Top 40 Digital Electronics ece interview questions and answers tutorial for fresher beginners

[@sharmilaj7497]

The usual way to implement a synchronous sequential state machine is to divide it into a piece of combinational logic and a set of flip flops called a "state register." Each time a clock signal ticks, the state register captures the feedback generated from the previous state of the combinational logic, and feeds it back as an unchanging input to the combinational part of the state machine.

[@sharmilaj7497]

The classical way to represent a digital circuit is with an equivalent set of logic gates. Another way, often with the least electronics, is to construct an equivalent system of electronic switches (usually transistors). One of the easiest ways is to simply have a memory containing a truth table. The inputs are fed into the address of the memory, and the data outputs of the memory become the outputs.

[@pravink5749]

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[@universalentertainment1694]

Both latches and flip-flops are circuit elements whose output depends not only on the current inputs, but also on previous inputs and outputs. The difference between a latch and a flip-flop is that a latch does not have a clock signal, whereas a flip-flop always does.

[@sharmilaj7497]

As of 2014, almost all digital machines are synchronous designs because it is easier to create and verify a synchronous design. However, asynchronous logic is thought can be superior because its speed is not constrained by an arbitrary clock; instead, it runs at the maximum speed of its logic gates. Building an asynchronous system using faster parts makes the circuit faster.

[@sharmilaj7497]

Digital techniques are useful because it is easier to get an electronic device to switch into one of a number of known states than to accurately reproduce a continuous range of values.

[@sharmilaj7497]

A digital circuit is typically constructed from small electronic circuits called logic gates that can be used to create combinational logic. Each logic gate is designed to perform a function of boolean logic when acting on logic signals.

[@universalentertainment1694]

why most interrupts active low? Reason 1: Active low signals are used in digital circuitry to reduce errors caused due to interference(noise). If we use active high signals interference caused due to noise is also considered as a signal, so we use active low signals to prevent errors. Reason 2: When driving any circuit using a micro controller it cannot provide high current to drive the device,so we connect an external power source to the device and use active low signal

[@sharmilaj7497]

In a digital system, a more precise representation of a signal can be obtained by using more binary digits to represent it. While this requires more digital circuits to process the signals, each digit is handled by the same kind of hardware, resulting in an easily scalable system. In an analog system, additional resolution requires fundamental improvements in the linearity and noise characteristics of each step of the signal chain.

[@mohamedimran6420]

Digital systems represent information using a binary system, where data can assume one of only two possible values: zero or one. • Appropriate for implementation in electronic circuitry, where values are characterized by the absence/presence of an electrical current flow.

[@sharmilaj7497]

In digital electronics,the most widely used simplification is a minimization algorithm like the Espresso heuristic logic minimizer within a CAD system, although historically, binary decision diagrams, an automated Quine-McCluskey algorithm, truth tables, Karnaugh maps, and Boolean algebra have been used.

[@sharmilaj7497]

Asynchronous logic components can be hard to design because all possible states, in all possible timings must be considered. The usual method is to construct a table of the minimum and maximum time that each such state can exist, and then adjust the circuit to minimize the number of such states. Then the designer must force the circuit to periodically wait for all of its parts to enter a compatible state (this is called "self-resynchronization")

[@sharmilaj7497]

The state register is just a representation of a binary number. If the states in the state machine are numbered (easy to arrange), the logic function is some combinational logic that produces the number of the next state.

[@sharmilaj7497]

In this scheme, the digital machine is characterized as a set of data flows. In each step of the flow, an asynchronous "synchronization circuit" determines when the outputs of that step are valid, and presents a signal that says, "grab the data" to the stages that use that stage's inputs. It turns out that just a few relatively simple synchronization circuits are needed.

[@sharmilaj7497]

Another form of digital circuit is constructed from lookup tables, (many sold as "programmable logic devices", though other kinds of PLDs exist). Lookup tables can perform the same functions as machines based on logic gates, but can be easily reprogrammed without changing the wiring. This means that a designer can often repair design errors without changing the arrangement of wires.

[@sharmilaj7497]

Sequential systems divide into two further subcategories. "Synchronous" sequential systems change state all at once, when a "clock" signal changes state. "Asynchronous" sequential systems propagate changes whenever inputs change

[@sharmilaj7497]

A logic gate is generally created from one or more electrically controlled switches, usually transistors but thermionic valves have seen historic use. The output of a logic gate can, in turn, control or feed into more logic gates.

[@sharmilaj7497]

Each logic symbol is represented by a different shape. The actual set of shapes was introduced in 1984 under IEEE/ANSI standard 91-1984. "The logic symbol given under this standard are being increasingly used now and have even started appearing in the literature published by manufacturers of digital integrated circuits."

[@mohamedimran6420]

Boolean algebra, a logic algebra, allows the rules used in the algebra of numbers to be applied to logic. It formalizes the rules of logic. Boolean algebra is used to simplify Boolean expressions which represent combinational logic circuits.

[@sharmilaj7497]

in some logic families, NAND gates are the simplest digital gate to build. All other logical operations can be implemented by NAND gates. If a circuit already required a single NAND gate, and a single chip normally carried four NAND gates, then the remaining gates could be used to implement other logical operations like logical and. This could eliminate the need for a separate chip containing those different types of gates.

[@sharmilaj7497]

One common test scheme known as "scan design" moves test bits serially (one after another) from external test equipment through one or more serial shift registers known as "scan chains". Serial scans have only one or two wires to carry the data, and minimize the physical size and expense of the infrequently used test logic.

[@sharmilaj7497]

A 4-bit ring counter using D-type flip flops is an example of synchronous logic. Each device is connected to the clock signal, and update together.

[@Sandy-jy5fw]

The most widely used simplification is a minimization algorithm like the Espresso heuristic logic minimizer within a CAD system, although historically, binary decision diagrams, an automated Quine-McCluskey algorithm, truth tables, Karnaugh maps, and Boolean algebra have been used

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[@sharmilaj7497]

Many systems need circuits that allow external unsynchronized signals to enter synchronous logic circuits. These are inherently asynchronous in their design and must be analyzed as such. Examples of widely used asynchronous circuits include synchronizer flip-flops, switch debouncers and arbiters.

[@sharmilaj7497]

A sequential system is a combinational system with some of the outputs fed back as inputs. This makes the digital machine perform a "sequence" of operations. The simplest sequential system is probably a flip flop, a mechanism that represents a binary digit or "bit".

[@sharmilaj7497]

Synchronous sequential systems are made of well-characterized asynchronous circuits such as flip-flops, that change only when the clock changes, and which have carefully designed timing margins.

[@mohamedimran6420]

A digital circuit is a circuit where the signal must be one of two discrete levels. Each level is interpreted as one of two different states (for example, on/off, 0/1, true/false). Digital circuits use transistors to create logic gates in order to perform Boolean logic.

[@sharmilaj8273]

The outputs of each register are a bundle of wires called a "bus" that carries that number to other calculations. A calculation is simply a piece of combinational logic

[@sharmilaj7497]

When only one digital circuit is needed, and its design is totally customized, as for a factory production line controller, the conventional solution is a programmable logic controller, or PLC. These are usually programmed by electricians, using ladder logic.

[@sharmilaj7497]

Additionally, where clocked digital systems interface to analog systems or systems that are driven from a different clock, the digital system can be subject to metastability where a change to the input violates the set-up time for a digital input latch. This situation will self-resolve, but will take a random time, and while it persists can result in invalid signals being propagated within the digital system for a short time.

[@sharmilaj7497]

Most digital systems divide into "combinational systems" and "sequential systems." A combinational system always presents the same output when given the same inputs. It is basically a representation of a set of logic functions, as already discussed.

[@sharmilaj7497]

An advantage of digital circuits when compared to analog circuits is that signals represented digitally can be transmitted without degradation due to noise.

[@amarjudo1537]

In digital electronics, a multiplexer is a combination of logic gates resulting into circuits with two or more inputs (data inputs) and one output.

[@sharmilaj7497]

Asynchronous register-transfer systems (such as computers) have a general solution. In the 1980s, some researchers discovered that almost all synchronous register-transfer machines could be converted to asynchronous designs by using first-in-first-out synchronization logic.

[@sharmilaj7497]

In some cases, digital circuits use more energy than analog circuits to accomplish the same tasks, thus producing more heat which increases the complexity of the circuits such as the inclusion of heat sinks. In portable or battery-powered systems this can limit use of digital systems.

[@sharmilaj7497]

Many digital systems are data flow machines. These are usually designed using synchronous register transfer logic, using hardware description languages such as VHDL or Verilog.

[@sharmilaj7497]

Boolean algebra also deals with functions which have their values in the set {0, 1}. A sequence of bits is a commonly used such function.

[@sharmilaj7497]

A large logic machine (say, with more than a hundred logical variables) can have an astronomical number of possible states. Obviously, in the factory, testing every state is impractical if testing each state takes a microsecond, and there are more states than the number of microseconds since the universe began.

[@sharmilaj7497]

the digital circuit will calculate more repeatably, because of its high noise immunity. On the other hand, in the high-precision domain (for example, where 14 or more bits of precision are needed), analog circuits require much more power and area than digital equivalents.

[@sharmilaj7497]

Each calculation also has an output bus, and these may be connected to the inputs of several registers. Sometimes a register will have a multiplexer on its input, so that it can store a number from any one of several buses.

[@sharmilaj7497]

in 2009, researchers discovered that memristors can implement a boolean state storage (similar to a flip flop, implication and logical inversion), providing a complete logic family with very small amounts of space and power, using familiar CMOS semiconductor processes.

[@sharmilaj7497]

digital electronics are electronics that handle digital signals (discrete bands of analog levels) rather than by continuous ranges as used in analog electronics. All levels within a band of values represent the same information state.

[@sharmilaj7497]

Digital electronic circuits are usually made from large assemblies of logic gates, simple electronic representations of Boolean logic functions

[@sharmilaj7497]

In most cases, the number of these states is two, and they are represented by two voltage bands: one near a reference value (typically termed as "ground" or zero volts), and the other a value near the supply voltage. These correspond to the false and true values of the Boolean domain respectively(also known as '0' and '1' respectively)

[@mohamedimran6420]

Chapter 9 - Combinational Logic Functions. A decoder is a circuit that changes a code into a set of signals. It is called a decoder because it does the reverse of encoding, but we will begin our study of encoders and decoders with decoders because they are simpler to design.

[@sharmilaj8273]

Each calculation also has an output bus, and these may be connected to the inputs of several registers. Sometimes a register will have a multiplexer on its input, so that it can store a number from any one of several buses

[@sharmilaj7497]

When multiple copies of a correctly designed circuit are being manufactured, it is essential to test each copy to ensure that the manufacturing process has not introduced any flaws.

[@NaveenKumar-ut8bj]

In digital electronics, a multiplexer is a combination of logic gates resulting into circuits with two or more inputs (data inputs) and one output.

[@sharmilaj7497]

in register transfer logic, binary numbers are stored in groups of flip flops called registers.

[@shibu5598]

We know there are two types of signals, one is analog or continuous signal and the second one is Digital or discrete signal. So the science or field of research in the area of engineering is termed as Analog and Digital Electronics respectively. Now coming to the area of Digital Electronics, it is essential to understand wide range of applications from industrial electronics to the fields of communication, from micro embedded systems to military equipment.

[@sharmilaj7497]

Sequential systems are often designed as state machines. In this way, engineers can design a system's gross behavior, and even test it in a simulation, without considering all the details of the logic functions.

[@kalieswaran7132]

Digital electronics or digital (electronic) circuits are electronics that handle digital signals (discrete bands of analog levels) rather than by continuous ranges as used in analog electronics. All levels within a band of values represent the same information state.

[@sharmilaj7497]

Digital logic first became useful when switching speeds got above 50 Hz, because that was faster than a team of humans operating mechanical calculators. Modern electronic digital logic routinely switches at 5 GHz (5 · 109 Hz), and some laboratory systems switch at more than 1 THz (1 · 1012 Hz).

[@NILESH483]

For the question How to achieve 180 degree phase shift ? you said full form of DCM is Digital content manager, but it is digital clock manager and ans is not FPGA, on FPGA there is clock manager using that we can take or collect different clock signal signal. please correct thie DCM full form ma'am.

[@sharmilaj7497]

Most useful digital systems must translate from continuous analog signals to discrete digital signals. This causes quantization errors. Quantization error can be reduced if the system stores enough digital data to represent the signal to the desired degree of fidelity. The Nyquist-Shannon sampling theorem provides an important guideline as to how much digital data is needed to accurately portray a given analog signal.

[@sharmilaj7497]

Fortunately, large logic machines are almost always designed as assemblies of smaller logic machines. To save time, the smaller sub-machines are isolated by permanently installed "design for test" circuitry, and are tested independently.

[@sharmilaj7497]

Bad designs have intermittent problems such as "glitches", vanishingly fast pulses that may trigger some logic but not others, "runt pulses" that do not reach valid "threshold" voltages, or unexpected ("undecoded") combinations of logic states.

[@Sandy-jy5fw]

Engineers use many methods to minimize logic functions, in order to reduce the circuit's complexity. When the complexity is less, the circuit also has fewer errors and less electronics, and is therefore less expensive.

[@sharmilaj7497]

Alternatively, the outputs of several items may be connected to a bus through buffers that can turn off the output of all of the devices except one. A sequential state machine controls when each register accepts new data from its input.

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There are several reasons for testing a logic circuit. When the circuit is first developed, it is necessary to verify that the design circuit meets the required functional and timing specifications.

[@sharmilaj7497]

digital circuits are made from analog components, digital circuits calculate more slowly than low-precision analog circuits that use a similar amount of space and power.

[@sharmilaj7497]

The outputs of each register are a bundle of wires called a "bus" that carries that number to other calculations.

[@Sandy-jy5fw]

Digital electronics or digital (electronic) circuits are electronics that handle digital signals rather ..... calculation logic, buses and other parts of the computer in the best way for some purpose

[@sharmilaj7497]

Digital circuits are made from analog components. The design must assure that the analog nature of the components doesn't dominate the desired digital behavior. Digital systems must manage noise and timing margins, parasitic inductances and capacitances, and filter power connections.

[@sharmilaj7497]

The basic operations of Boolean calculus are as follows. AND (conjunction), denoted x∧y (sometimes x AND y or Kxy), satisfies x∧y = 1 if x = y = 1 and x∧y = 0 otherwise. OR (disjunction), denoted x∨y (sometimes x OR y or Axy), satisfies x∨y = 0 if x = y = 0 and x∨y = 1 otherwise. NOT (negation), denoted ¬x (sometimes NOT x, Nx or !x), satisfies ¬x = 0 if x = 1 and ¬x = 1 if x = 0.

[@deenasteyn8364]

Digital electronics or digital(electronic) circuits are electronicsthat handle digital signals (discrete bands of analog levels) rather than by continuous ranges as used in analogelectronics. All levels within a band of values represent the same information state.

[@sharmilaj7497]

when more significant noise is present, the use of redundancy permits the recovery of the original data provided too many errors do not occur.

[@arjunbharath9058]

digital (electronic) circuits are electronics that handle digital signals (discrete bands of analog levels) rather than by continuous ranges as used in analog electronics Reply

[@sathyabamamohanasundaram6908]

I think D-flipflop is delay- flipflop but she saying it is data flipflop

[@mohamedimran6420]

Image result for Digital Electronics Digital electronics or digital (electronic) circuits are electronics that handle digital signals (discrete bands of analog levels) rather than by continuous ranges as used in analog electronics. All levels within a band of values represent the same information state.

[@NaveenKumar-ut8bj]

Digital electronics or digital(electronic) circuits are electronicsthat handle digital signals (discrete bands of analog levels) rather than by continuous ranges as used in analog electronics.

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[@arjunbharath9058]

When the complexity is less, the circuit also has fewer errors and less electronics, and is therefore less expensive.

[@shibu5598]

Digital Electronics like TTL, PMOS-NMOS logic, Flip Flops etc. to get an idea about the whole subject.

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[@rasiyamusthafac2644]

I don't understand the answers of the qn why interrupts are active low? Anybody Please explain

[@arjunbharath9058]

Any number with an exponent of zero is equal to: A. zero B. one C. that number D. ten Answer: Option B

[@sharmilaj7497]

Digital circuits are sometimes more expensive, especially in small quantities.

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The Digital Electronics Basics series present the fundamental theories and concepts taught at entry level electronics courses at both 2 year and 4 year institutions.

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Sonu Kumar

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[@Sandy-jy5fw]

A sequential system is a combinational system with some of the outputs fed back as inputs. This makes the digital machine perform a "sequence" of operations. The simplest sequential system is probably a flip flop, a mechanism that represents a binary digit or "bit".

[@sharmilaj8273]

Asynchronous register-transfer systems (such as computers) have a general solution. In the 1980s, some researchers discovered that almost all synchronous register-transfer machines could be converted to asynchronous designs by using first-in-first-out synchronization logic.