Why the Muon g-2 Results Are So Exciting!

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When a theory makes a prediction that disagrees with an experimental test, sometimes it means we should throw the theory away. But what if that theory has otherwise produced the most successful predictions in all of physics? Then, that little glitch may be pointing the way to layers of physics deeper than we've yet imagined. Well, FermiLabs Muon G-2 experiment has been chasing the most promising glitch of all, and they've just announced their results.
Announcement Results
theory.fnal.gov/events/event/...
Previous Episode of Space Time To Help Understand Muon G-2:
Quantum Mechanics Most Incredible Prediction
• Quantum Theory's Most ...
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• Understanding Muon g-2...
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Written by Dan Garisto & Matt O'Dowd
Graphics by Leonardo Scholzer, Yago Ballarini, Pedro Osinski, Adriano Leal & Stephanie Faria
GFX Visualizations: Katherine Kornei
Directed by Andrew Kornhaber
Assistant Producer: Setare Gholipour
Executive Producers: Eric Brown & Andrew Kornhaber
End Credits Music by J.R.S. Schattenberg: / @jrsschattenberg
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[@Matthew-tr6zw]

“Yes, this will be on the test” As a grown man who has been done with formal education for a few years now, that line caused me more stress than it should have.

[@John-jc3ty]

PTSD Spacetime

[@arnabbiswasalsodeep]

@@John-jc3ty goddamn that's an underated comment, lol. It's now gonna be the meme of the channel soon, we have to make it one.

[@Nightcrawler333]

True. I am still wondering what test he was talking about.

[@kennarajora6532]

They've given us something that will never leave us, I guess.

[@dylconnaway9976]

Not as bad as “you forgot to clear your browser history.”

[@pbsspacetime]

Hey Spacetimers! You may notice different audio at 10:28. In order to get this episode to you as soon as the results were announced, we had to remotely record this audio with a different microphone. We hope this doesn’t interrupt your viewing experience too much!

[@schoden]

I accept your apology!

[@benji2618]

Thanks PBS space time ! I appreciate

[@rjwelsinga]

totally fine with me! ... if you promise to do an episode about TIQM :)

[@seionne85]

Thanks for the quick release! No apology needed

[@juandavidgilwiedman3490]

Cool!

[@bagoplayer7455]

Muon mean lifespan: 2.2 microseconds. Physicist: Yea I got time.

[@asht7178]

Actually fun fact while the Muons mean lifespan is 2.2 microseconds when it's traveling at relativistic speeds in our reference frame it can hang around much longer because of time dilation

[@EternalDensity]

@@asht7178 I just finished Physics Girl's latest video which covers that.

[@JamesOGant]

@@asht7178 yeah there’s another video about muons that enter the atmosphere last a lot longer in our time reference. Regular Muons were also used for cold fusion, but the process was a net energy loss.

[@tharunn4155]

11:11 for among us fans...❤️

[@AiguilleVoodoo]

Micro second is hella long in science, it's not rare to study molecules with lifetimes of femtoseconds

[@tomtommyl805]

The most exciting thing you hear in the physics lab is not "I figured it out". But: "That's not behaving the way I expected it to"

[@H33t3Speaks]

Surprises in the lab can be quite messy.

[@Godakuri]

This is just wrong imo

[@tomtommyl805]

@@Godakuri what's wrong?

[@coreym162]

Thank you!

[@stevenwilgus5422]

open end/no absolute i.e. conclusion, inadequate data base...

[@algore92]

Props to the animators too. Being able to depict difficult concepts and animate all those moving parts is never easy.

[@juandavidgilwiedman3490]

And they do wonders to transmit the information.

[@mayhemdiscordchaosohmy573]

I assume that was al-a-gore-ically speaking.

[@fkarg10]

blue sus

[@JasmineBrie99]

My exact thoughts while watching!

[@mb1287t]

A new particle has been discovered.

[@Jazardly]

this is a very fast upload, the press conference only just ended

[@Robert_McGarry_Poems]

Yes! ✊💪💁

[@shantanulokhande1792]

Which press conference? Pardon me if I am being naive.

[@veggiet2009]

I'm sure they had the science papers previous to this

[@JarodM]

Makes you wonder...

[@MultiRRR123]

@@shantanulokhande1792 the press conference that presented the results mentioned in the video

[@RelativelyBest]

“There is a theory which states that if ever anyone discovers exactly what the Universe is for and why it is here, it will instantly disappear and be replaced by something even more bizarre and inexplicable. There is another theory which states that this has already happened.” -Douglas Adams.

[@bigman4407]

Interesting. I believe that God going to have these scientist going around in circles, like a cat trying to catch its tail

[@larryscarr3897]

@@bigman4407 God? What the f is that? Hint, it's not.

[@ftwldy666]

YEP. KEK

[@mrdownboy]

So long and thanks for all the fish. -the dolphins

[@osifox8119]

Draft an experiment based on that observation then we can hypothesize, ain't no such theory.

[@stanrusk2522]

To the writers of this presentation: A heartfelt thanks for this lucid account, made understandable to those who are not physicists by profession without oversimplification or undertones of condescension. Teaching of the highest order allows your audience to share the wonder of your subject matter, without drawing attention to the effort it takes to make insight effortless.

[@SonOfJ]

Speak for yourself, I couldn't understand even half of this. On a serious note: this channel is definitely a gem. Some of the videos are pretty understandable for the common person (though I'd argue this isn't one of them).

[@loturzelrestaurant]

@@SonOfJ A Gem indeed! BUT not hte only one! OH noooo. Not the only one. May i recommend you some more science-channel? Or would that be too random to be feasable?

[@SpotterVideo]

Quantum Entangled Twisted Tubules: When we draw a sine wave on a blackboard, we are representing spatial curvature. Does a photon transfer spatial curvature from one location to another? Wrap a piece of wire around a pencil and it can produce a 3D coil of wire, much like a spring. When viewed from the side it can look like a two-dimensional sine wave. You could coil the wire with either a right-hand twist, or with a left-hand twist. Could Planck's Constant be proportional to the twist cycles. A photon with a higher frequency has more energy. (More spatial curvature). What if gluons are actually made up of these twisted tubes which become entangled with other tubes to produce quarks. (In the same way twisted electrical extension cords can become entangled.) Therefore, the gluons are actually a part of the quarks. Mesons are made up of two entangled tubes (Quarks/Gluons), while protons and neutrons would be made up of three entangled tubes. (Quarks/Gluons) The "Color Force" would be related to the XYZ coordinates (orientation) of entanglement. "Asymptotic Freedom", and "flux tubes" make sense based on this concept. Neutrinos would be made up of a twisted torus (like a twisted donut) within this model. Gravity is a result of a very small curvature imbalance within atoms. (This is why the force of gravity is so small.) Instead of attempting to explain matter as "particles", this concept attempts to explain matter more in the manner of our current understanding of the space-time curvature of gravity. If an electron has qualities of both a particle and a wave, it cannot be either one. It must be something else. It must be something else. Therefore, a "particle" is actually a structure which stores spatial curvature. Can an electron-positron pair (which are made up of opposite directions of twist) annihilate each other by unwinding into each other producing Gamma Ray photons.

[@fecklesstech929]

Well said!

[@Vathorus]

Matt was so excited, he jumped into the higher energy level. Now we need to wait for him to reemit the gamma photon.

[@captaincruise8796]

This video was the gamma photon.

[@moosemaimer]

Even if he does coalesce into a coherent human form he'll just mope around on Mars for a while.

[@1slotmech]

but his decay time is so dam long... cat experiments are faster. ;)

[@geneticepistomology]

It is a rare comment on KZbin that generates a charmed response.

[@cyberneticbutterfly8506]

..speaking of, is there normally a time delay from jump to higher energy level and the emission of a gamma photon? Is it instant? Why? Why not? And if there is a time delay exactly how long is it and why that particular length of time?

[@arlenestanton9955]

Loved that “unknown factor “ running by the screen,lol!

[@heybemyeyes]

Sus

[@pelle_327]

amogus

[@DrGerli]

What's so funny about Sosuss Amogus?

[@tonydai782]

@@DrGerli I have a fwiend in Wome named Sussus Amogus!

[@heybemyeyes]

@@DrGerli it's sussy

[@dimitrisavic4702]

Good god, this is #42 on trending right now. We finally did it! Space Time has broken through lol

[@dimitrisavic4702]

@Nag Dasty Nice Euler lol

[@vinhhuynhthe6978]

ok

[@alvinahoya8028]

Blue is the color.

[@kukulroukul4698]

the God is not good . PLease behave

[@ponponpatapon9670]

@@kukulroukul4698 you are a walking bruh moment

[@DrPOP-jp7eb]

Sometimes my mind wanders off and I need to rewind 30 seconds.

[@aviterdit525]

I’ve completely glazed over mate. I haven’t got a jar of glue what he is talking about.

[@jacobtierney4419]

"Theres only one stray thread, the ultraviolet catastrophe" PBS Spacetime circa 1900

[@pavlenikacevic4976]

Yeah, it's really funny how we keep getting so arrogant, always thinking that we're close to knowing the fundamental nature of reality, giving names to new theories such as ''theory of everything''... only to discover something new that completely shakes up all of our understanding up to that point. This has happened quite a few times in the past, but it's like our human nature just doesn't allow us to learn the lesson already Edit: I'm really impressed by the people's reading comprehension skills. I am not saying that pushing the boundaries of our knowledge and improving our models/theories is bad - that's actually one of the coolest things that we can do. All I am saying that it is arrogant to ever think that we're close to knowing everything about the nature of reality. I'm sorry some egos find it hard to accept, but we will not reach the point of knowing everything there is to know for a long long time, if ever.

[@Merennulli]

@@pavlenikacevic4976 I really hate this BS. They aren't "arrogant" for trying to find a theory of everything. They set a long term goal, they worked with the knowledge they had, knowing full well that it probably wouldn't be solved in their lifetime, and with their life's work being a tiny footnote to that work. What's arrogant is looking down on people for trying to do the work.

[@flamingspinach]

@@Merennulli also, our experimental measurements have gotten extremely precise, to a degree that scientists 120 years ago couldn't even dream of. Theories today that stand up in the face of such precise measurements are objectively better than the theories of the past in terms of the domains they describe, even though there are clearly still loose threads.

[@pavlenikacevic4976]

@@Merennulli it's not arrogant to continue working towards the hypothetical "theory of everything" - it is arrogant to call the attemped unifications of GR and QM such as string theory as theory of everything. Also, please be more respectful

[@argon6520]

@Jacob Tierney You do know that this is precisely what they hope for, right? They are desperately looking for a hole that will open new physics but, until now, were getting nothing but conformation that Standard Model is perfect. Which is something they don't want since they know it has to be incomplete since it doesn't encompass gravity. @Pavle Nikacevic But String Theory IS a "Theory of Everything" by the very definition of the term - a theory that unifies all four fundamental forces. It may very well be wrong, but that doesn't change what it is. The same how Newton's theory IS a "Theory of Gravity" even thought it's wrong.

[@danieljensen2626]

"I expect a flurry of theoretical papers, perhaps this time some of them will be right" Love that line

[@victorblaer]

It's good, Sabine has also been throwing some shade in a similar fashion.

[@Dan_Therapist]

This channel is unique in that I'll watch a video from start to finish, having understood nothing at all. And I've been subbed for years 🤦🏻‍♂️

[@charlesmanning3454]

Let's hope scientist try to prove them all wrong.

[@kamilziemian995]

Very true statement.

[@craigwall9536]

Well, jeez, whadda ya want? Egg in your beer?

[@DogsaladSalad]

Watched this 5 times this week and I still dont know wtf is happening

[@richardp1037]

What it got is there might be a lot of unknown particles interacting with the Muon that we don’t know about

[@madmaximum875]

Why should you? This is completely irrelevant for everybody who doesn't study particle physics.

@@madmaximum875 I disagree, science is for everyone and we should all strive to understand it.

[@darrenhaynes2058]

LMAO 😅

[@madmaximum875]

@ stuff like this cannot be really understood without years of studying in this particular field but good luck...

[@peacockmoss1491]

What's awesome about how Spacetime has structured their channel is that it's like the One Electron Universe. After a new episode, we the viewers have to go back and forth through the channel's old videos. I like to think that this provides them with slightly more revenue, which allows them more time to make the quality content we get to see.

[@theemissary1313]

As incredible as this news might end up being, i'm still disappointed there wasn't an April fools video from PBS announcing physicists had proved Pi to be exactly 3.

[@Bassotronics]

I wanted Pi to be cherry.

[@gaminghunt5837]

@@Bassotronics do you live in KZbin

[@gaminghunt5837]

@@LucasFerreira-gx9yh math and physics are a high different.

[@nateunderwood7819]

I feel like PBS Infinite Series did somthing like that once

[@antaresmc4407]

I mean, pi is exactly 3. Same as e and sqr10

[@Cubinator73]

"So, there you have it. That's how we peer beneath the hood of reality: We scratch our heads and scrawl on chalk board for about a hundred years, then we build a giant magnet and watch the muons dance!"

[@dougmatthews8469]

Best line I’ve heard in ages, brilliant stuff!

[@CaptApril123]

That's a brilliant line

[@hololivegardengnome1616]

where is this from?

[@Stardust_Lily]

@@hololivegardengnome1616 This video.

[@Cubinator73]

@@hololivegardengnome1616 11:44

[@xxX69420Xxx]

I'm starting my undergraduate degree in Theoretical Physics this year. I can see loads of excitement ahead!!

[@crosseyed420]

Congrats. And well wishes. I hope you're part of something magnificent in your future.

[@aayushpatel8304]

@Stop telling me to use my real name Can you use your real name?

[@kozepz]

"The right man in the wrong place can make all the difference in the world." ―The G-Man

[@Soupy_loopy]

I almost jumped out of bed to go grab a notebook and pencil when he said, "yes this will be on the test"

[@williamestey7294]

RIT?

[@jerrythebanana]

PTSD for testing 😓

[@zes3813]

wrongx, tx or not doesnt matter

[@Knighfe]

Trauma

[@Myname-il9vd]

I have no clue what’s going on in 90% of these videos but they’re so interesting I can’t stop watching anyway, the video I was previously watching just ended as this was posting

[@noodles6131]

Same boat lol

[@cluelessturlte1512]

i was in the same boat as you, give it a year of watching random videos you'll start understanding stuff a lot more

[@danilooliveira6580]

physicists are running out of options to figure out quantum physics, and this experiment showed then a possible hint that we found another piece of the puzzle. there is a possibility still that it was just a coincidence or background noise affecting the experiment, but with time as they keep repeating it they will be more and more sure that its real.

[@juandavidgilwiedman3490]

Couldn't agree more.

[@balassessments4463]

I know what you mean, but at least i know how my cat feels when it watches the news on TV

[@TheC130navigator]

Tonight, I will have nightmares of Physics 1 and Physics 2. Thanks for that

[@nintenx1235]

I legitimately hope that when we do figure out the secrets behind space time a voice rings out : “Congratulations, you have completed the tutorial.”

[@themasteryocheese8133]

11:12 *I CANT TAKE IT ANYMORE* *I CAN NEVER ESCAPE AMONG US*

[@dkt6408]

amogus

[@thstroyur]

You mean you can't wait till next year, when it's all but forgotten?

[@samuelthecamel]

@@thstroyur some idiot a year from now is going to make a reference to it and remind us all again

[@amplewarrior1923]

GET OTU OF MY HEAD GET OUT O MY HEAD GET OUT OF MY HEAD GET OUT OF MY HEAD

[@Psionyc]

Airship map

[@TimeBucks]

this reminded myself that I don’t really know anything

[@kakyoindonut3213]

same dude, same

[@askani21]

Knowing one knows nothing is one more known unknown you know!

[@ronansuperfrog8425]

Horrifying Apocalypse Try saying that really fast ten times

[@kamilziemian995]

Without knowledge how to compute some multidimensional integrals, Feynman diagrams means nothing. Also, you must to know how to handle 4 x 4 matrices. And this only a tipe of the iceberg.

[@rahilshaik1603]

@@kamilziemian995 ew 4 by 4 matrices, I thought those never had any real world applications

[@dougcutter9155]

The clarity of your explanations is great, making tough concepts mush easier to understand - thank-you.

[@sietuuba]

This is the best comprehensive layman introduction I've seen on this topic yet! Thank you.

[@MirorR3fl3ction]

Matt and the team really bent spacetime itself to get this episode out within hours of the press conference ending, kudos to the whole team! :)

[@achdetoni5008]

Mosg of it was produced beforehand. Really not that hard

[@dannydevito7000]

@@achdetoni5008 shut up dude

[@BigDsGaming2022]

500 you tube dollars in only one day shows it is a winner Video .

[@thetransformatorium7980]

I love this channel. It always makes me feel smarter and dumber simultaneously! 😁

[@scienceium5233]

Shrodinger noises

[@jimhamlin6551]

its like being at two places at the same time....

[@mofa9745]

Yes, I always put this channel on if I have friends coming round. They're usually impressed.

[@MrAtrophy]

that is a pretty accurate explanation of what happens when science works. I love it.

[@RJLbwb]

The more you learn the more you realize what don't know?

[@avitalzehava5747]

Dear Spacetime team- this was an exceptional video imo. I appreciate how well you balanced simple explanations of some complex theoretical concepts with humour and levity, along with linking information from other videos you've made for a more broad and holistic understanding of the science behind this exciting announcement. I always enjoy your content, and this video exemplified perfectly how well y'all communicate science. Thank you for everything you do, with much admiration, ❤️a

[@Tubluer]

Well, that was insanely clear and informative. All I did was first year physics and I understood it. Amazing.

[@agiar2000]

1:23 "The scientists at Fermilab have just tugged it _HARD."_

[@butHomeisNowhere___]

heh

[@LouSaydus]

if they hit 5 sigma, they deserve a good tugging. This will be the biggest discovery in theoretical particle physics since the Higgs boson.

[@serotoninsyndrome]

What else are you supposed to do with a hadron?

[@TheBackyardChemist]

@@serotoninsyndrome Collide it with another one, of course, in a concrete underground tunnel.

[@bensteatham5305]

lets bask in their glory

[@markus_lfc]

I zoned out for a bit there, I need to watch this again. And again.

[@lucidd4103]

Watch the fermilab video and read a few articles that might give a better overall perspective, the journal nature have good ones explaining this and it's relation with the prior Brookhaven experiment.

[@tthedestroyer4348]

420 SIGMA BOIIIISSSSS HECK YEAHHH G FACTOR FOUNDDDD

[@envixousenvixous5411]

I've been trying to avoid watching these muon videos because I don't want my brain to hurt... yet here I am. I can't avoid it.

[@jiminverness]

_"I Expect a flurry of theoretical papers in the very near future. Perhaps this time, some of them will be right."_ Hehe. : )

[@loturzelrestaurant]

I thought my comment was pretty clear, but here again: Can i, loturzel, recommend you, pixel expedition, some science-youtube-channel and/or education-channel? Cause i like the idea of me spreading education and fun?

[@gthakur17]

You may not believe it but this is the only channel for which I enabled the notification even though i understand nothing

[@TheButterMinecart1]

I actually find these videos super simple and understandable. Studying Physics academically is much more confusing because of all the difficult maths. If you're already familiar with all of the maths it actually makes it easier to understand, but if you're not then these videos are great.

[@charliecrome207]

Even though I usually never understand anything it's still weirdly interesting

[@Llortnerof]

@@TheButterMinecart1 Abbreviating Quantum Electrodynamics as QED was a bit irritating, though, and is probably more so for people used to see that at the end of proofs. Especially since it keeps getting pronounced as Q.E.D..

[@JRush374]

Read/watch QED by Richard Feynman. It's a great book and lecture series. It explains QED for the layman. Quarks by Herald Fritsch is a great intro book to quarks. Read that after QED.

[@Llortnerof]

@@JRush374 Missing the point. It's not about understanding Quantum Electrodynamics, it's about the abbreviation being the same as Quod Erat Demonstrandum. Which isn't to unlikely to show up in the same context.

[@jabatheshort660]

“Matt’s G-factor is so high it definitely breaks the standard model” -Snoop Dogg

[@ToonLinkGaming]

aye man dont use that name in vain man hes weed jesus

[@MattJDylan]

Well, it has a sigma of 4.20 after all...

[@jabatheshort660]

@@ToonLinkGaming not I’m vain! It’s a compliment haha long live the king dogg

[@renvilsekawan]

Muahahaha

[@commenter30]

@@MattJDylan BRUH

[@kronkite1530]

This was brilliant. To put together something of this quality, animations and all, so quickly after the reveal is stunning. A reminder that, along with Fermilab’s own channel (Don Lincoln) and World Science Festival, PBS is the best scientific outlet on KZbin. Or anywhere!

[@boreddude123456]

When I'm watching videos like these, I'm happy if I understand and piece together 20% of what they're saying. None the less, excited for new discoveries to be made! It would be awesome if it could explain a mystery or two.

[@LaurenMcGoughEagles]

Oh heck yeah! As soon as I saw the announcement I thought, “Can’t wait for SpaceTime to break this down for me!” And man you guys delivered and fast too, thank you!

[@zero132132]

Just finished listening to the Fermilab thing on KZbin, then this notification shows up. Y'all are FAST.

[@daveangels]

I was hoping for this video in the next few weeks, not hours, amazing

[@dAvrilthebear]

And this video seems infinitely more interesting than the Fermilab's one!

[@thstroyur]

Either they had assets for the graphics we saw in the vid and built up the whole thing on the run (which'd be amazing), or they had one or two different vids prepped accordingly beforehand (which is not as much)

[@zero132132]

@@thstroyur They probably made the episode after reading an early draft of what Fermilab was going to release. Press embargoes for big announcements aren't super uncommon.

[@thunderbearclaw]

Truly excellent presentation and I admire these experimentalists in the team more than just about any other groups ... so challenging to account for everything in a physically manifest experiment!

[@EternalDensity]

"What happens when a pair of particles interact?" "What *doesn't* happen?"

[@alexnaturalis1179]

The work that goes into this is a true human feat. Congrats to all collaborators that dedicate themselves to prove these things. It has to be a lot of work to build the experiments, test, execute, observe, analyze and double check for errors.

[@TheRealBoof]

It is more work than one can imagine... I'm a PhD physics student and I am still amazed at my professors' knowledge -- it feels so beyond my own capability I am still constantly in awe. These same people spend months to years working 8+ hrs a day just to get the latest results. You can expect the same from the team at the Muon G-2 experiment; they only pay the big bucks to the best ;)

[@EvolvedParasite]

Why are these people not celebrated in the media? These people change the world with their research. So many times in history a scientist has saved this planet but yet not many people care or even know who they are and what they did.

[@veronicagorosito187]

@@TheRealBoof maybe is because societies are based on religions instead of science?

[@Chromia1]

Can I finish my physics degree BEFORE y'all rewrite everything? LOL🤣🤣🤣

[@molybdaen11]

Do not worry, the tests only update once a decade at most.

[@Glozzom]

You assume that we've actually figured anything out, we are just wrapping math around the universe to predict it. We still are basically sitting on a cloud, once we ask a simple question.. why do these fields even exist?

[@Glozzom]

Physics is the best preparation for Engineering, and developing a deep appreciation for the complexity we live in. As well as teaching of it, or further pushing the envelope of what we can know. But still, fundamentally, we are limited by our 3 dimensional world, and the types of things we can measure in it.

[@pepe6666]

heh this is how i feel about software development. being on the bleeding edge is difficult to catch up to since it keeps moving.

[@scififan698]

If you hope the science is settled, you might as well not get that degree. Also lol

[@ThompPL1]

One of the best episodes of PBS-ST on *how* SA-Physics is actually done these days . . . Nice delivery Dan G., Matt O. & FX Team !

[@clawpuss2]

Thank you PBS, for your great work, here and as ever.

[@alexwilliamns]

I watch this to remind myself I don’t really know anything. Thank you 🙏

[@LangstonJordan]

Somebody needs to go through every PBS Space Time video and make a graph of every other PST video it references. There’s gotta be a loop somewhere...

[@13thxenos]

Might be, because they tease future episodes too, so it might become circular in some episodes.

[@Theraot]

Let us call this the PBS Space Time Loop Conjecture.

[@james007harvey]

I wonder how many manifolds it would have?

[@mennucc]

I bet there is, if you count the announcement of future videos

[@nicknorthcutt7680]

Quantum physics is so fascinating, I can't imagine how difficult it must be going through all of those crazy calculations 😫

[@novakastmusic]

Well they enjoy it

[@pn2543]

"What is not Forbidden, is Mandatory" - Fenyman's Fundamental Principle of Physics and Reality

[@corwinzelazney5312]

That's why I think exotic material will either be found or created. It'll be one obstacle down on the way to warp drive.

[@benthayermath]

I actually visited Fermilab a few years ago while they were setting this experiment up :) What a privilege to see the results!

[@JeremyPickett]

Oh my gourd I understood eighty percent of what Matt said, which makes me happy. I can even do the math, just don't time me :) Every person in those photos should be proud as newly born virtual particle parents, and their work shifts the world in a positive direction. Mad props to all.

[@larryc2806]

Scientist: the large hadron collider has produced an exciting new result Steve Jobs: you're holding it wrong

[@jaimitoelpoderoso]

Stephen Hawking: Gibberish!

[@harshvardhanwagare5663]

@@jaimitoelpoderoso stephen hawking

[@Hiram84]

Already 2 patents showed concept before this, this is a copy, see info in Hong Kong short term patents: 1193936, 1204522 AN ELECTRICAL ENERGY CREATING DEVICE

[@harshvardhanwagare5663]

@@Hiram84 oh chan

[@danhammond8406]

Did you try unplugging it and plugging it back in ?????

[@Goldslate73]

I may be mistaken but I think something is lurking around and it's gonna change something REALLY BIG!

[@charlemagne5764]

Do you mean you spotted the blue and pasta lurking around at the lab?

[@Goldslate73]

@@charlemagne5764 No, I meant it figuratively. In terms of "Better Physics" But now that you point it out, I'm hungry.

[@MrAlRats]

@@Goldslate73 What's not mentioned here is that the so-called BMW collaboration has produced a Standard Model prediction for the muon's anomalous magnetic moment using purely computational means, which is consistent with the newly measured value. The measured value only differs from one of the two calculated values. The calculation that this result differs from was obtained using input parameters obtained from other experiments. So there may not be any new physics but somebody somewhere has done something wrong for sure.

[@Goldslate73]

@@MrAlRats We're in for a show, then

[@charlemagne5764]

@@Goldslate73 !! I meant to say imposter! You are quick on your feet! Enjoy your blue pasta :-)

[@nemuritai]

My favorite part of this video 8:15 and discovery:The fact that the muon interacts so much more than the electron, due to it's mass, suggesting that the extremely precise electron magnetic moment, the most precise measurement in science, may in the end be broken at the predictable n-th decimal if we dont add more yet unknown interactions(particles).

[@neopalm2050]

It's not that we don't know the interactions. We just don't have enough computational power to deal with them all. But yeah, if the muon breaks because of unknown particles then we'd expect the electron to break after more decimal places.

[@evalsoftserver]

TrfDUE TO FUNCTIONS OF THE MAGNETIC, ELECTRIC FIELDS TRANSFORMING, THE LIGHT WAVE INTO VIBRATING OR "SPINNING WAVES " IN A LINEAR WAY- WHICH CREATES BOSON PARTICLES WITH LINEAR, PARTIAL , AND NON LINEAR ANOMALOUS FIELD MOMENTS WITHIN A TRANSFORMING WAVE/,,DELTA FUNCTIONING AS DIFFERENTIAL FIELD TENSORS EQUAL AT EVERY POINT WITHIN A PHASE FIELD (LIKE SIGMA) SIMILAR TO SCALAR BOSONS FIELD FOR INTERGER SPIN WHICH BECOMES TRAPPED WITH IN THE COLLAPSING LOCAL GAUGE PARTICLE WAVE FIELD THAT REPRESENTS ANY INTERGER SPIN OR HALF INTERGER DUE TO VARIATION IN PHASE OR MOMENT POINTS. THIS ACTION BREAKS LOCAL LINEAR SYMMETRY INTO PHASES AND CAN BECOMES A LINEAR LOCAL INVARIANT OR A NON LINEAR ROTATIONAL FERMION FIELD PHASE (SIMILAR TO THE UNCERTAINTY PRINCIPAL OR QUANTUM WAVE FUNCTION ) WITH THE FORCE CARRIER MUON . DECAYING TO A MESO PARTICLE GROUP WITH QUANTUM PROPERTIES WHICH EMITS 4 VIRTUAL PARTICLES INCLUDING ITSELF FORCE /PARTICLE CARRIER, NUETRINO AND A MIRROR LEFT AND RIGHT PAIRING PARTICLE CARRIERS WITH HALF INTERGER SPIN BEING THE NUETRON AND PROTON FURTHER DECAY PHASES THEM INTO ELECTRON THE REASON FOR NOT SEEING THE NON LOCAL GAUGE FIELD FOR MESONS IS BECAUSE IT COLLAPSES BARYONIC MESON MATTER OR BECOMES UNMEASURABLE WITH RESPECT TO THEIR ANOMALOUS MOMENT FIELD WHICH GENERATES OR DECAYS INTO MAGNETIC ELECTRIC , AND NUCLEAR MOMENTS RESPECTIVELY OR WHAT WE CALL THE 4 FUNDAMENTAL FORCES .SO SYMMETRY BREAK CREATES LOCAL INVARIANCE STOPS WHERE THE TOPMOST BOTTOM MOST STRANGE AND CHARM TAKES ON ADDITIONAL AND DIFFERENT PARTICLE IDENTITIES IDENTICAL TO RESPECTIVELY FORM ADDITIONAL ANOMALOUS MOMENT FOR DISTANT BARYONIC MASS WE CALL THIS FORCE GRAVITY BY OR ALL ANOMALOUS ISOSPIN VALUES WHICH CAN BE SEEN AS A CONSOLIDATION OF VIBRATING MOMENTS ( For Particles, Mass, and Force,) ANALYSIS OF BLACK HOLES FOR NEUTRINOS OR GAMMA RAYS MIGHT CONFIRM THIS USING A 4 BILLION ELECTRON VOLT PARTICLE ACCELERATOR MIGHT FIND AND CONFIRM THIS FORCE CARRIER

[@lordofchaosinc.261]

I do hope there'll be a paradigm shift happening in our lifetime like relativity-theory level like.

[@revenevan11]

I hope so too!

[@LazySillyDog]

if you are around 20-30, then probably

[@deanlawson6880]

Hahaha... I like the tiny little bit of humor at the very end of this where the credits proclaim that, "Matt was so excited about G-2 that he spontaneously dissolved into a cloud of non-standard model particles..." Hilarious!! Nice humorous way to segue out of this intensely technical subject!! Very nicely done guys! Thanks for the awesome video!!

[@JuanRojas-od1ky]

PBS is a national treasure and must be protected and funded!!

[@WillyKillya]

I'm glad fermilab still has relevance, it seems like people only talk about the LHC or even more so whatever is being built next

[@ilovebats10]

Fermilab mostly moved from collider physics into neutrino physics with the exception of two muon experiments (g-2 and mu2e), but we're definitely major players in the neutrino frontier too!

[@MrAlRats]

Studying neutrinos and the Higgs boson is the most promising arena for discovering how to extend the Standard Model of particle physics.

[@macbuff81]

I remember my former high school physics teacher back in high school in the late 90s talking about spin. I couldn't reallu grasp that concept at the time. Thanks for helping me understand it now :)

[@juangoyeneche7304]

The Among Us in between the video was great. It attracted my kids to watch the video and expecting to see where else it will pop. I think introducing characters like this will encourage young viewers and even if they don’t grasp the concept at the beginning they will familiarize with the terms and concepts. Great job

[@emmydothething]

I can't wait to hear about today's announcement! WE'RE OVER 5 SIGMA!

[@Cuorion]

"That's how we peer beneath the hood of reality. We scratch our heads and scroll on chalkboards for about a hundred years, then we build a giant magnet and watch the muons dance." From this day forth, is my most favorite poetic quote.

[@lukefreeman828]

it *is* a really good one in fairness

[@PhiltheMoko]

Something to say to all those who rubbish theoretical physics.

[@jakemisskelley]

The combo of not fully understanding what hes saying yet and “this will be on the test” gives me haunting flash backs to college

[@sujitsadhnani750]

i hv been reading physics for months now and finally today i think this is the first spacetime video i understood satisfactorily

[@cRAVEtrance]

You nerds make my heart so happy. Keep being awesome!

[@paulgrosse7631]

'We scratch our heads and scrawl on chalk boards for about a hundred years then we build a giant magnet and watch the muons dance.' That is what I call poetry.

[@joshuagrahm3607]

With vids like this, occasionally I get some vague idea of what they're talking about, and it sounds so cool.

[@KristofferEngstrom]

This was an easy to understand episode. Or NOT If other episodes are possible to understand without a master degree in physics. This felt like a final exam.

[@astronomiac8755]

Muons are relativistic particles (i.e. they travel close to the speed of light) which scientists believe are able to interact with hypothetical particles. For example, muons may interact with gravitons, squarks, and photinos. The scientists performed some experiments and found a muon interacting in a way that is not characteristic of any type of way in which muons interact with regular matter. This means the muon may have interacted with a currently unknown type of particle.

[@KristofferEngstrom]

@@astronomiac8755 I understand the concept, just not the "language" presented in this episode if you get what I mean. But thankbyou for explaining what its all about.

[@rogerflores9470]

Finally a detailed enough explanation of the g factor calculations leading to why the Muon g-2 experimental results excite particle physicists. Well done.

[@evalsoftserver]

TrfDUE TO FUNCTIONS OF THE MAGNETIC, ELECTRIC FIELDS TRANSFORMING, THE LIGHT WAVE INTO VIBRATING OR "SPINNING WAVES " IN A LINEAR WAY- WHICH CREATES BOSON PARTICLES WITH LINEAR, PARTIAL , AND NON LINEAR ANOMALOUS FIELD MOMENTS WITHIN A TRANSFORMING WAVE/,, FUNCTIONING AS DIFFERENTIAL FIELD TENSORS EQUAL AT EVERY POINT WITHIN A PHASE FIELD SIMILAR TO SCALAR BOSONS FIELD FOR INTERGER SPIN WHICH BECOMES TRAPPED WITH IN THE COLLAPSING LOCAL GAUGE PARTICLE WAVE FIELD THAT REPRESENTS ANY INTERGER SPIN OR HALF INTERGER DUE TO VARIATION IN PHASE OR MOMENT POINTS. THIS ACTION BREAKS LOCAL LINEAR SYMMETRY INTO PHASES AND CAN BECOMES A LINEAR LOCAL INVARIANT OR A NON LINEAR ROTATIONAL FERMION FIELD PHASE (SIMILAR TO THE UNCERTAINTY PRINCIPAL OR QUANTUM WAVE FUNCTION ) WITH THE FORCE CARRIER MUON . DECAYING TO A MESO PARTICLE GROUP WITH QUANTUM PROPERTIES WHICH EMITS 4 VIRTUAL PARTICLES INCLUDING ITSELF FORCE /PARTICLE CARRIER, NUETRINO AND A MIRROR LEFT AND RIGHT PAIRING PARTICLE CARRIERS WITH HALF INTERGER SPIN BEING THE NUETRON AND PROTON FURTHER DECAY PHASES THEM INTO ELECTRON THE REASON FOR NOT SEEING THE NON LOCAL GAUGE FIELD FOR MESONS IS BECAUSE IT COLLAPSES BARYONIC MESON MATTER OR BECOMES UNMEASURABLE WITH RESPECT TO THEIR ANOMALOUS MOMENT FIELD WHICH GENERATES OR DECAYS INTO MAGNETIC ELECTRIC , AND NUCLEAR MOMENTS RESPECTIVELY OR WHAT WE CALL THE 4 FUNDAMENTAL FORCES .SO SYMMETRY BREAK CREATES LOCAL INVARIANCE STOPS WHERE THE TOPMOST BOTTOM MOST STRANGE AND CHARM TAKES ON ADDITIONAL AND DIFFERENT PARTICLE IDENTITIES IDENTICAL TO RESPECTIVELY FORM ADDITIONAL ANOMALOUS MOMENT FOR DISTANT BARYONIC MASS WE CALL THIS FORCE GRAVITY BY OR ALL ANOMALOUS ISOSPIN VALUES WHICH CAN BE SEEN AS A CONSOLIDATION OF VIBRATING MOMENTS ( For Particles, Mass, and Force,) ANALYSIS OF BLACK HOLES FOR NEUTRINOS OR GAMMA RAYS MIGHT CONFIRM THIS USING A 4 BILLION ELECTRON VOLT PARTICLE ACCELERATOR MIGHT FIND AND CONFIRM THIS FORCE CARRIER

[@99.99.9]

Thanks Fermilab, and thanks PBS Spacetime for sharing

[@dottieatwood99]

The werewolf man is throwing me off concentration in front of the purple space gas

[@Rocksite1]

What he's saying is muon measurements are off those calculated by theory based on known particles, and that difference should indicate interaction with unknown particles. Fermilab is accelerating muons to see if those measurements are indeed accurate to ever greater greater degrees of confidence; but they need five standard deviations of confidence to claim a discovery. They're at 4.2; so it looks like it will soon tend to indicate unknown particles.

[@timmykenny717]

I was re-watching your "Can we break the universe" video and it made me think back to this video again (or maybe one of the other videos in the recent playlist you provided) and the part in said video where you added more single wavelengths to cancel out others and sharpen the measurement. Even in a positively curved universe, would quantum mechanics allow for the same line to be drawn at one point in spacetime with the same particles without breaking the pauli exclusion principle?

[@pinkcupcake4717]

My brain started leaking at 5 minutes in, but this is so exciting none the less!!! More physics!

[@subliminalvibes]

Only Mat would be up at 4:20am to bring us the most recent space-time news. Thanks Mat!

[@gustavoboscardin9351]

Plot twist: they have a time machine

[@jmanj3917]

Hahahaa!! I loved the Among Us character stomping through the LHC equipment!

[@Ah_Yote]

Props to you and the camera man for going out to space and getting a nice background setting for the video

[@dankuchar6821]

Excellent content as always! You wish these things existed when I was actively teaching physics. What an amazing resource you have created. Thank you!

[@patinho5589]

This is so amazingly interesting. If I could go back 20 years I’d become a physicist!

[@Earwaxfire909]

Time traveler here. It's better to invest in Amazon first.

[@zietua2393]

@@Earwaxfire909 can do both,

[@charliesinnott9840]

I know and frequently talk with a government laser scientist (wife worked for me). I am more ambitious with this than my current and very successful career. He actually gives me homework assignments and his from 3 months ago was magnets, spin, and calculating g so this whole video makes sense but he is the only one to know that about me ha!

[@hxhdfjifzirstc894]

Be a hobby physicist, then.

[@hamishfox]

If you could go back 20 years you'd probably already be a physicist... You know, to invent the time machine in the first place.

[@generalruckus]

Props to the folk who had to explain to the government why we need colliders.

[@The-Devils-Advocate]

Simply amazing. Another great discovery for Physics!

[@onebylandtwoifbysearunifby5475]

Just finished watching the g-2 FermiLab briefing... And you already have a video out? You're Officially a News Channel😂

[@gcm4312]

11:12 for the benefit of viewers of the future, the blue character is a reference to a game that got famous in 2020/1 called AMOGUS

[@UberAlphaSirus]

Mungus!

[@kvdrr]

Pośródas

[@EternalDensity]

theim poster

[@mikey20is]

I finally have a little bit of an understanding of spin, made sense. thnx.

[@Phuktup3]

For an amount of time so small it can be measured in the Planck scale, I understood this. Thank you

[@hodr1000]

Yes!!!! Finally an experimental breakthrough. This is similarly exciting to the discrepancy of expansion.

[@craigwall9536]

Uh...that's clearly a premature ejaculation.

[@tonykowalski29]

I watch these episodes hoping my brain will catch up one day 🤯

[@DaribowsMagistrate]

There's nothing to catch up... as long as there are Virtual Particles, aka Unicorns and Leprechauns in physics rest assured that this is wrong. They are regurgitating the same utter rubbish for the past 100 years, spent billions with yet another "particle" smasher to gives us what? Explanations that require Unicorns and Leprechauns ? It's clear that they have no freaking idea what's going on and they stubbornly continue to base our reality on "everything" is a particle and that there are Unicorns and Leprechauns interacting with the particles... yes they call this science and teach it in universities... So buddy, you don't have a problem... they have :P

[@kudota6732]

@@DaribowsMagistrate I'm guessing you have an alternative explanation then? Please do share.

[@DaribowsMagistrate]

@@kudota6732 I have no alternative. But I can think and make rational judgement. My logical conclusion is that there was an error sometimes 100 years ago. And since then we are chasing Unicorns and particles this, particle that... in other words we are on the wrong turn. My suggestion to Science and so called scientists is to go back to the drawing board and reconsider everything starting with the standard model idiocracy - which should be completely discarded, quantum lunacy where something can be 2 things at once - this is not how nature works and there is no single experimental result to prove this, double slit experiment is flawed and the conclusions are flawed because of our flawed setup. I'm not saying that we didnt "hit" by chance some correct behaviours, but I''m saying that we have no idea why things work or how they work when we look at very small scales. I'm a humble human being trying to think logically but these Virtual Unicorns doesnt make any sense, in Nature nothing is Virtual and the Universe (I'm 100% sure about this) is not a crazy primate on drugs with a calculator!

[@bigman4407]

@@DaribowsMagistrate omg!! I think you just stumble upon the right equation to everything. Unicorn + Leprechaun = Reality Omg!! We did it!! We're definitely gonna win the Nobel prize

[@theklaus7436]

Qed, qft etc. I have seen this so many times and I got it around 2% now. Keep it coming

[@Zonker66]

Well, that certainly cleared things up. Yes, sir... clean, clean, clean.

[@800iq2]

Yes. Basically they measured an effect on the particle that doesn't match the known effects each known and theoretical particle has on the muon which most likely means there exists another unknown particle we are observing having a specific effect on the muons. To sum it up, new quantum particle very likely.

[@Zonker66]

@@800iq2 Thank you, 40% of a Q.

[@zatekusen]

I'm a simple man. When I see PBS Spacetime notification, I click!

[@nightskyy7380]

Smart guy. Me too XD

[@andythomason5576]

Yup, me three.

[@noahbliss1589]

It was awesome watching the press release with the physics department of my university and the theoretical particle physicist was saying that this was a possible sign of a leptoquark, I would love to hear your explanation of what a leptoquark might be and how it would account for the anomalous muon moment!

[@warrenmacdonald1372]

Very precious comment regarding Matt "spontaneously dissolving" at 12:10. This proves QED humour is alive and well!

[@TheyCallMeHacked]

Would the graviton be a candidate for one of those undiscovered particles the muons interact with? How about tachyons?

[@sethapex9670]

Tachyons are unlikely

[@proton8689]

A tachyon or tachyonic particle is a hypothetical particle that always travels faster than light. As far as we know, a tachyon is impossible. Literally faster then causality

[@TheyCallMeHacked]

@@proton8689 I know what a Tachyon is. I just am unsure how they interact with other particles and if they could potentially be a candidate.

[@proton8689]

@@TheyCallMeHacked I think they can't because they're faster than light. Light speed isn't about light itself, it's the speed of causality itself.

[@TheyCallMeHacked]

@@proton8689 that does make sense

[@onlyhuman9986]

I could see him holding back the laughter with every atom in his being when he said “They tugged it hard...”

[@theredwhirlwin]

🤭

[@ifonlyiwassaner]

Love that you used the expression "with every atom in his being"

[@TheReaverOfDarkness]

"sometimes it means we should throw that theory away" but most of the time it means we should refine it. I feel like this is grossly understated.

[@michaeldeierhoi4096]

That quote defines the course of science through history.

[@MichaelKilmanAuthor]

Thanks once again for a fantastic episode!

[@bringtheseo]

Watching this video was like asking someone how they are, then immediately regretting it.