik Casimir.

[@nmarbletoe8210]

capacitors have a lot of potential

[@duprie37]

"If you're with me so far..." LoL. Lewis Carroll couldn't have dreamt this stuff up.

[@SupersuMC]

We're all mad here. ;-)

[@beri4138]

He probably could cause he was a mathematician

[@davidkeane1820]

Great explanation of these concepts - best I’ve heard - make it easier to understand this highly complex area of physics - well done

[@manideepp2229]

Sir I am an electronics student , but always liked to read maths and physics, I managed to read very little special relativity from resnick book, very less quantum mechanics from MIT lectures and very little particle physics from David Griffith book first two chapters two years back, As an engineer I always looked/imagined quantum technology as a future. But I only read because I am interested to know, your last two videos on 4 fundamental forces were so good, I immediately liked and subscribed to your channel😍. I am excited to see your other videos in the playlist. Thanks a lot for doing this🙏

[@rc5989]

Really really great video! I have watched a ton of these types of videos, but this one hits a sweet spot of information organization. Imo, it sidesteps the confusion of just what is a virtual particle and allows the viewer to focus on the more important basics of QCD. QCD is when most of us viewers sometimes get lost. As for the virtual particles, imo, an important realization for a curios learner of quantum physics is this: It’s all fields. “Particles” virtual or otherwise are not tiny indivisible balls. “Particles” are modes in the fundamental fields of nature. The ground state (minimum state, nothing added) is not zero, it has a minimal mode as well. These can not be measured by themself, because you have to add more modes (need something there to measure) but the effect of the ground state modes are directly observable. Physicists use the term “particle” to mean something different than what most learners think that word means. This is quite a challenge to the popularization of real quantum physics to a broad audience. If there was a better term available that would not immediately confuse an average viewer, then surely that would be preferable.

[@ArvinAsh]

Yes, excellent comment on virtual particles.

[@Numba003]

QCD is one of those things that makes me wonder if it’s some sort of hint at some yet more fundamental property of matter and energy than we’ve yet uncovered. Fascinating and mind-bending stuff to be sure. Stay well out there everybody, and Jesus Christ be with you friends.😊

[@saratheyyani1428]

Arvin, you aced it again, greatly enjoyed the video... Keep up the good work...

[@a64738]

Great way of explaining this :) I regularly learn more from watching a 10 min video on KZbin then 10 years at school because at school you do not learn how things work (you only learn that it exist)...

[@danerman73]

Love this video. So informative. We absolutely need a quantum theory of gravity because we know gravity interacts with quantum particles, it will bend light waves for instance. But do the strong force and gravity have to be unified with the weak force and electromagnetism? Could they just be fundamentally different and not be combinable? Of course if that could be proven to be true and reasons were shown why those forces could not unite that would be a very groundbreaking theory in its own right. Lastly could the Higgs field giving mass to fundamental particles be considered a fifth force?

[@ArvinAsh]

I think we will find a GUT - combining Strong with Electroweak a lot sooner than we will find a TOE. Gravity is just very difficult to deal with at Quantum scales. Higgs is considered a 5th "force" by many if not most scientists. I ignored it for the moment for simplification, but will have several dedicated videos on this in the future.

[@panchor]

Absolutely amazing. Your explanations are brilliant. What a great video, keep it up!

[@ArvinAsh]

I appreciate that. Glad you liked it!

[@tabishamin763]

I don't really comment on youtube but your videos are awesome! I've been binge watching them non-stop. Please continue to do the great work you're doing!

[@arkoganguly9255]

Wow Arvin! What an amazing description. Never pursued science in my higher studies, but still figured every part of your video. That explains the effort you put in to simplify the concepts of physics. Thank you with all my heart! The colour charge bit was extremely fascinating for me! Subscribing to your channel. Thanks for your beautiful service. Regards!

[@vincecox8376]

I have been studding the construction of the Pyramids. It blows my mind when you can see all the details of construction on the Petro cliffs. They used the "B" field of a magnet!!! what's so hard to understand?? If you take a large granite stone and vibrate the "B" field of a magnet into same, at the correct frequency, it will heat up and become soft as well. Easy to form and cut. What's the big deal it's written all over the stones IT'S ALL ABOUT THE "B" FIELD not the North and South poles. In the dark ages we got hooked on the least important part of magnetism North & South poles. We need to get our heads out of our A__. In 1958 I became a HAM operator Built and designed my own receivers and transmitters. We depend on the "B" field to transmit our AC current through the wire as well as any radio signals..FACT!!

[@barefootalien]

Excellent video! To the best of my ability, virtually nothing said was actually incorrect, which believe me, is _very_ uncommon, and meant as high praise. I think this is probably the closest it's possible to come to fully explaining the forces of the Standard Model in pop-science terminology. I very much appreciated that you were careful to use correct terminology like pointing out that it is only *virtual* particles that moderate the forces, not real ones. That one word, "virtual" gets left out a lot, and while other physicists may "know what we mean", to a lay-person that can generate rather a lot of unnecessary confusion. Literally the only thing I might have changed is that I wish you hadn't used the word "exist" quite so insistently with regards to virtual particles, and perhaps at least gave a nod to the notion that the particle-centric view presented here is just a useful formalism, not the underlying reality (which is all about excitations in fields). Otherwise, this was close to perfect. If anyone reading this found this video completely understandable and thinks they are ready for the next level, I highly recommend Dr. Sean Carroll's recent series, "The Biggest Ideas in the Universe". It's quite a bit more technical than this, and uses the real underlying mathematics (in simplified form). In any case, _excellent_ description and depiction of QCD and QED! Great work, very well presented, and with just enough care taken to include enough careful and correct terminology to perhaps entice people into following further down the rabbit hole. ;)

[@ArvinAsh]

Thanks, I appreciate that! Regarding QFT, I have a dedicated video on that. The problem with introducing that in every "particle" video, I've found, is very confusing for most people without having watched that video first. I try to make all videos self-contained so that people do not have to view a prior video to understand the current one. But I agree, everything is fields so any talk of particles is an approximation for visualization purposes.

[@barefootalien]

@@ArvinAsh You know, there's a topic I've never seen anyone cover very well in an approachable manner. I'm not sure if it's something you'd be interested in making a video on, but I would definitely be interested in watching it if you did. The topic is the Pauli Exclusion Principle, specifically the apparent forces it generates (which in some estimation forms the majority of the 'solid-ness' of macroscopic objects, so it's not a trivial topic!) I've seen plenty of hand-wavey mentions of it with regards to degeneracy pressure in white dwarves and neutron stars, a fair number of nods toward it in explanations of electron orbitals in physical chemistry, and a rare few mentions of its importance to the everyday world... but nobody I'm aware of has really gone in depth, in an approachable pop-science way about _where_ that pressure comes from, why it seems to create forces on even the macroscopic scale, and why we don't consider it to be "a force" with a virtual particle moderating it and so forth. The closest I've seen anybody come is Sean Carroll in his Big Ideas Q&A on Atoms, but all he really said was, to paraphrase, "Once you get to the level of physics where you're worrying about the Pauli Exclusion Principle as a source of pressure and force, you should be well beyond needing to think of _any_ of the forces as moderated by particles; it's all fields and interactions in fields." While that's technically true, it's not a very satisfying answer. Even for someone who _does_ understand the field version of such things reasonably well, it's dissatisfying that nobody has managed to put these topics and questions into terms that give a real intuition about it.

[@ArvinAsh]

@@barefootalien Hmm, could be interesting. I'll put that on my list. Hadn't thought of it.

[@ayanabhabhattacharya2407]

I sometimes, can't help but wonder how much we still don't know

[@EzequielBaltazar]

For sure is more than what we know.

[@dennistucker1153]

When I learn and observe more, my world becomes larger. Seems like the more I know, the more I realize that there is so much that I don't know. Sounds weird but it's true.

[@ayanabhabhattacharya2407]

@@dennistucker1153 Exactly my point

[@EzequielBaltazar]

consciousness is like a bubble, the larger it gets it's surface to the unknown expands.

[@johannesh7610]

@@EzequielBaltazar That's clever :)

[@idimitrov7]

Thank you very much! I’ve grasped these concepts for my first time and the video was so inspiring!

[@OmegaThirty]

This is actually the best educational channel on youtube I've seen so far. Big ups.

[@gaeb-hd4lf]

One of the most deserved likes ive given in my life

[@varunvaijnath1262]

If mesons are the particles that bind protons and neutrons then there is something pulling quarks to create mesons right?sry if this is a stupid question...

[@ArvinAsh]

The residual color charge-to-color charge interactions between protons and neutrons creates virtual mesons that mediate the attraction between them at very close range.

[@StevenRud]

After watching this video, I once again realized why I subscribed to this channel already a while ago: it’s just AWESOME!!!! You simply know how to explain extraordinary complex theories in a very understandable manner, I love how you produce your videos, absolutely brilliant, superb narration, sound and visual editing on top level, it never gets boring, I was just mesmerized about the way you explained it all. I have read quite a few books on the subject, mainly written for an audience (like myself), without any higher degree or so. But certain terms and explanations were very familiar to me. Of course, I also have to point out, that even after reading all the books on this subject, it would be naive of me to say that I safely understand the subject in every aspect and detail. A great deal still remains abstract and almost incomprehensible after reading. But in contrast, this fantastic video contributed a HUGE amount to better understand certain key elements or processes. I finally could combine what I had already read (but not fully understood well enough) with your brilliant explanations and so a few things finally made “click” in my mind!!!! I’m so grateful for ever single “mind-click”.... I’m thrilled to bits and realise, that this was a good day.... thank you so much for uploading this great video!!!! Best wishes for you all! Stay healthy and positive!!! Cheers, Steven

[@ArvinAsh]

Thank you for the kind words. I appreciate it. Glad you found it helpful.

[@fjs1111]

Outstanding Arvin! What great breakdowns and analogies you have.

[@David65702]

I lost you shortly after the intro lol but I watched it all the way through hoping I will absorb some of it, thanks for the explanation.

[@ArvinAsh]

This one packs a lot of info. I would expect most people to have to view it at least twice to understand it.

[@jimjim3979]

@@ArvinAsh I have multiple times lauded your ability to wield such intricate topics so adeptly and I will do it again. I think that the current physics we have are inextricably interwined with the Uncertainty principle and I think we first have to understand this principle to then transition to the rest of the content quantum theory encloses . But to profoundly understand the principle you need to first now maths ( Lorentz Transforms ) . Could you do such a video in the future?

[@nuclearshorts1243]

7:14 Distance = CAT

[@TomTom-rh5gk]

Thank you. I have wondered about this for years. You are the best.

[@luizucchetto2528]

Just discovered this channel and I am blown away by how good it is. The explanations are excellent and can be followed by anyone that takes the time to watch them. I am a retired Physics teacher and I sure wish I had access to these for my lessons on Quantum electrodynamics. My students would have loved them! Thank you for the superb content!

[@ArvinAsh]

Thank you. Means a lot coming from a physics teacher.

[@MrOdsplut]

The question in the title is basically the whole of physics

[@constpegasus]

You answered a lot of questions I had about QCD. Thank you sir.

[@neel2137]

excellent... love the fact that you use multiple different analogy to explain a theory.. great way to be able to visualize without forming inaccurate bias which I find to be a very common problem all of scientific education

[@muhammadhashimbinquraish7802]

4 fundamentals forces of nature:- There is an imposter among us

[@sdadeveloper5223]

It's gravity

[@rayrowley4013]

This is just a video of me explaining D&D to new players.

[@petersall1055]

XD

[@orlandopammit6216]

Very novel Concepts and EXPLANATIONS of causes and effects in Modern Physics. Tnx for Sharing.

[@gearhead1302]

I love your videos on quantum mechanics they are my favorite. You're one of the best on you tube Arvin.

[@navegct8457]

Meow.

[@ArvinAsh]

Meow, Meow...didn't know I had feline fans. Thanks!

[@bookaltd]

@@ArvinAsh lol

[@navegct8457]

@Vihari Royal Yes. we are always here. Greetings to you, fellow cat person (i presume)

[@wenkoibital4779]

target is spotted.

[@dennistucker1153]

@@ahmeth.k.2566 Not so much in the other universe.

[@hero227]

Arvin, I've always loved your graphical examples of how complex mechanisms work. Creating visual interpretations really helps us to learn the concepts better. Thanks for you & your team, and keep up the great work!

[@ArvinAsh]

Thanks for that. We spent a lot of time on the graphics for this video. A picture is worth a thousand words, as they say,.

[@vincecox8376]

I have been studding the construction of the Pyramids. It blows my mind when you can see all the details of construction on the Petro cliffs. They used the "B" field of a magnet!!! what's so hard to understand?? If you take a large granite stone and vibrate the "B" field of a magnet into same, at the correct frequency, it will heat up and become soft as well. Easy to form and cut. What's the big deal it's written all over the stones IT'S ALL ABOUT THE "B" FIELD not the North and South poles. In the dark ages we got hooked on the least important part of magnetism North & South poles. We need to get our heads out of our A__. In 1958 I became a HAM operator Built and designed my own receivers and transmitters. We depend on the "B" field to transmit our AC current through the wire as well as any radio signals..FACT!!

[@GlynWilliams1950]

Very clear presentation. Thank you.

[@karllindberg]

Excellent process visualisations, more of this!

[@sunitapalissery258]

Thank you Arvin, what great explanation, love your channel

[@WooliteMammoth]

I think this is the first time an explanation of QCD finally struck a chord with me. It was awesome - very concise yet informative and clear.

[@ArvinAsh]

Glad it was helpful!

[@Josiah_Harder]

This is a beautiful video and answered questions I've had for a long time. I still don't fully understand how photons create electric charge but knowing it's through momentum transfer is a great start. I'll probably have to watch this a few more times and do more research to understand haha

[@Aelcyx]

I've always wondered how force carriers worked even since high school in the '90s! Now it finally makes sense. Thank you!

[@physicsphilosophy2492]

You taught something in a way that , sorry I can't explain. Bravo sir. Very easily understood that complicated and intriguing quantum story 👏👏👏👏👏👏👏👏

[@jpphoton]

What an excellent breakdown. Keep these videos coming!

[@KK-kg9hv]

Wow, after watching about 5 videos, this is the first one I get to understand a bit more about the color charge and forces

[@QuasistellarNymphomaniac]

First video of yours I watched. Enthusiastic presentation, good explanation on different levels of complexity and the first time that I'm considering to check out the sponsor of a youtube video. You convinced me, I'm subbed.

[@ArvinAsh]

Thanks. Welcome aboard!

[@buckanderson3520]

I feel a little less stupid hearing that nobody else really understands what a charge is. Here I thought it was just me who wasn't getting it. There's a big difference between knowing something exists and understanding it. The difference is that in knowing something you just repeat the words you have been told but when you understand it you can always find words of your own.

[@uanto]

You have the best science channel by FAR. Thanks very much.

[@michaeltuite5510]

Just discovered your channel - cant wait to show my son (10) these videos. He's obsessed with physics

[@ii-pw6dy]

Top notch. Great video. Thank you!

[@kjugirl]

never stop making videos. your passion and way of explaining enriches my life. thank you!!!

[@ArvinAsh]

Thanks. I appreciate that.

[@vivekanandkamath1638]

Lovely explanation Sir.Keep up the good work. God bless.

[@KeithCooper-Albuquerque]

So many comments have expressed what I want to say about how well you have explained these concepts so simply yet thoroughly! I echo what they have said here! Thanks for all you have done and will do! I look forward to humanity's search for the GUT and its answer with great eagerness!

[@ArvinAsh]

Glad it was helpful!

[@robertschlesinger1342]

Excellent video, as always. Very interesting, informative and worthwhile video.

[@cholan2100]

loved it, especially getting QCD simplified.

[@oliver_siegel]

Great explanation, thank you so much!!!

[@CallsignJoNay]

Truly one of the best science/physics channels on KZbin.

[@zundap100]

This is just getting better and better, thanks.