Why Is There Only One Species of Human?

Why Is There Only One Species of Human? - Robin May

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Күн бұрын

Check out Robin May discussing this lecture and your unanswered questions on our brand new podcast "Any Further Questions?' available on Apple and Spotify
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We are the only human species on the planet today. But for most of our history we have not been alone.
Fossil and genetic evidence has revealed a diverse and fascinating set of human-like species, from Neanderthals to Denisovans, to Homo Floresiensis (The Hobbit) and more.
We’ll meet many of them in this lecture, investigate why they died out and reveal why some of them are much closer relatives than you might think.
This lecture was recorded by Robin May on 10th January 2024 at Barnard's Inn Hall, London
Robin is Gresham Professor of Physic.
He is also Chief Scientific Adviser at the Food Standards Agency (FSA) and Professor of Infectious Disease at the University of Birmingham.
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The transcript and downloadable versions of the lecture are available from the Gresham College website:
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@GreshamCollege 2 ай бұрын

Robin May appeared on the latest episode of our podcast 'Any Further Questions?' to answer all the questions we didn't have time to get to. Listen on Spotify and Apple now!

@robinwolstenholme6377 2 ай бұрын

you forgot the anunnaki dna influence 8 percent of human dna is ALIEN The human genome contains billions of pieces of information and around 22,000 genes, but not all of it is, strictly speaking, human. Eight percent of our DNA consists of remnants of ancient viruses, and another 40 percent is made up of repetitive strings of genetic letters that is also thought to have a viral origin.

@Invisibility397 2 ай бұрын

Because the Women (Egalitarians') Forced 60% of Male genetic diversity in humanity over history of the species not reproduce. 3 factors separate the ability to reproduce. Genius level Intelligence, Status in Community, & Lack of Wealth.

@knuthamsun6106 2 ай бұрын

only one species of human? Tell that to anybody who's grown up with a life "enriched" by an abundance of subsaharan africans

@THEUNFOLDING- 2 ай бұрын

humans themselves are a race. the species is called Lyrian.

@mjbfortrump8269 2 ай бұрын

Answer this: If evolution is how humans were created, then why is there such a large gap between the "human" intelligence and "animal" intelligence. WHERE are the other super intelligent creatures on Earth that man evolved from or evolved with? Looking at evolution as a column of beings from the simplest to the most intelligent, there is a thick "band" of creatures at or near the bottom of the column that fill every niche of this planet, most with dozens of varieties. Then there is a semi-intelligent GAP in the column with NO creatures AT ALL, then there is only ONE human being creature at the top of the column filling the higher intelligence band. This does not fit the Theory of Evolution! There should be many creatures filling the semi-intelligent band and several filling the higher band. I have a dozen other questions that PROVE that EVOLUTION is a THEORY only and NOT FACT, and it should be TAUGHT as such! We are SEPERATE from every other SPECIES on the planet, that does NOT fit the Theory!

@oldtimer7635 2 ай бұрын

What I really love in these science based presentations is that they always say..."maybe", "perhaps", "based on current knowledge".......and so on, unlike some others who claim to know everything, here and now. You know what I mean. ; )

@briankelly1240 2 ай бұрын

Maybe. With my current knowledge then perhaps.

@oldtimer7635 2 ай бұрын

@@briankelly1240 The point is.....OUR (science community) knowledge, not mine.

@shawnwales696 2 ай бұрын

Have to agree there, science is about learning more and changes according to the best evidence. If new information arises, hypotheses and theories may change.

@payla8308 2 ай бұрын

Okay Old Timer, let me tell you about the scientific process. First, you observe a thing, then study the thing, create a hypothesis about the thing, create an experiment for the thing, observe the thing again and again. Then after doing this dozens of hundreds of times, a new way to measure or extract data, and you have to repeat the processes in multiple ways across several scientific communities. Then those brain people meet up and concur on a general consensus on the topic until new data is available. So on, and so on. Forever.

@machinebeard1639 2 ай бұрын

Just plausible deniability. The reality is: At least four distinct species of human evolved in Europe. That means, African and European humans are different species.

@sas534 26 күн бұрын

I have ‘watched’ this video but realised it was one of those i played right before sleep. … but the title is actually interesting. So i will watch again, this time for real

@sabirrugunate1286 Күн бұрын

Zzzzzzzz

@ericlipps9459 Ай бұрын

Dogs and wolves have traditionally been considered separate species, but Alaskan huskies have been successfully interbred with wolves by native Alaskans for thousands of years.

@freeheeler09 Ай бұрын

Dogs are Canis lupus familiaris, domesticated wolves.

@jorriffhdhtrsegg Ай бұрын

different sub-species not species

@malachycarson5846 Ай бұрын

Wolf's are dogs.

@DanielMWJ Ай бұрын

@@malachycarson5846Other way 'round.

@barryobrien1890 29 күн бұрын

There are horse/zebra/donkey, bears, dolphins and cats that breed across species. The success rate falls off over time but it's not a sudden cutoff as soon as a species diverges

@kekeke8988 2 ай бұрын

Fst is as high as .46 between Mbuti and New Guineans which is staggering considering the distinction between two different species like Coyotes and Red Wolves is only .08- .1. It seems a lot of animal 'species' should actually be reclassified as belonging to the same species if we use the same universal standard for judgment. Edit: In fact, after doing some more research, domestic cattle (bos taurus) and buffalo (bison bison) are even more closely genetically related (Fst of at most .368) than those two human groups, even though they aren't even classified as the same genus let alone the same species. Something seems to be screwy with our classification system.

@jessethomas9676 2 ай бұрын

Or different humans classified as different species

@zir3ael811 2 ай бұрын

No, the second criteria was to be able to produce viable young. Can Coyotes and red wolves do that?

@lacky9320 2 ай бұрын

@@zir3ael811of course they can. Lots of coyote Wolf hybrids.

@MrBoboiscool 2 ай бұрын

Can the cayote wolf hybrids then breed, is the point, if they can produce offspring that is verile, then same species, if the offspring is infertile, then differnt species@@lacky9320

@threatened2024 2 ай бұрын

@@zir3ael811 an alternative would be donkeys and horses producing mules - overwhelmingly infertile unless paired with another horse or donkey

@hihellokitty85 2 ай бұрын

We ate the competition.

@lucdelhaize4029 Ай бұрын

I originally thought you meant hate the opposition but lol ate is very true!

@luissemedo3597 Ай бұрын

*We f-ed the competition. Both figuratively and VERY literally

@blackrose8643 Ай бұрын

😂😂😂😂

@peterhoulihan9766 Ай бұрын

*we refused to recognise human speciation because it's politically incorrect

@cybat1078 Ай бұрын

Ok Dr. Ford.

@RAGEAlanBun 2 ай бұрын

I do have a question about the categorisation of species. You noted that there are different species of butterflies that look very similar but are different species. Is that based on your definition of the same species reproducing together? The reason I ask is, do we know that these different species of butterfly can’t reproduce, or is it that they won’t reproduce, which I think are very different things. If they choose not to reproduce with each other but in actual fact could technically reproduce, would they then be the same species? I suppose it’s also very hard to tell because I’m assuming you can’t force two butterflies to reproduce with each other.

@jobamba8777 2 ай бұрын

I’m assuming that due to them being classified as different species, I would assume that they are too genetically different to successfully reproduce even if they tried. And yes, if they could reproduce and yield genetically viable offspring (which are able to reproduce successfully) then they would be the same species. However it is also possible for the same species to begin to seperate through a change in mating behaviour. The key definition of a species diverging from the original group is when it is no longer capable of producing viable offspring which can successfully have children of their own. I am sorry if I worded this incoherently/ poorly. Hope this helps

@NottKira 2 ай бұрын

It’s not up to them most of the time whether they want to reproduce or not. There’s pre and post zygotic isolations that get in the way. Habitat, Behavior, Temporal, ect

@dans9463 2 ай бұрын

Flutterby is a more accurate description than the margarinized butterfly.

@mrburton8842 2 ай бұрын

Butterflies capable but unwilling to reproduce become a separate specices. I am separate species to most women I've met. Makes sense actually.

@esteban4284 2 ай бұрын

You should know that when you take your first college biology course you will learn about speciation. Speciation is an ambiguous and very broad subject in biology; you can classify species morphologically, phylogenically; biologically, etc. When it comes to humans all of these definitions are not very useful to us, there’s simply not enough differences between humans enough for a human sub-species to exist

@dalestaley5637 Ай бұрын

In my lifetime, there's been sp much advancement of knowledge on the evolution of our and other species. It's so humbling when someone finds a very distant "ancestor." We're always surprised, too. I find it delightful. Thank you for this great lecture. I love going to class. ❤

@theicyridge Ай бұрын

I love how he's so clear and humble at the same time.

@sygad1 3 ай бұрын

thoroughly enjoyed that, thanks

@davidwillis5016 2 ай бұрын

Very interesting and thorough, Thank you very much.

@k9thundra 2 ай бұрын

I believe we are a hybrid. A hybrid made up of at least 8 other human speices. Some people have more or less dna of a speices than others which is why we have differnt colors and features.

@barryobrien1890 29 күн бұрын

Color is a gene modification as is immunity to certain diseases, height, eye color, finger length, weight etc etc. no 2 people except identical twins have the same genes. You are a hybrid of your siblings as they will get a different set of genes from your parents. You may have different skin tone, hair color size weight, balding etc. genes are complex and show a steady drift between people. It's arbitrary where the species line is drawn

@JohnnyWishbone85 2 ай бұрын

35:14 -- I think science is overlooking one potential reason why the Lion Man was created: Because it's really **cool.** Think about it. Imagine a twelve year-old boy living with his people on the grasslands of East Africa. "Bro, what if I had the head... of a **LION.** That would be so cool!"

@AlvaInTheWorld 3 ай бұрын

This is very interesting! Thanks for a great lecture, really fascinating!

@doodlePimp 3 ай бұрын

"The genetic difference between two very different humans is the same as the genetic difference between bonobos and chimpanzees. 0.4%" So if it wasn't for the requirement of 'species' to be able to interbreed we would be different species of humans today. Edit: Then again. Neanderthals were a different species but ancient humans interbred with them. It is all a little vague.

@marshallscot 2 ай бұрын

It's just a political definition. Chimps and bonobos are fully capable of interbreeding, but geographic barriers are significant enough to produce two distinct genetic groups. By that same standard, Africans in the Congo and the Inuit of Alaska (we assume) can successfully interbreed but are clearly separate enough geographically and genetically to be considered different subspecies. Simply put, for any animal species other than modern human, scientists just want the accolades that come with discovering a new species. Discovering a new species within modern humans however would be career suicide.

@wecx2375 2 ай бұрын

You have to be able to breed successfully and in restricted/exclusive group. Neanderthals didn't.

@doodlePimp 2 ай бұрын

Neanderthals were a separate species which successfully created hybrids that could interbreed with humans so I'm not sure what the issue is. Are you saying they had to create their own restricted/exclusive society of hybrids first before getting it on with humans? The definition of 'species' is purely biological so that's the only kind of grouping I'm interested in.@@wecx2375

@AlexLR 2 ай бұрын

Humans want to put everything in nice neat, well defined boxes in an attempt to understand things but in terms of evolutionary biology the edges are blurred and overlap. You can't pinpoint the exact generation that one becomes another.

@stevet4573 2 ай бұрын

Different plant and animal species of the same genus interbreed with fertile hybrid offspring. The claim that infertile offspring defines a distinct species is rubbish, and curiously that "rule" seems to only apply to humans. The distinction is logically inconsistent.

@Stadsjaap 2 ай бұрын

It seems to me the human capacity for intentional travel has had the consequence of halting speciation which was already underway 100,000 years ago. I would guess if, as a thought experiment, geologically separate populations of humans were left to themselves on separate continents for another million years, some of those populations would not be regarded as recognizably human by the end of this epoch.

@christinaandre6286 18 күн бұрын

This was awesome. I love this format. Very informative and kept my attention. More like this please

@japprivera3129 3 ай бұрын

Pretty cool info. Thanks for the lesson

@RustedZeus 2 ай бұрын

during the segment about sister species I'm wondering why if bonobos and chimps are considered different species then why wouldn't humans with the same genetic difference of 0.4% also be considered different species?

@threeriversforge1997 2 ай бұрын

It's politics, not science. The same rule doesn't apply to any other life on the planet. Just look at the wildly different morphology between the bonobos and chimps and you can see they're different species. But compare a Finn or Swede to a pygmy in the Congo and everyone says they're identical. In Australia, the scientists tell us how all the species were so isolated for so long that they drifted apart from their nearest cousins. Everything, except the humans who spent eons there cut off from the rest of the world. The aborigines in Australia are the exact same species as the eskimos in Alaska and the uncontacted tribes in the Amazon rainforest and the herders in Tibet. How that happened.... is a mystery, but we're sure it happened.

@deathsheadknight2137 2 ай бұрын

it's funny how they are only desperate to push this kind of neo-marxist dogma in predominantly European societies. almost as though they are the only ones not allowed to form in-group identity preferences.

@theastrogoth8624 2 ай бұрын

Because it’s not politically correct. But the fact is that either Chimps and Bonobos are the same species, or races of Humans aren’t.

@abumohandes4487 2 ай бұрын

Easy. Can you mate and produce fertile offspring? If yes, you are the same species.

@alphariusomegon4819 2 ай бұрын

@@theastrogoth8624 No, because that .1 - .4% difference in DNA occurs across all humans, regardless of population groups, so two Europeans could have a .4% difference, and a European and an African could have a .1% difference. It’s based on individual DNA, not groups of people.

@curtisshaw5965 2 ай бұрын

Very articulate, well spoken. An Absolutely outstanding communicator.

@SpiritualPsychotherapyServices 2 ай бұрын

Are you ABSOLUTELY certain of that? 🤨

@dinnerwithfranklin2451 2 ай бұрын

Very interesting lecture. Thank you.

@Planeet-Long 3 ай бұрын

45:55 Dogs (canis lupus familiaris) aren't "a single species", they are a sub-species of Gray Wolves (canis lupus lupus), they aren't genetically distinct enough to be their own species. The difference between a "dog" and a "wolf" is also purely semantic.

@ericlipps9459 3 ай бұрын

Dogs have been "demoted" from a separate species to a subspecies of _Canis lupus_ only fairly recently. And an observer from another planet would have a hard time recognizing a chihuahua and a Great Dane as belonging to the same species.

@Ant0nSunrise 3 ай бұрын

And yet you can clearly distinct a chihuahua from a wolf. A lot of philogenical classification has been done in Darwin's and Linney's times way before we learned about the DNA, a lot of currently distinct species probably do not bare any significant genetical difference and should be considered one with local sub species, it just so happens that noone has yet tested and catalogued them.

@cro-magnoncarol4017 3 ай бұрын

@@ericlipps9459 To be fair, Chihuahuas and Great Danes are VERY artificially-bred breeds. If you compare a Street Dog/Mix-bred (Which make up most of the worlds dog population) skull to a Grey Wolf it's only slightly smaller with more neotenous features.

@you2tooyou2too 2 ай бұрын

Race is poorly defined, but breeds & 'sub-species' are often very carefully defined. I suspect it has something to do with ego, inbreeding, and immunology.

@carlosandleon 2 ай бұрын

@@ericlipps9459Aliens wouldn’t consider Peter Dinklage as our species at first glance neither.

@billskelley6895 3 ай бұрын

"Why is there only one species of Human?" 1min 45 secs into the video..."We don't really know why." Thanks for not waiting until the end of the video to say that.

@hypsyzygy506 3 ай бұрын

We are the only human species because we never totally isolated ourselves into reproductively incompatible groups.

@mosampson8862 3 ай бұрын

Because it's a lie. There are obviously multiple species of humans, but that would be wacist if you said that.

@world_musician 3 ай бұрын

@@mosampson8862 which two humans cant successfully reproduce?

@freddyt55555 3 ай бұрын

@@mosampson8862 You don't know what species means.

@fuselpeter5393 3 ай бұрын

@@freddyt55555 "You don't know what species means." Maybe mosampson is the last one of his species. xD

@GagnierA 2 ай бұрын

As alluded to, defining a species is a complex task in biology and there are several factors that scientists consider when doing so. He mentioned some, but for those who might be interested (maybe you're watching this video to research for a paper or something) more such factors include, but surely aren't limited to: Morphological Characteristics: Physical traits such as size, shape, coloration, and other observable features. This traditional method of species identification relies on visual cues. Genetic Variation: Examination of genetic differences between individuals within a population or group. DNA analysis, particularly through techniques like DNA sequencing, can reveal genetic diversity and help distinguish between species. Reproductive Isolation: Species are often defined as groups of organisms that can interbreed and produce fertile offspring within their own group but cannot do so with individuals from other groups. This concept is known as the Biological Species Concept. Ecological Niche: The role an organism plays within its ecosystem, including its habitat, behavior, and interactions with other species. Species may occupy distinct ecological niches, which can contribute to their differentiation. Evolutionary History: Consideration of the evolutionary relationships between organisms, including their ancestry and the divergence of traits over time. This is often studied through methods like phylogenetics and cladistics. Geographic Distribution: The geographic range in which a species is found. Populations of the same species are often connected by a continuous distribution, although geographic barriers can lead to isolation and speciation. Behavioral Characteristics: Behavioral traits such as mating rituals, communication methods, and social structure can also play a role in defining species boundaries, especially in organisms where these behaviors are highly specific. Hybridization: Instances where individuals from different species interbreed and produce viable offspring can complicate species boundaries, especially in cases of recent divergence or ongoing gene flow. To conclude, these factors are often considered together and different species concepts may prioritize certain factors over others depending on the organisms being studied and the goals of the research. Additionally, the definition of a species is not always clear-cut and can vary depending on the context and the specific organisms involved.

@GagnierA 2 ай бұрын

@@worldsend69 It didn't come directly from a website, it's just some of the most common sense factors that are considered. There are definitely more though. It's funny to think that something seemingly so simple could get so complex in reality, but when you sit to think about it, lots of thought actually is required.

@benfubbs2432 2 ай бұрын

Many of those things indicate we are a different species, more than not.

@GagnierA 2 ай бұрын

@@benfubbs2432 Well, yeah, obviously lol humans are definitely a different species from others. Not sure what you think you've discovered to say such a thing, but great! hahaha :)

@benfubbs2432 2 ай бұрын

@@GagnierA Those things you list would indicate some groups of humans are a different species to other groups of humans which contradicts the premise of the video. I'm not saying I made a discovery I am saying that your definition doesn't align with the premise of the video. Perhaps you could reconcile this?

@GagnierA 2 ай бұрын

@@benfubbs2432 It's easy enough to reconcile by saying what I've already said in the closing statement (since I took the more formal route in case serious readers stumbled upon it)...and that is, it's an incomplete list. However, it can be debated that the different races of humans could be considered sub-species scientifically speaking. Much like there are different breeds of dogs and cats (and other animals/creatures), which are sub-species of those classifications in some cases, we aren't going to call different human types "breeds" or "pedigrees", or even "sub-classes" -- race is a polite term reserved for humans in replacement of that to be politically correct and compassionate. Even though we're all the same physiologically (while acknowledging injuries, accidents, surgical modifications or genetic abnormalities), things like skin color, hair color, environmental temperature tolerance/comfort, cultural differences, size variation and many other factors could all be considered points of classification. Instead, since we're human and politically correct in the words we use to describe each other, we call that demographics instead.

@brendathompson473 2 ай бұрын

Wonderful presentation!!! I love this!!!! We have some interesting information on behavioral patterns of our extinct sister species. I wonder if we could look at if there is a relationship between some aspects of human diversity and our genetic heritage from those sister species? Such as do some neurodivergent people, like ASD people such as myself, have perhaps a higher percentage or a certain marker from our Neanderthal ancestors? I thinking this could be an interesting study for any relationship. I suspect, that we will find some interesting beneficial genes from our sister species that actually jumpstated cultural development and it is going to relate back to neurodivergent traits.

@BonanzaRoad 3 ай бұрын

Thanks for a very interesting and informative lecture!

@colingibson7324 3 ай бұрын

I understand the question(s): why are the Denisovans, Neanderthals and Floriensians extinct? But, I don’t understand your more general question. “There is one species of humans” seems to be a tautology. Chimpanzees are like humans but are not human. Chinese, Europeans and Africans are different from one another but are all human. How could the situation be different? Could there be a species with human attributes (which?), with whom we could not interbreed? Although, the connection between “species” and the ability to interbreed is troublesome, since we could breed with Neanderthals and the others mentioned.

@concettapalamaru401 3 ай бұрын

Thanks for the your lecture Informative 😊

@globalcoupledances 3 ай бұрын

Only daughters of Neanderthal father and Sapiens mother survived, possible by genetic incompatibility. Chimpanzee with Human have chromosomal problem

@theophany150 3 ай бұрын

I think the main difference is that we cannot interbreed with chimpanzees or any other species, except those who are already within our DNA such as Denisovans and Neanderthals. Since we absorbed their entire gene pool ages ago, there is no one left to breed with but others of our own species.

@xiyangyang1974 3 ай бұрын

Read the full definition of species, please. It is not only the ability to interbreed, it is also the condition that they really do reproduce over a longer time. I assume when you look at this from a mathematical or evolutionary point of view, the main condition is that you have a certain stability over time.

@theophany150 3 ай бұрын

@@xiyangyang1974 By "stability" I assume you mean insular integrity of the gene pool? THAT is why we don't see these separate types of human today, isn't it?

@stephenbarney6776 Ай бұрын

Brilliant Lecture watched the whole thing absolutely engrossed

@dianthaweilepp5294 2 ай бұрын

I like the disease theory of the disappearance of the Neaderthals. Plus Shipman's theory of dog domestication and efficient hunting by H. sapiens putting economic pressure on the H. s. Neanderthal

@glentoll3696 3 ай бұрын

I would be interested in how the four blood types fit in with the evolution and the migration. The blood type AB is said to be started as less than 1000 yrs ago. Thanks..

@SmartRob 2 ай бұрын

There’s a book published called “Eat Right for Your Blood Type” which has a theory of blood type migration, backed by data. Because of this book I believe humans are like butterflies. There are distinct differences between blood types, however, those differences are barely noticed until you understand the markers.

@BarbaraBurton-zs7tn 2 ай бұрын

I have a friend who has that book when published and followed it rigidly at first. I need to ask him how he turned out as to his general health or not after all. I didn't like it as much as myself. wasn't that fond of the diet it felt like I should be eating.

@Vintage-Bob 2 ай бұрын

@@SmartRob That book has been thoroughly debunked.

@AlintraxAika 2 ай бұрын

It makes no sense to change diet according to blood type, people can have different blood types and highly similar genetics overall (i.e. brothers)

@SmartRob 2 ай бұрын

@@AlintraxAika you are correct, however blood type is a differentiation which is at the metabolic level.

@user-sc9pv9wp4v 3 ай бұрын

Interesting lecture, thank you : )

@truncatecar3429 2 ай бұрын

If species is defined by the ability to have viable offspring and modern humans have Neanderthal DNA, then wouldn’t that make Neanderthals the same species as humans?

@dataphoenix8004 2 ай бұрын

yea they dont even check their own logic. If a horse and a donkey have an offspring(mule) that mule can't reproduce because the horse and donkey are different species but same group Equidae. So human and neanderthals arent different because we are still here, we were able to reproduce. Neanderthals might just be mutant humans.

@redstarchrille 2 ай бұрын

No kid... we have parts of Neanderthal DNA and other sapiens...

@dataphoenix8004 2 ай бұрын

@@redstarchrille go back to school and learn real science

@bartholomewbaltech5622 6 күн бұрын

Yes. They are the same species.

@sophiecadbury6813 2 күн бұрын

if you skip to 44.31 he speaks about this

@SMMore-bf4yi 2 ай бұрын

My friend suggested, coming down from trees, changing conditions, reaching up the thumb eventually fully stretched away from index finger, complete flexibility of hands, sounds reasonable, “ our destiny all in our hands “

@bernard2735 3 ай бұрын

Thank you for a very interesting lecture, though I have a question about the definition of species. You define a species as a group of individuals that can reproduce successfully together. I understand that enough H. sapiens and H. neanderthalensis interbred that many of us carry some of their genetic material. Does that mean that the definition is incorrect or is H. neanderthalensis better characterised as H. sapiens neanderthalensis? Note, I am not a zoologist so forgive any glaring misunderstanding 😊

@ListenToMcMuck 3 ай бұрын

At the same time, how sensible is it to assume that Neanderthals a) are extinct, that b) approximately 2% of the genes within a subset of the human gene pool can be traced directly back to them [Sorry, my misunderstanding: The 2% do not refer to the gene pool but are the average amount of genes within individuals of the subset] and c) at the same time describe them as separate species? I think that it is necessary to avoid the "species" category in order to meaningfully deal with the evolutionary development of different traits. The fact that we associate the term "Neanderthal" with the idea of a person whose characteristics no longer appear today is because some of these characteristics no longer occur. But others can still be observed in people living today... It would therefore make sense not to assume that the Neanderthal species is extinct, but rather that some characteristics that led to them being categorized as Neanderthals are no longer inherited today.

@jrellis11 3 ай бұрын

I agree, @bernard2735. Using Mayr's biol9gucal species definition, it seems more logical to regard Sapiens, Neanderthals, and Denisovans as a single species.

@pinchebruha405 3 ай бұрын

@@jrellis11so a dog a wolf and a coyote are the same species but they aren’t the same so why do humans feel the need to pretend we have no differences that make us behave so differently?

@ansfridaeyowulfsdottir8095 3 ай бұрын

@@SuperWiz666 *_"Both Neanderthals and Denisovans still exist."_* Absolute poppycock. {:o:O:}

@bernard2735 3 ай бұрын

@@pcatful thank you - that’s very helpful.

@susanjane4784 3 ай бұрын

Whenever one of these lectures posts, I get a big grin on my face and figure out how to carve some time for great presentations and education. Can't wait for the next one!

@reasonerenlightened2456 3 ай бұрын

Based on this video I am 100% certain I am not human because I have been unable to find any human that wants to procreate with me. They ask me occasionally, "Why are you like that?" ..but I have no clue what they mean... I'm definitely not a human if I can not secure mating partners for creation of offspring.

@timgibson3754 3 ай бұрын

Watch Star Trek

@scottnelson9 3 ай бұрын

@@reasonerenlightened2456Why are you pretending breeding is the only goal of a species. If it were, homosexuality wouldn’t exist. It was more important before we were the dominant species, but with over eight billion people on the planet, it’s much more likely evolution has created more forms of natural birth control.

@helencheung2537 3 ай бұрын

The natives of Tierra del Fuego were probably thinking the same about Darwin.

@mjbfortrump8269 2 ай бұрын

@Stellarcrete 13 күн бұрын

When he says "we know from dating", he isn't talking about pre-diluvian Tinder.

@thomasmaughan4798 9 күн бұрын

LOL. I see what you did there ;-)

@blackhawk7r221 2 ай бұрын

Odd that as broad as the human species is, a scientist can get a ladybug with an extra dot it’s own species.

@screee5783 7 күн бұрын

It's because these relationships are often resolved genetically, not morphologically. Morphology complements genetics, but can be misleading alone.

@chrisrourke8404 2 ай бұрын

Great lecture. One thing confuses me though. Early on we choose a definition of species to use. One of the parts of that definition is no successful cross breeding. Yet later we discuss all the interbreeding between the sapiens, neanderthal, and denisovians. Am I missing something or does the second half of the lecture betray the choice of “best” definition of species?

@barkmaker 2 ай бұрын

Nice to see someone was paying attention.

@saleelsalam2740 2 ай бұрын

This is answered in the ‘Rethinking Species’ segment

@deathsheadknight2137 2 ай бұрын

it's post-hoc justification

@chrisrourke8404 2 ай бұрын

@@saleelsalam2740 Thanks. I will rewatch because I missed that completely.

@HypnoticHarmonys 2 ай бұрын

You'll never get a straight answer from academics about the inconsistency between species definitions when applied to every other animal besides humans, for fear of mentioning the elephant in the room and getting canceled. It's all very vague and "safe" so they can keep their job and continue getting funding. We need more mature and brave academics who are able to explore the differences between human races without casting value judgments on the findings. Mature and brave, not "safe" and milquetoast lecturers playing with semantics and mental gymnastics to avoid the obvious.

@jrellis11 3 ай бұрын

I echo comments below by @bernard 2735. By the lecturer's own use of Mayr's biological species theory with his assumption that Sapiens successfully and often interbred with Neanderthals and Denisovans, it seems most logical to regard all three as members of a single species.

@jirivegner3711 3 ай бұрын

A formation of a species is a long process and how much distinct two species are is a spectrum. In the early stages, interbreeding is still possible but increasingly uncommon and less and less likely to produce fertile offsprings. Later it moves to a theoretically possible and finally ends with actually impossible. Sometimes people talk about a much larger species with a lot of different subspecies within them. One interesting example of this are birds living around arctic circle, with populations capable of interbreeding with neighbouring populations but not with ones on the other side of this circle.

@reasonerenlightened2456 3 ай бұрын

@straighttalking2090 3 ай бұрын

@@jirivegner3711 Spectrum?.. bit of a loose-cannon word outside of the electromagnetic spectrum.

@radRadiolarian 3 ай бұрын

@@straighttalking2090 they're literally just saying that the closer two species are to their branching point, the more likely interbreeding is successful. I don't even want to know what you're insinuating here.

@jasonwithey 3 ай бұрын

sub species e.g wolf and dog or different species human and chimp or wolf and fox

@markshields9284 Ай бұрын

How does one distinguish an interbred human (sapiens x denisovan, or sapiens x neanderthalensis) from a human from an intermediate evolutionary branch???

@onionknight2239 Ай бұрын

What a great presentation 👍

@bearlemley 3 ай бұрын

It would interesting to get a DNA sample from an individual from North Sentinel Island to how development has varied compared to the rest of us if at all

@SenorTucano 3 ай бұрын

That might be very hazardous ⚠️ 😅

@christopheur9758 3 ай бұрын

Maybe, but I would suggest the aboriginal of Australia, They ve been isolated for over 50 thousands years.

@Grunttamer 3 ай бұрын

I would honestly be more interested in the sleep cycle of the people than their dna.

@ecognitio9605 3 ай бұрын

You'd get a genetic result similar to Australian aboriginals, they used to be the main inhabitants of the Indonesian archipeligo, Australia, the Philippines and Taiwan. Before the southward migration of Asians.

@Johnboy33545 3 ай бұрын

Is is interesting enough to risk your life?

@justinthorne3588 2 ай бұрын

i really love the fact that these species were interbreeding so much. like, yes, we're different, but not that different. and thanks to that interbreeding, their dna has survived to today

@FSboy70 2 ай бұрын

Not that different? Living under a rock I presume?

@alexanderjackson7815 2 ай бұрын

@@FSboy70similar he means

@FSboy70 2 ай бұрын

@@alexanderjackson7815 Similar in which way? What are you measuring, what are your standards and what are the tolerances on these metrics you have used to reach your conclusions.

@robertbluestein7800 Ай бұрын

I have a question for Dr. May. I am a Historian with a huge interest in Anthropology and Genetics. Your lecture is excellent! I wonder - what research is being done that might shed light on *when* Sapiens began to appear different from their other relatives? We have a bit of a basis for wondering of course - given that we can see the changes in horses over time as well and more recently, the domestic dog. Yes, I know this is selective, but have a look at films of London and NYC at the turn of the century and keep a keen eye on the dogs in the footage. You can see how we have brought about a rapid change in them , and I think that in a natural way, it must have clearly happened when we began to *realize* that we were different. I wonder if you have thoughts on what that might have looked like and when?

@harrisonandrew Ай бұрын

I absolutely LOVED that lecture. The subject is fascinating and Robin May is a really engaging presenter. I would definitely like to hear more from him. Loved it.

@austinmackell9286 2 ай бұрын

But if they were interbreeding, doesn't that mean we aren't distinct species?

@redstarchrille 2 ай бұрын

It takes more then one gene from a parent to form a child...

@hughoxford8735 3 ай бұрын

If we found a gracile skeleton of a person from Thailand, and the robust skeleton of an Australian Aboriginal would we conclude they were the same species? How can we be a different species from Neanderthals if we share a common ancestor and had fertile children? It strikes me that this is more of a political question than a scientific one.

@theastrogoth8624 2 ай бұрын

Exactly. There are plenty of species in nature that produce fertile offspring and are considered “different” species.

@hwgray 2 ай бұрын

@@theastrogoth8624: Name some.

@helixdq 2 ай бұрын

Yeah, if we were intellectually honest we'd recognize at least human subspecies. In particular, african pygmy hunter gatherers clearly meet all the criteria for a subspecies compared to the rest of humanity. There is absolutly no scientific reason why Chimps and Bonobos should be considered "species", but we should pretend to see no variations in modern humans, except /politics/.

@sciencefliestothemoon2305 2 ай бұрын

What you describe are variations within the same frame. And these can be used to identify the origin of a skull for example, but does not change the species.

@hughoxford8735 2 ай бұрын

Baboons. All baboon species can interbreed and produce fertile offspring. @@hwgray

@Dionaea_floridensis 2 күн бұрын

Lectures like these are why i decided to become an evolutionary anthropologist ❤

@samsorrell1832 2 ай бұрын

"Race" may be a triggering word, but I think the question is really, why do we call Denisovians a different hominem than Homosapien, instead of simply a different "race" of them. It seems a pertinent question since the talk started by defining what a "biological species" is, and, according to that definition, Denisovians seem to the same species as Homosapiens.

@cybat1078 Ай бұрын

I think the mating partnership types result in some offspring being infertile. Thats why they are different species like Lions and Tigers can make Ligers that are sterile but can also make tigons if it is a male tiger and lioness.

@retropaganda8442 6 күн бұрын

@@cybat1078a low percentage of hybrids must have been able to reproduce again, otherwise, the modern human wouldn't have around 3% of the DNA of other species. I don't understand why biologists are so keen on saying races don't exist, still common sense can see them. They shouldn't be afraid to answer scientifically what a race really is.

@chrisconnor8086 2 ай бұрын

There used to be many hominids. The ice ages caused mass movement towards the tropics and sub tropics multiple times which caused the hominids to interbreed and reach what we consider anatomically modern humans

@marhawkman303 2 ай бұрын

Yeah. This is what I was thinking the whole time and something I felt he was intentionally ignoring. There USED TO be several distinctly subspecies of Humans... then they all mixed together and we only have one species now.

@jameswatson5807 2 ай бұрын

But this is not true the first modern humans are the san people, they have no genes other other hominids. it seems Europeans and east Asian were already the way they are now, when they mix with other hominids. mixing with other hominids did not change them in any way because the hominids population was very small compare to modern humans.

@Bunnidove Ай бұрын

Do you have sources? I'm interested

@jameswatson5807 Ай бұрын

@@Bunnidove what nonsense modern humans existed before the ice age, they wee in Africa but other hominids like neathandlal already existed. There is no physical evidenced of these being other, Europeans only have neathandlal genes.

@davidb2206 Ай бұрын

Unfortunately, that does not match the extensive DNA evidence that is known today.

@carlosipec2270 3 ай бұрын

Awesome lecture. Thank you for the upload. ;-)

@godfriedmontana2705 2 ай бұрын

Just a minute in but before I listen to the rest, the following. I thought a species was defined as the largest group of individuals which can interbreed in which case humans are a species by definition. Since you've watched the whole thing and are obviously impressed by it I'd be grateful if you would correct me if I'm wrong so I can decide whether to watch the rest (I'm short of time). Thanks.

@McP1mpin 2 ай бұрын

Traditionally, the distinction between species is supposed to be the ability to successfully breed as you laid out here, but you also mentioned that humans can be as different from one another genetically as bonobos and chimpanzees. This got me wondering and sure enough, bonobos and chimpanzees can successfully mate in captivity. In fact, the only thing keeping them from regularly mating in the wild is the fact that they are separated by an uncrossable (for them) river. But assuming the river dried up overnight, they would likely start mating and blend as species. So what is to say that humans aren't just a blend of separate species and that the most different humans genetically today may in fact be humans that are closest genetically to their respective species?

@4dojo 2 ай бұрын

Like he mentions early on, there isn't one single definition of "species" that everybody accepts. It is true that many animals from different species can mate and have offspring: Horses and donkeys, lions and tigers, polar bears and grizzlies, wolves and dogs, exc. But most of the time members of different species cannot mate. Additionally, humans are all anatomically and physiologically the same as each other. Even white people have just as many melanocytes as black people do, but genetics tell our melanocytes how much melanin to produce each day. If a black person's melanocytes malfunction, and this actually happens sometimes in medicine, that black person will turn white within a month. As a nurse I had to intensively study the human body in college, and it is the same across the ethnicities and we treat them the same in medicine. It's not like going to the vet where different animals have different protocols. It is true that different ethnicities have higher instances of various medical issues, but genetics are always variable. It's not enough to call any human a different species.

@Brianhahahaha 2 ай бұрын

I want to know his thoughts on populations in Antarctica. Who they were where they came from and where they traveled to and who they merged with later or does he think they went extinct.

@SivaranjanGoswami 2 ай бұрын

Very interesting and informative video. Thank you.

@theeddorian 3 ай бұрын

Arguably, there may be only "one species" of any species. It goes with the word. At the same time, biologists do recognize some subordinate levels of classification within a species, but they are commonly still considered one species. Designations such as subspecies, variant, and landrace all address recognizable variations within a particular population. The fact is that until a strange mix of racism and political correctness came along arguing that Neanderthals could not be H. sapiens, or that it was unfair not to regard Neanderthal as its own species, Neanderthal was often referred to as _H. sapiens neanderthalensis_, a subspecies of _H. sapiens_.

@hansmatos2504 2 ай бұрын

Imagine how epic it would have been if we all survived and made it, together, towards the stars, instead of alone, wondering if theres someone else out there.

@Valchrist1313 Ай бұрын

The stars are hundreds or thousands of light-years apart. It would take twice that to send an email back and forth, it's senders dead by the time the recipient got the message. Technology, language and the people themselves would have changed drastically in that period, even barring genetic engineering. The surest way to encounter strange unrecognizable aliens is to colonize space and wait a while, because the evolutionary pressures between different types planets and space habitats far exceed that between climates and regions on Earth.

@matthewknobel6954 2 ай бұрын

I would be curious of your thoughts of future human species when people get specialized for living on the moon and mars. Will our adaptation create separate species especially if radiation may play a dominate play in those that will live there.

@suprizeoptomist4680 3 ай бұрын

Currently, humans are respeciated. Several times throughout history, several groups have, through natural barriers and seplf imposed restriction, have expeciated. Prior to the period of european exploration, it was very common for entire civilizations to be cut off from the rest of the world for centuries. The ability to hybridize and for those hybrid species to continue producing ofspring is how respeciation has occoured. Humans are, after all, just animals, so if we are to define speciation by specific clasification criteria, those same criteria also apply to humans.

@mjbfortrump8269 2 ай бұрын

@johncranwell3783 2 ай бұрын

Thank you so much for this, I loved it from the very beginning to the very end and for once to get a much clearer overview of how things came to be maybe perhaps….. seriously, excellent

@shooterrick1 2 ай бұрын

Some (native american) people have started to claim that indigenous Americans are not actually the same species and that they originated in North America, and not in Africa like the rest of us. Could you do a video evaluating their claims?

@laus9953 2 ай бұрын

no, he couldn't

@DaboooogA Ай бұрын

Fascinating discussion thanks - the human story only becomes more and more interesting.

@bubblewrap4793 2 ай бұрын

Also this lecture didnt even go into the several other ghost species which our evolution even more complicated

@j.c.3800 3 ай бұрын

Very interesting...much like The Silmarillion (sp?) or Out of the Silent Planet. I have always been amused at how anthropologists can describe entities by a fossilized tooth. Of course gene study will enhance the validity of the results. 50 years ago when I studied Anthro. the defining characteristics of a specimen were the physical characteristics alone. By this the Irish were supposed to exhibit more Neanderthal features than other Europeans. (A long ways from their African roots).

@t.c.2776 3 ай бұрын

All this is made up to "prove" Darwinian lineage vs Creationism or Alien Intervention, Genetic Manipulation and Experimentation... It's all SPECULATION...

@garywesthoven1745 2 ай бұрын

Well as a guy with lots of Irish roots, I welcome being called a Neanderthal…actually, already been pronounced as such a few times.

@redredkrovy 2 ай бұрын

Really loved watching this video and learning more about evolution. Thank you and Robin May for the lecture and ability to watch it!

@phrayzar 2 ай бұрын

It feels that our ability to interbreed with Neanderthals muddies the whole theory a little.

@tapewerm6716 2 ай бұрын

A lot, actually. It invalidates it.

@TheBloodsuger150 2 ай бұрын

Maybe listen to the end…

@TobyDubs 2 ай бұрын

@@tapewerm6716 not really. he prefaced it saying that there is no clear definition of what defines a species. generally its a lack of ability to interbreed but there are many exceptions

@cobruh836 2 ай бұрын

so the whole video is a waste of time? thanks for the heads up, i can do better stuff with one hour@@TobyDubs

@tobo7580 2 ай бұрын

@@cobruh836it's not a waste of time, since it gets you get started on the path towards understanding complex issues and look at things from a scientific issue.

@iksRoald 2 ай бұрын

Could the florensians be denisovians stuck on an island, becomome small because of that, since they were on that side of th Wallace line?

@katrinabryce 2 ай бұрын

For most of history, boats were the main way that humans travelled long distance. Before we invented decent quality roads, it would have been easier for example to travel from London to Edinburgh by boat than over land, and indeed in fairly recent history we built a canal network to make it easier to travel around the country by boat. So I don't think the Wallace Line would have been much of a barrier for humans.

@Kivas_Fajo 2 ай бұрын

You mean like the extinct dwarf elephants on the greek islands?

@Karla_Marie 3 ай бұрын

Loved loved loved this lecture!

@bageda3109 2 ай бұрын

The internet is like just a beehive for human information

@user-um2sy5kt6q 2 ай бұрын

From the original definition of species in this video, surely you could make the argument that sub-species already exist through geographic separation of population centres throughout the majority of human history.

@notallowedtobehonest2539 2 ай бұрын

275,000 years of isolation isn't enough to speciate apparently

@redstarchrille 2 ай бұрын

@@notallowedtobehonest2539 This is true, The modern human is very young, seen historicly

@jazzad 2 ай бұрын

It is said at around 30:00 that there is no evidence of sapiens slaying other species of humans. There is ample evidence of this phenomenon toward more distant species, going back tens of thousands of years, whenever sapiens arrives somewhere it acts as a factor of extinction toward other species. I don't see why the same wouldn't be true toward nearest cousins.

@ioannisperiptero9626 2 ай бұрын

He talked about their DNA in modern humans, so they did not wipe them out by slaying them.

@Iceican 2 ай бұрын

@@ioannisperiptero9626no but it played a role, to claim any one thing is dumb.

@David-nh7px 2 ай бұрын

@@IceicanBut there's no evidence that it did. He didn't say it didn't happen, but seeing as there is no evidence implies that if there were attacks on neanderthals, they weren't a common occurrence. Thus they were unlikely to be the driving factor of neanderthal extinction.

@markd.s.8625 2 ай бұрын

there is no DIRECT evidence if you have DIRECT evidence of this you should be sharing it NOW

@ioannisperiptero9626 2 ай бұрын

@@markd.s.8625 he says and many scientists have confirmed that we share their DNA what other evidence should they give?

@noway8233 3 ай бұрын

Im not sure we are alone, i known a lots of nearthentals and pitetcantropus in my country😊

@alinesobieray2436 3 ай бұрын

😅❤😊

@PetraKann 2 ай бұрын

What’s wrong with death metal?

@carlmarkwyatt 2 ай бұрын

Thats no bad thing, there's plenty of evidence to suggest that they were the more intelligent hominid.

@mjbfortrump8269 2 ай бұрын

@redstarchrille 2 ай бұрын

@@carlmarkwyatt All humans today have a mix of sapians DNA, nearthentals being one the sapians.

@l.conradbowen3028 2 ай бұрын

Excellent!

@oleran4569 3 ай бұрын

That was a wonderfully illustrative presentation.

@antonyjh1234 3 ай бұрын

Needs to be way longer, or of course many more videos on this.

@theoryofpersonality1420 3 ай бұрын

It should be shorter. The more something is understood, the simpler the explanation becomes.

@kevin9794 2 ай бұрын

I would love to see the other lecture he alluded to, where he mentions the topic was the future evolution of humans!

@TheChippewa77 Ай бұрын

I often wondered (as undergraduate anthropology student) if humans were on the road to speciation. If not for exploration or migration might not speciation have occurred. Given phenotypic variation amongst even current populations could different, yet very similar species have developed?

@knine1652 3 ай бұрын

Great lecture! Thank you.

@avagrego3195 3 ай бұрын

Fascinating, thank you very very much.

@rogerhigman7568 2 ай бұрын

Surely there is a distinction between species pairs and congeners? Two species can be congeners without being a species pair. Robin May cites genetic evidence to show that Chimpanzees and Bonobos are more closely related to each other than either is to us, but does that justify our being put in a separate genus? Is there a consistency across taxonomy as to what level of genetic diversity constitutes putting a species in a separate genus to another? I ask because I've read Jared Diamond say that there is a greater genetic difference between a Chiffchaff and a Willow Warbler than between the two Chimpanzees and ourselves.

@starshifter 2 ай бұрын

Great lecture. Appreciate hearing some of the Q&A; some rather insightful questions asked.

@MaryKDayPetrano 3 ай бұрын

If you want to get into Darwin and positive seelection and a sister species, alls you have to do is look at the fact Neanderthals from certain areas were heterozygous for what became Rh negative and it was protective against Toxoplasmosis Gondii. Hence, there WAS Natural selection for the pre-cursor to Rh negative, and, like sickle cell anemia, the positive selection resulted in homozygotes who actually had Rh negative blood type. The Rh negative blood type is a reproductive barrier, and signifies a speciazation event. Many Autistic people are Rh negative blood type. Most Neurotypical "humans" are not.

@altonlg24 2 ай бұрын

@40:00 it is said that interbreeding was going on with different human species, but wouldn't that mean that these different species were actually one?

@Gerryjournal 2 ай бұрын

I heard a theory some time ago which appeared quite feasible. That is, that modern man may well be the first war like human. Not that they killed other humans en masse but perhaps drove them out, off to less habitable lands. Considering that that is exactly what we have been and are throughout recorded history

@raccoontrashpanda1467 Ай бұрын

Chimpanzees have also been observed to have one group drive away and then completely wipe out other groups of chimpanzees.

@Valchrist1313 Ай бұрын

Territoriality is a quintessential mammalian trait, exhibited not only by lions and bears, but even rabbits, where some species are notoriously territorial.

@Gerryjournal Ай бұрын

@@Valchrist1313 We may well have been the first however

@KlausUngerer 3 ай бұрын

if we interbred with neandertals and denisovans how are we different species

@reasonerenlightened2456 3 ай бұрын

if less than 50% of the offspring are "viable" then those are different species, as there is no path to their survival as one species.

@CRT4Dummies 3 ай бұрын

because the ability to procreate isn't the only determining factor. when individuals from two distinct species procreate the result is hybrid offspring.

@marshallscot 2 ай бұрын

Because species has become a meaningless term. Very old human skeleton that looks slightly different? Must be a different species obviously. Two modern humans with an even greater degree of difference? The same species obviously.

@hwgray 2 ай бұрын

@@marshallscot: "Two modern humans with an even greater degree of difference" White and non-white, you mean, as opposed to sapiens and neandertalensis?

@sherlyn.a 2 ай бұрын

@@stevey5151 it’s only 1-3%, though closer to 1-2%, which is already half of what you were saying. But for European populations, something as high as 2-3% pretty much only occurs in Northern Europe. Are you Scandinavian? Native Americans and certain Asian populations do have higher percentages as well. That said, Neanderthal DNA was almost identical to human DNA. So if you were 2% Neanderthal, you’d still be 2% of a species that was almost identical to us. So the actual difference between people with and without Neanderthal ancestry is very miniscule. And the 4% genetic difference between all humans only applies to Indigenous populations in certain areas vs the rest of the world. Most people you’ll ever meet are genetically almost identical to you, whether they look like you or not.

@user-nc3uo1dd4o 2 ай бұрын

I recently read it's now been discovered that blue-eyed people are better able to see in low-light conditions than brown-eyed people. Obviously very advantageous for hunting etc. far North (and presumably far south) with the long twilights in Europe. Did Neanderthals have blue eyes? Can this not be picked up in DNA? PS it annoys me that people have to be careful about 'hate speech' even in a scientific setting. Why can't we all just get along? I love that we're different. So much to learn from each other.

@you2tooyou2too 2 ай бұрын

Why do we adore speckled pups, but eschew speckled people?

@Jj-jg6pw 2 ай бұрын

The Inuits would have blue eyes etc. Blue eye is albinism in the eye.

@sonofkars 2 ай бұрын

@@Jj-jg6pw albinism in the eye results in red or purple iris.

@jam99 2 ай бұрын

@@you2tooyou2too You might. I don't. But in answer to your question, one possibility could be that certain speckles or spots can be a sign of contagious disease. That's ok with a dog that we do not usually catch any virus from, but not so with other humans. So it is the differences between species that causes us to treat them differently.

@davidadiwego4608 2 ай бұрын

The advantage must be negligible, otherwise Inuits would be blue-eyed?

@jamescolpas 2 ай бұрын

FASCINATING THANK YOU

@adamwendt8972 Ай бұрын

The mystery of the Neanderthal is fascinating to me. It was a species that had all the advantages of surviving, but it did not. It reminds me of the Mayans, a civilization that thrived for centuries but was wiped out fairly quickly and without a clear reason why. I don’t think we will ever get clear cut answers to either of these mysteries, but it’s fun to think about.

@judithmccrea2601 2 ай бұрын

Excellent lecture. Really cogent explanation of a complex subject. Thanks.

@MauricioGarcesM 3 ай бұрын

I just saw the question and straight away I thought of the answer. There are two, us and all these pathological narcissistic psychopaths running the show

@bonsummers2657 2 ай бұрын

Race is a biological recognizance, on the matter of mainly morphological consistencies,….. in that morphology is biological, and consistencies of different human populations with different morphological 'spectrums' which have been historically largely isolated is readily evident.

@johnbenson3024 2 ай бұрын

It’s possible to breed with them, same species

@barfyman-362 2 ай бұрын

@@johnbenson3024therefore, lions and tigers are the same species. Horses and zebras are the same species. Polar bears and grizzly bears are the same species etc

@johnbenson3024 2 ай бұрын

@@barfyman-362 those examples don’t produce viable offspring though as far as I’m aware. Ligers, for example, are sterile, very similar to mules. My 30 second google search backed me up for whatever that is worth haha

@barfyman-362 2 ай бұрын

@@johnbenson3024 nope, they all produce fertile offspring. Coyotes and wolves

@ecthelion83 2 ай бұрын

Minor correction: there are some distinct biological/genetic differences between what could be considered racial groups, in that expression of certain alleles/genotypes of genes display a distinct spectrum between groups of ethnicities. I specifically refer to the ABCC11 gene, which controls earwax consistency (waxy v. flaky, with waxy being the default and dominant allele) and axillary sweat gland composition (which affects whether or not the sweat smells or not). East Asians, notably Koreans, northern Chinese, and to a lesser extent the Japanese (lesser probably because of historic and prehistoric admixture with Ainu and other Pacific islander populations in the primary Japanese population), are almost completely ABCC11-recessive (i.e. flaky earwax, no armpit sweat odor), whereas other ethnic groups are nowhere near this distribution (in the Indian subcontinent the percentage of ABCC11-recessive individuals is something like 55%, whereas in Western Europe this is less than 2%).

@beegee4988 2 ай бұрын

He stated there is minor differences, like your point. His point more so that there isn't enough difference if we pulled you up in 150years you'd be more or less identical to myself. We are the same species regardless of race.

@sherlyn.a 2 ай бұрын

Yeah, you can also find similar differences inside what you consider racial groups (but your instinct wouldn’t tell you to classify them differently, would it?). Doesn’t matter because small genetic differences do exist between all living things, but DNA-wise, we are almost all exactly identical.

@rxw5520 2 ай бұрын

@@sherlyn.ait does matter. Unless you believe more detailed knowledge of our history is a bad thing. We’re finding more and more evidence that race is a bit more than a social construct. Tiny dna differences can obviously make big differences in many separate areas of development. Unfortunately many scientists fear knowledge of this due to current cultural zeitgeist, and funding to study it is nearly impossible to attain due to this fear. One day they’ll figure it all out, but it won’t be modern western society that does it.

@justinfleming5119 2 ай бұрын

Yes, but there are also differences which are socially and civilizationally consequential. This is what the deniers repress all discussion of. Not earwax consistency.

@batrachian149 2 ай бұрын

@@justinfleming5119 Seething racist~

@dianajimenezrod Ай бұрын

Easy to digest lecture on our backstory 👌🏽

@matsouthwell1429 3 ай бұрын

Thanks for making this very interesting exploration of our human evolution and interwoven roots. Very clear explanation of biological, genetic and social understanding of race.

@jozebutinar44 2 ай бұрын

Evolution dont exist 😂😂😂😂😂

@revmsj 2 ай бұрын

But race is inconsequential, remember…?

@mjbfortrump8269 2 ай бұрын

@travislogan302 2 ай бұрын

Ive always wondered that there were multiple 'human species' and were over time mixed together and got the best outcome

@hippiehillape 2 ай бұрын

Fossil record doesn't support that thought

@Merlin3189 2 ай бұрын

If all the human types actually could interbreed and that makes them one species by the starting definition, doesn't that take us back to the original question - why is there only one human species which has so much difference from it's nearest differing species? I think he said we had about 10x the genetic difference from chimps than they do from bobos. Where are the extinct different species between us and the chimps?

@michaeljenks6259 2 ай бұрын

@@hippiehillapefossil record doesn't support that thought - so far.... The earth is quite big.

@Moe_Posting_Chad 2 ай бұрын

@@hippiehillape Hominids have buried the dead long before even agriculture. Of course there isn't evidence in the fossil record. And what little evidence there was of giant hominids was destroyed by the Smithsonian's own admission about 200 years ago. You're being played for a fool. Never forget "SAFE AND EFFECTIVE AT PREVENTING K0\/][D"

@Moe_Posting_Chad 2 ай бұрын

@@Merlin3189 But that definition was completely made up and is disproven by lions tigers, and horses donkeys.

@billyengler5534 2 ай бұрын

bro didn't bore me once. 10/10 would recommend

@user-ry6yl6hs8i 28 күн бұрын

Language enabled knowledge to be saved and accumulated; organization facilitated, and thought to be complexified; and advancement accelerated.

@kevin9218 2 ай бұрын

If the different human-like species were capable of interbreeding successfully over a long period of time.. wouldn't they all then be considered the same species?

@EgoShredder 2 ай бұрын

The fact that mixed race children have major problems when health issues arise, and neither parent are able to be donors etc, tells a story in itself.

@johndavies9589 2 ай бұрын

I thought the reverse was the case, that mixed race people had an advantage in terms of health. Are you sure of your assertion?

@chrismcaulay7805 2 ай бұрын

@@johndavies9589 both are true in their own right... mixed race kids have very few genetic issues... But they sometimes get the weakest of both worlds. As a whole mixed race kids are healthier on average...

@Scientist538 2 ай бұрын

its a question of geographical/genetic differences, ancestrally nearby people who are different mixing tends to do better than 'exotic' mixes @@johndavies9589

@tatum635 2 ай бұрын

@@EgoShredder mixed race people are actually genetically more diverse and are better equipped to fight disease. and if they are the same blood type etc as their parent then they can indeed be a recipient. you literallly get your blod type from your PARENTS.

@LaoWatsonSmith 3 ай бұрын

I very sincerely doubt that there’s only one species of human, if we use the same criteria to differentiate species as we do for other animals. But imagine the chaos if anyone significant said that

@jeanneknight4791 3 ай бұрын

I wonder the same. Genetics is evolving. We still have so many questions of the effects of components on humans. I can't help but wonder as the world is coming apart at the seams in war and divisiveness.

@nickinurse6433 3 ай бұрын

It has been genetically proven. Even the Aborigines who have been separated from the rest of the world for the longest amount of time are exactly the same species as us. The most diversity we have found interestingly is among different groups of Africans where all of life began. In other words two different groups of Africans have more genetic diversity then a European has with an African or an Aboriginal Australian.

@aa-yt7wo 3 ай бұрын

If another species of human was discovered anyone in academia that claimed it was another species would be branded a racist, their career would be destroyed, and their research would be suppressed.

@sebastian5671 3 ай бұрын

@@nickinurse6433wildly untrue

@Cobbido 3 ай бұрын

Khoi San lineages diverged over 250.000 years ago.@@nickinurse6433

@JimJWalker Ай бұрын

43:40 The greatest story that no one has dared tell, or even speculate.

@jehoover3009 2 ай бұрын

Species live in niches so when they are in the same niche as another there is competition. The fittest species in an area in a particular niche will out compete all others in the particular niche there can only be one. To accommodate this similar species must adapt to or change to live or occupy a different if similar niche. If different species are able to reproduce then repeated mating between species groups will dissolve the differences in variation and thus the relative competitive advantages associated with either species selective niche occupying advantages respectively. Thus two species in similar or overlapping niches will either outcompete one or the other, or interbreed and dilute differences down to one species.

@deedoubs 2 ай бұрын

>The fittest species in an area in a particular niche will out compete all others in the particular niche there can only be one. ... eventually perhaps with enough time passing, but since we live at a specific point in time, you'll find that there are plenty of cases where you have multiple very similar species in an area that while in competition continue to both proliferate for a very long time. North America has multiple species of squirrels pretty much everywhere for instance.