Wooden Pin Pilum: Is it Pointless?

[@scottmcdivitt2187]

Michael deserves a really cool pilum for all this work he's done.

[@ironpirate8]

Maybe he deserves his SPQR tattoo

[@christopherreed4723]

Yes! One of the fancy ones with the ball-shaped weight below the head, that had decorative figures cast into it.

[@edelweiss-]

yes :D

[@MarvelDcImage]

The wooden pin could have been tried and discarded as a failed experiment but because it’s mention survived in a historical text we all act like it was standard practice.

[@neruneri]

@@MarvelDcImage There's an inherent trap within this topic too that is important to recognize, which is that the fact that it makes intuitive sense to laypeople and scholars would have artificially inflated the perceived validity of the whole thing, separate from what actually may have happened on the ground.

[@soul0360]

I wish Michael the best of luck during his studies and athletic competitions, until we see him again. One more reason for looking forward to spring, is never bad. Until then. At least Tod is still working on other great series.

[@timsippel1845]

Most interesting homework assignment ever yeah?

[@lancerd4934]

It'd be great if all his events were suddenly full of history nerds cheering him on :p

[@jayrey5390]

​@@lancerd4934😅

[@dronespace]

​@@lancerd4934All wearing Roman armour lol

[@somedane8879]

it'd be nice to have a video addressing how easy pila would be to manufacture in bulk, and also the reparability of pila collected after a battle

[@50043211]

I can only speak from the time of Marcus Aurelius onwards but the Romans had dedicated military gear manufacturing for the legions which produced in bulk.

[@BadgerUKvideo]

What are you planning? Are we crusading again?

[@titanscerw]

Oh we definately should, alright lads, you have just convinced me.

[@QuantumHistorian]

@@50043211 In the earlier Imperial era they were produced regionally I believe, with each legionary fortress more-or-less producing their own kit (the consumables anyway). During the Republic, I'm not sure. Obviously when it was a militia and citizens had to provide their own arms, then the answer is that everyone did it individually. But in the mid and late republic? My guess would be that the Consul / Praetor in charge of raising an army would put an order with _publicani_ (essentially, private contractors) to make what was needed before the army was raised and marched away from Rome.

[@Muaddibize]

@@QuantumHistorian You misunderstand how militias worked. Providing your own arms doesn't mean you come with whatever you can cobble together yourself. You still have the army blacksmiths, wood turners, cobblers, etc. making the kit. But when you present yourself for mustering, you have to buy your kit from them with your own money.

[@EriktheRed2023]

I love this discussion. These are the sorts of historical references that keep coming back, and we keep talking about them - because they're interesting! Seeing some actual testing done is just great. Anyway, we've waited since Plutarch. I see no problem with waiting until Spring. Thanks Tod!

[@SeverusFelix]

This is what makes experimental archaeology so valuable. I can imagine some Centurions rolling their eyes as they read Plutarch, like modern military watching a cheesy war film!

[@Zakalwe-01]

I used to worry about slings-shots being pointless too, until I remembered that they relied on blunt-force trauma instead. I’ll get my coat.

[@lanasmith4795]

And now I'm imagining throwing a little spiked ball

[@onri_]

Also imagine picking up the little lead ball and they've inscribed some insult on it too

[@lanasmith4795]

@@onri_ that deals psychological damage

[@rollotomasislawyer3405]

How do you say “Hi There” and “Dear John” in Latin?

[@mikeemmons1079]

Good, cuz I am getting the hose.

[@yobgodababua1862]

Nice analysis. Smart military commanders keep their kit simple.

[@zedre7633]

Something I have to commend about some of your films is how you try getting actual guys who are good at the stuff you're trying to replicate. Having people like Joe, Michael and Matt lend their abilities to this type of experimental archeology is so cool. Almost like the real deal back in the day, a soldier may not be able to make his weapon and the craftsman behind it may not be as good at swinging it.

[@alltat]

Especially so in this case. An average person throwing these may not have had any problems with them breaking during the throw, but a Roman legionnaire was far from average.

[@yt.602]

It's an interesting idea and of course Tod being Tod it's well tested with a spot of engineering trial and error and Michael the spear chucker extraordinaire of course. The question that springs to mind is why would they have gone to the effort to do it? The normal pilum was a well proven weapon, it could be stacked, dropped, bunged in a pile in a cart where as the wooden pinned ones would be more vulnerable to the Roman equivalent of a squaddy can break anything syndrome.

[@toahero5925]

To be fair, it wouldn't be hard to keep crates of replacements on hand, or for soldiers to whittle a new one if it broke.

[@lotsofweirdstuff]

As I am guessing others have said, it seems like a very niche modification for a solved problem. Having the wooden pin means that a soldier can't reliably use the pilum as a spear. I know that some periods of Roman soldiers would have carried 2, but that still limits one's defense against cavalry.

[@salvadorsempere1701]

That´s a big downside of all the wooden peg hypothesis. For a marginal improvement (if any) of your capabilities as a javelin, you suddenly lose the capability of use the pilum as a short spear. I don´t believe that it´s a worthwhile trade off. May be in a very particular situation (fighting against an enemy with no or almost no mounted forces), but not as a norm.

[@fixit4387]

Yes, and there is no archaeological evidence for a wooden pin, only finds with iron pins.

[@bavarianpotato]

That's what I've always thought. It just takes away so much capability in the pila for what's likely very little practical effect.

[@ArniesTech]

I question the "throwing back" thing as well. When these things are thrown, the full contact is already about to start any second. There is absolutely no time to pick up, or pull out and throw back.

[@Deipnosophist_the_Gastronomer]

My thoughts, also.

[@tandemcharge5114]

These are hitting across the breadth and thickness of the enemy line. It's not impossible or even improbable that some schmuck from the back can grab one and throw it back Also, it's not like the entire line is in contact, the unit most likely has men at the back not in contact

[@MGBait]

There's one scholar who posited that there could have been extended missile throwing with men in the back handing their pila to the men at the front. If that happened then keeping the enemy from throwing back a dangerous armour piercing missile would make sense.

[@hjorturerlend]

A lot of the talk about the pilum bending or snapping also almost seems to imply that the Pilum was some "secret" Roman weapon they had to keep out of the hands of their enemies. Like it was the radar of fighter jet or something. Reality is ofc that the Pilum was (as far as we know) a 4th-5th century BCE Etruscan design that had spread across the western Med long before the Roman conquests. IIRC we have examples of Gallic pila all the way in Czechia from the time when the Romans were still fighting for hegemony in Latium.

[@JustBill82]

My ancient history professor was adament that you dont listen to plutarch for military history, in his case in comparison to Arrian (whom you should listen to)

[@btrenninger1]

The Marius note is another nail in the coffin in the myth that the iron was supposed to bend. If he was trying wooden pins then clearly the iron wasn't bending sufficiently.

[@mnk9073]

Could be just cheaper and easier to replace wooden pegs rather than hammering bent Pila back into shape over and over.

[@tobyrobson2939]

There are so many dynamic in operation with a thrown pilum, I don't think its that simple a conclusion. Sometimes the iron shaft might bend, sometimes not. Maybe no even in the majority of impacts. But as Tods experiments have shown, sometimes the pin would break, sometimes not. But combine the two and you have a more than reasonable chance that a majority will be rendered useless after impact.

[@QuantumHistorian]

@@mnk9073 Replacement being cheaper than repair would be unusual. If the shaft bends easily, then bending it back straight over a field forge (or even just cold) is also easy.

[@j.f.fisher5318]

​@@mnk9073this was my takeaway from watching - that the breakaway pins mean less damage to the shaft so they can refurbish their weapons faster and be ready to fight again quicker.

[@j.f.fisher5318]

​​@@QuantumHistorianit isn't apples to apples though. You can probably replace the pin with a handy branch of a nearby tree. And the pin replacement takes seconds. What if there are a series of battles?

[@Kindrin]

I left the last video thinking that no soldier would use a weapon that fails 10-30% of the time when their life is on the line. Thank you for discussing it further.

[@tods_workshop]

Glad to come back for you, but I am pretty sure it could be made reliable, just not sure of what the point would be

[@Kindrin]

@@tods_workshop I would joke and guess ceremonial use? 😄 History is littered with good ideas and inventions that were never widely adopted. Perhaps there was a singular/limited event that led to its invention but the resource cost (constant repair of roughly handled weapons, post-battle repairs etc.) were not worth the cost for an empire-wide implementation.

[@Dem0nshade]

@@tods_workshop There is another way to make it very reliable, I posted it as its own comment, but picture the metal head as a sliding bolt lock with a wooden pin stopping it sliding, but it being constrained from tilting until it reaches its ultimate slid state. The portion that protrudes when it pivots must be prevented from sticking out (no channel for it to do so) until a sufficient travel backwards happens (due to direct thrusting impact, and shattering of the pin). In this configuration it would be able to be loaded sideways as hard as the metal blocking the slit is able to support. It could be swung with immense force without loading the pin at all

[@APV878]

I'm glad you got to the general conclusion that the weapon is doing what it's doing without the breakable pin. I was hoping you'd get there. And, just because a written source (ie Plutarch) mentions once, doesn't mean it's now "standard". I feel this is the same problem with using the pilum as a Pike, where it's held out at an angle to repel cavalry. Just because it was done once (by Caesar), doesn't mean it was standard for Legions for the next 400 years. Caesar was infamous for using "non linear" tactics to screw with his opponents. So, using the pilum not as intended for another purpose totally tracks with him, but, outside of that doesn't make much tactical sense in every battle after it. You also mentioned the trouble with logistics and woods available. There's also the delay in communications. Legions in another region are not going to get an overnight "hardware update" notification or instructions on how to update their pila, if they even get that information at all. And as mentioned, It worked for Marius this one time. Doesn't mean it's going to become standard overnight

[@bjornfrozen3396]

Excellent content, as always. Just a few thoughts: 1. I really don't think anyone would want to use these if there is even a small risk of breaking before, or during, the first throw. A soldier has to be able to rely on his kit and a battlefield is no neat and well controlled area. The pilum might get caught on a branch, or on another legionaries weapon whilst running, etc. The return throw is hypothetical, the first one is, basically, guaranteed. If I was a centurion, with the responsibility of bringing the majority of my men victoriously back home to their families, loved ones, and… "women of negotiable affection", I don't think I would ever want to equip them with these. Even if they only broke, too soon, 5% of the time. 2. That said, let's assume that they were used. I'm not convinced of the whole not being able to throw back argument. Partly because most throws would, hopefully, impact amongst the enemy. We can see that Michael's aim is solid, at a bit of range they might not have been able to hit specific soldiers but surely most would hit something when throwing at a target the size of the broad side of a barn. And it seems that the vast majority of the ones that do hit wouldn't have been thrown back. Most would be stuck or too bent. Yes I know you could, in theory, throw back a bent one, but surely this would limit the potential damage, especially against, what the Romans would consider, their superior shields and armour. So it seems to me that only a very few pilums would be in a good shape to be thrown back anyway. And, besides, this does not appear to have been much of a concern, as far as I am aware, for other armies of antiquity or even the mediaeval ages. 3. Which all brings me to my final thought. Assuming, still, that these were used, I actually suspect it might in a way be for the opposite reason people seem to think. In the account it spoke of the pilum getting stuck and dragging on the ground. As Toby pointed out, it would do so anyway. But in what manner? If the pin breaks the pilum will naturally want to bend at the joint. If not then it will naturally bend along the metal shaft, causing metal fatigue. So after your inevitable and glorious victory you scrounge around the battlefield, pick up any pilums you may find, and head off to the next conflict. How many times would it have to bend before eventually breaking? 10 times? 40? 100? Eventually it will snap, and then it would be the devils work to forge it back together again. You could do it, but it wouldn't be fun. Worse still is the fact that with each throw the chance of it bending on impact and not causing the damage it otherwise would have is increasing. By having the pilum deliberately bend on a joint, instead of bending on the metal, I believe you could add to its overall "lifetime" by not an insignificant amount… At least I can see how some higher-up bastard would consider it an excellent way to save on resources. Incidentally, it seems unlikely that they would have phrased it in terms of "cost effective" or "saving resources". If nothing else, that sounds bad for morale. Better to say things like "they won't be able to throw them back", and "the pilum will drag on the ground more, further disrupting the barbarians"... Then, again, if I was a centurion I would probably see to it that we "accidentally" lost the pins, and then, with a bit of elbow grease, ensure that I, "by sheer good fortune", came upon a blacksmith with a convenient amount of metal rods. Can hardly blame a man for improvising. Even if the wooden pins would work, I doubt most of the officers on the ground would want their men to have to rely on a flimsy piece of wood. I think three things would be interesting to find out. 1. Are there any reliable sources that indicate that soldiers or officers were actually concerned about the enemy throwing weapons back. Now not just looking at the Romans. 2. How often would a pilum, thrown not at a single target but rather at a body of men, be in a condition to be thrown back. 3. How many times could you throw a pilum(with metal pin) before metal fatigue would have a noticeable effect. Anyway, that's enough of my idle speculation. Toby, please keep up your excellent work. Well performed practical research like this really brings us all a lot closer to the past than any purely theoretical work ever could.

[@GrandDungeonDad]

Great content as always Tod thank you for the update on this!

[@woodybutler]

Really appreciate the investagative approach you take to this. Highlighting doubts, uncertainties, even comments from previous videos!

[@mansfieldtime]

I love these videos where we learn things. The distance between pins, I knew that... but only if some said fulcrum. Now that I know the first pin is a fulcrum it makes sense.

[@AndrewTheFrank]

If the weapon is thrown when enemy is in mid charge then I doubt throwing it back is on the enemy's mind.

[@BobT36]

Gotta think long term. What if the battle goes on longer? If sides separate then clash again? Or reinforcements come in, or you actually lose? Arming the enemy is never a good idea.

[@captainnyet9855]

In field battles the idea of "throwing the pilum back" is just generally a bit nonsensical; it probably happened (during sieges, for example) but it is not a light javelin for skirmishing actions; it's a heavy, short ranged throwing spear that most likely would be used to blunt an enemy charge just before engaging in melee; opportunities to throw Pila back would be a an oddity.

[@captainnyet9855]

@@BobT36 if you lose the battle, you have armed the enemy either way; you think the enemy is going to leave the pila behind because an easily replacable part was broken?

[@thomaszaccone3960]

​@@BobT36There are so many questions about this subject to be sure

[@GrandDungeonDad]

If the enemy line is charging you and you throw the wooden pin version isnt there a significant chance you break their charge or trip them up as the pilum shaft is now at foot level and could really trip or foul someones legs up? I feel like this is possibly why Marius would use this in the first place. Having a spear sticking out of your shield is cumbersome sure but its not likwly to make you fall down mid charge.

[@dadaoh9112]

I love everything about this: thoughtful commentary, insight that I did not expect, respect for those that came before, those that commented recently, and for Michael the thrower, and a nice twist at the end I did not see coming (that of doubling the length between fasteners), plus enthusiasm and humility throughout. Easily one of my fave channels - and I’m in no way even remotely involved in any of this!!! Top marks for Tod.

[@tommeakin1732]

I will say that the more I think and learn about this, and think about even modern realities of life-and-death gear, the more I think this idea comes off as the thoughts of a technical nerd (I mean that with love lol) who doesn't use the gear themselves; or most importantly, doesn't use it in the conditions it would end up in in the field. It might be able to work wonderfully most of the time and be a fair bit better than your "standard", but if it's opening the door for outright failure through grounded realities such as weather, accidents, the rough treatment of tired, bad-tempered meat-heads; I can see many experienced men raising their eyebrows. It's pretty reasonable that they might have trialled it at least; but at the same time, how much does it really give you even if everything goes flawlessly? They are likely only going to throw a pilum back at you if they win the fight and take them to the next. It's kind of like preparing for a loss in a way. I don't think it'd be worth it just through the way men seem to always end up treating their gear in the field. And I can just imagine cases like a cart being filled with these things ("primed") while on a march, and when they take them out to ready for a fight, half of the pins are broken and need doing again, or worse; half of them have been weakened so that they shear on being thrown. The "fix" for that would be to prime them right before they're thrown - but that's a big weakness in itself. Plus a spearhead just flopping about when it's unprimed is also a weakness in itself.

[@johnjapuntich3306]

My thoughts exactly...This is not very practical thing to use in combat. Soldiers are hard on gear and the pins would be constantly breaking just from everyday activity when you're not even in combat.

[@tommeakin1732]

@@johnjapuntich3306 A little test idea for Tod might be simply dropping the pin-pilum a few times (from different angles that might happen through normal daily-carrying) and seeing if the pins break, *or weaken* so that pins that otherwise would not break on a throw, now break. Imo that'd basically kill the pin idea

[@tods_workshop]

Tom - I agree with every word - thanks

[@Aerindelprime]

Indeed. I think the good idea fairy has moved in with tod.

[@tommeakin1732]

@@tods_workshop Always great to hear the man himself agreeing with me ;) I thought just after writing this: The next time you do a video on these pin-pila, it might be an idea to simply try dropping them in ways that would be likely in day-to-day use. You might end up with "tough" pins (like boxwood) either outright breaking when the pilum is dropped, or being weakened so that pins that would not normally break on a throw would now break. That'd be a nail in the coffin to the whole idea. Subtle stuff that could be missed by inventors or modern people, but would be a real problem in real use.

[@DarkestVampire92]

Sounds like the wooden pin pilum was one of those bright ideas that someone suggested back in the day on ye olde Shark Tank, which looked great on paper but turned out to be impractical. To us modern people this is great, we dont have to make a new Pilum everytime it hits something, but Rome was producing those in the thousands on basically production lines. I dont think they'd care if they bent or broke after hitting something, so long as it hit something.

[@QuantumHistorian]

Why would you have to make a new pilum everytime it hits something? If it bends, when you're recovering them after the battle, just straighten it. If you're really worried about work hardening, occasionally reheat it at the forge slightly. No need to remake the whole object!

[@DarkestVampire92]

@@QuantumHistorian I mean bending the tip is one thing, but with the point nailed straight into wood thats also likely to be a failure point where the wood snaps under the forces. Its true for Roman soldiers it would be no trouble at all, they'd have weapon smiths with them on campaigns, I'm just saying its convinient for modern reenactment and recreational throwing to have a failure point like that.

[@sanitarycockroach9038]

Michael is now likely the world's finest and foremost pilum expert. That is a laudable title aside from any awards he deservedly gains in his sports career. It's always fascinating and educational to see the videos you two produce.

[@jonno27]

I love the constant experimentation that goes on in this channel.

[@Armageddon2k]

Cant wait for Michael to return! Just seeing him throwing that thing is a blast.

[@jeffarmstrong1308]

I have known of the Marian modification to the plum since I first read about them around 30 years ago. For this reason I have followed these two videos with a great deal of interest and I look forward to the results once Michael is able to help you with the testing again.

[@jwnomad]

plums are sweet

[@SkyForgeVideos]

Just a thought, but based on the description my guess would be that modification would have been made to the wooden peg to make it easier to break cleanly rather than adding metal tubing as this would have been a much easier modification to do.

[@tods_workshop]

Sorry you misunderstand me. The tube creates a sharp shear plane that just wood does not give and the tube is part of the pilum head, not part of the disposable sacrificial pin

[@SkyForgeVideos]

@@tods_workshop No I understand, just thinking that making a metal tube is difficult enough of a task that it would have been easier to whittle the peg in such a way as to make it shear more easily without the need for a tube.

[@BardofCornwall]

Great stuff. Plus the shear pin would reduce a soldier's ability to use it as a hand spear (not it's main purpose, but certainly better than nothing if that's all a soldier had).

[@captainnyet9855]

Pila are pretty decent spears, and it would be the only weapon the Romans could really rely upon when faced with enemy cavalry; wooden pegs would be really bad as it pretty much means you can't defend against cavalry; not only that, the mere idea of the pilum beign thrown back at you is a bit unrealistic; these wapons would likely be thrown during the enemy charge to break the enemy's cohesion and then countercharge; (or when attacking, just throwing and charging the enemy before they can recover) if the enemy has the time to dislodge the pilum and throw it back something has gone horribly wrong already.

[@eb282]

Thanks for the shout out. Love this series!

[@tods_workshop]

Thanks for making the point. It was annoyingly obvious in hindsight but you were (I think) the only one to mention it and it would certainly solve the problem I encountered.

[@jansenart0]

I've been thinking about the "throwing it back" thesis. If the enemy is well-equipped, they're probably not going to want to use discarded pilum, nor would they likely have the training to return them anyway. If they're poorly equipped enough to actually want to use them, well, then the legion would have a field day cutting them down. I struggle to envision a scenario that anyone would want to do anything with a discarded pilum except extract the iron, really.

[@gsmadmax100]

I keep imagining huge ranks of men in formation perhaps especially if they're using Shields, in my opinion if you have a formation and one numb nut stops to pick up something off the ground... Well that numb nuts just opened a huge hole in the defense, hasn't he? If I were a Commander I probably want to train that out of my forces, perhaps they'd be more effective simply by maintaining cohesion / formation ? It's an army after all not a litter patrol! LOL

[@JanneBernards]

This is my problem with this idea as well. Especially if the pila are thrown on the final approach right before ranks clash? who is going to stop and bend over in the middle of a charge and leave themselves in the way of friendly troops or exposed to enemy troops to fiddle around with a spear that may or may not be in a throwable state after picking it up.

[@morsletum5348]

Throwing spear wasn't something unique to romans during the period the pilum was used.Pretty much everyone did it and I don't think they would lack training.Most armies would throw javelins at the start of a battle,being able to throw back a pilum wouldn't be a big deal but they would have done it if they had the time.

[@foldionepapyrus3441]

I think you are missing the mark there - logistics are a pain even now with internal combustion to power it all. When you have a large body of troops days from resupply, and who largely carried all their own gear actively fighting a war you are bound to want to reuse everything you can. Might not be throwing them back in the midst of the pitched battle, but when you get even 5 mins of downtime your soldiers are all going to want a new throwing weapon, replacement for their busted shield, water etc - if they can just pick one up or pull one out of a discarded shield and still use it they will.

[@JanneBernards]

​@@foldionepapyrus3441 But by that reasoning making the spear unusable after throwing makes them unusable for yourself as well, which seems a weird when you go from the position that you will win the battle and are the one to get the opportunity to loot the field.

[@volvok7749]

While it's a very interesting idea I find every aspect of it to be inconvenient for actual military use. Surely pila would get bumped here and there when marching or setting up camp, which would lead to them breaking outside of combat. Sure they can carry extra pins or carve them on the spot, but what if the wood is swollen? What if the broken bit is hard to extract?... sounds like a pain for little benefit. As far as I know, the historical debate isn't settled as to whether the Romans also used the pilum as a spear for hand to hand combat, in which case them breaking would be very undesirable. So yeah, I believe this detail is likely invented by Plutarch (who had no military experience) as flavour text. Great video as usual!

[@QuantumHistorian]

While changing the separation between the two pins might solve the problem, it might be ahistorical. Lots (by the standards of Roman military archaeology anyway) of pila heads have been found, so there's data about what the distance between the two pins actually was. M.C. Bishop's _The Pilum_ (Osprey, 2017) has compiled more-or-less all the available data I believe.

[@jancello]

I agree that trying to stay close to the archaeological record would be more interesting. The metal tubing and pin distance might not be the best solutions, as mentioned elsewhere cutting a notch in the (thicker) pin and switching the roles of the two pins (iron/wood) might work just as well. I'm a bit skeptical about the elongated hole too - is there any precedent for that ?

[@tods_workshop]

Jancello - for the wood to shear, the solid pin must allow for the movement required, so it has to be an elongated hole. No elongation = no movement, no movement = no shear. But of course we have no archaeological evidence so the whole thing may just be ancient BS

[@foldionepapyrus3441]

@@tods_workshop I think you are wrong there Tod, it isn't the only way it can work. Remember it isn't really one solid object even if you have just a fixed pivot, so the inertia of the relatively heavy high momentum shaft will make it want to rotate around the metal pin. Which it will try almost all the time as on impact it isn't travelling that perfectly straight and the tip will bite into something and stop much rapidly than the back. The wooden pin may have to be rather thinner than yours in that situation but on hitting anything the tip sticks in the odds are reasonable it will still fold and shear once you find the right ballpark of stick diameter - As the tip is stuck in something and probably won't be able to match the desired rotation of the shaft as the whole thing didn't enter that target dead straight. Leading to a sharp impulse on the wooden pin, that despite it being rotational so only a smaller fraction of the energy with how straight the hit should be can be high enough the pin will be sheared by a more scissor like motion. When compared to your designs more chisel like shearing action the more rotational breaking method may even be more reliable in practice, might not break on impact as often but will almost certainly not survive being pulled out of whatever it is stuck in. And as that metal pin is directly part of taking all directions of loads while throwing you don't need nearly as tough a wooden peg to survive the throw - even your expert thrower I'd doubt can accelerate it nearly as fast as it will decelerate on hitting something, and almost certainly doesn't put nearly as much rotational forces on the wooden peg as the impact tying to fold it does, as that would be really wasting their energy.

[@QuantumHistorian]

@@tods_workshop We do have some evidence for pilum tangs and pin holes. Not to harp on about it again, but on pp12-14 of Bishop's books we see about 20 different examples (and more later). Heavily corroded naturally, but the holes do look circular rather than elliptical. If the iron pin must be in an elliptical hole for the wooden one to break (and your argument sounds convincing), then this would be further evidence against widespread adoption of a wooden pin. As an aside, next time you have Michael over, can you get him to try the throwing drill from page 46? I can send you a pdf of the book if you don't have a copy.

[@daggermaster-el3pc]

One test for the future I think would be interesting. Is to create a 160lb compound longbow (if that's even possible) and use it against plate, and mail armour. Always wondered if adding in some modern tech to crossbows, bows, bolts, and arrows would have better results against 15th, and 16th-century plate armour.

[@daggermaster-el3pc]

With sights on both the bow and crossbow, you can also pick where you want to hit and hit it, giving you data accurately

[@metern]

As i commented in the last video about the Pilum with wood pegs, was that the pegs needed to be made with both pegs wooden. Or the enemies can just take a stick as a new peg and throw the Pilums back. If both pegs break it would take to long to "fix" the Pilum because the Pilum will end up in two pieces.

[@metern]

And the wood pegs need to be a really strong wood to stop breaking when thrown.

[@Skyfighter64]

I don't think it's as easy as you think. Remember, these are the last steps being taken before lines plunge into a proper battle. As a soldier on the receiving end of a pilum, I would have moments to resolve one stuck in my shield before having to deal with the head of a spear being thrust in my face, while not being able to slow down or break pace with the other soldiers in line with me. Secondly, the secondary purpose of the pilum is to encumber the shield, either forcing the user to drop said shield because he can't march efficiently with it, or just prevent the user from being able to defend properly, due to the added weight. Dropping the haft of the pilum on impact would mean that the shield isn't really encumbered anymore. it may have a small hole in it, but where having to pull a spear out of a shield would be a tedious task, especially in a formation, pulling out a dagger size chunk of metal is a LOT easier, and could probably be done without breaking stride.

[@metern]

@@Skyfighter64 I was thinking like someone who makes Pilums. And not as a battle tactician 😁

[@metern]

@Skyfighter64 But yes. In a real battle situation, there isn't much tome to act.

[@foldionepapyrus3441]

That would also probably help with the breaking by accident problems as well - as it stands you have one more delicate pin and the metal pin that doesn't take much load by design, but with two wooden pin both are sharing that load - they will still shear when they hit something rather easily as that is orders of magnitude more impulse than the throw, but now the throwing forces are distributed and as both pins are similarly compressible and elastic wood you probably don't get enough force concentration on a single one. That is however very clearly not what the reference suggests.

[@munky871]

One thing that sticks out to me is advancing forward. If the pilum is in the shield bent towards the ground it would be pretty difficult to move forward. It would be tripping you and possibly the man to either side. Personally id prefer to have a weapon that isnt going to break on the way to battle

[@xXnoscopeheadshots]

Pilums lodged in a shield will already drag along the ground when embedded in a shield

[@munky871]

@@xXnoscopeheadshots I get that. But it would be a different type of awkward dragging the ground. Not saying it would be worse it's just something to consider.

[@BrianDaleNeeley]

I love this sort of experimental archeology. Whether or not they actually made these breakable pila, or if they were the misconceptions of a later chronicler, we are unlikely to know, unless the unlikely discovery of such a pilum occurs. Such a discovery seems highly improbable, but it does give us a possible explanation for this ancient comment. Short of a practical time-travel machine being constructed, this sort of speculation is the best thing we have, and I think we are better off for having it. You've got a great channel, and I always love seeing a new video come out.

[@HammerHeadGameStudio]

I come back to this channel periodically so I can binge the new vids. This series with Michael has been fantastic.

[@xXnoscopeheadshots]

One thing you didn't mention or test is how much energy is lost from the pin breaking and losing much of the mass of the wooden shaft. I'd be interested in a second set of tests that focus on the comparative ability of the two types of pilum to penetrate armor after going through the shield.

[@xXnoscopeheadshots]

@ElodieFiorella That's why I specified ability to penetrate armor *after* going through the shield. The initial impact on the shield will likely break the pin and the spacing between the shield and armor would provide time for the shaft and handle to go out of alignment especially when factoring in how the shield itself will pivot.

[@tods_workshop]

I agree with Elodie - a small dampening effect, but not enough to matter much

[@kevans920]

How lovely to hear well researched living history. I have made a few of these weapons myself, they are lethal, would knock the impetus out of any enemy charge. I think the wood pin may have been more trouble than it was worth. Soldiers of all times in history wanted a weapon they could rely on. Respect to Michael for his hard work.

[@Raz.C]

We should also bear in mind that the Legions didn't use the Pilum EXCLUSIVELY as a missile. There are two salient examples where Caesar's Legions are forced to use their Pila as melee weapons against (initially) Gaul cavalry, as well as (later) Pompey's cavalry at Pharsalus, where just 3 Cohorts of the Tenth Legion (Legio X Equestris) managed to rout Pompey's force of 7,000 cavalry. Anyway, since the likelihood exists that you might need to use your Pilum as a spear today, instead of a javelin, it would make sense for them to ALWAYS be solidly constructed. It would also make sense, however, that the armourers of the Legions could probably modify each and every Pilum in the legion, in little more than a week, since they could use one or more Cohorts to assist. If the Consul or a Legatus, or even one of the Tribunes had knowledge of an expected opponent for an upcoming conflict and it led them to believe that the Pila needed to be modified so that they'd "break" on contact/ shortly after making contact, this was probably the kind of work that would need to be done. I don't expect that ANY of the Pila were made to be flimsy/ breakable (ie- with the flimsy wooden pin). I expect that they were all made to be sturdy and solid. I ALSO expect that sometimes they needed a breakable Pilum and when that happened, instead of *building* a flimsy Pilum, they used their stock of sturdily built Pila and *modified* them to be flimsy.

[@givemeanameman1]

something to consider is the amount of iron that would be saved by using a single wooden peg... it could be used simply because they were lacking replacement pins/iron for battle and the wooden peg was the known goto when resources were running low. People writing after the fact maybe coming up with reasons on why it was superior, when it was actually not by the people using it seen as a better way but a stop gap for supply issues.

[@QuantumHistorian]

Unlikely the Romans were lacking iron, they mass produced the stuff in huge quantities. Iron nails (basically the same thing as a pin) were dirt cheap compared to the period just before and just after the Romans. Not to mention that 1 iron pin that works for ever is going to be cheaper than having a new wooden pin every single throw.

[@givemeanameman1]

@@QuantumHistorian Think you are missing the point. How much iron the roman empire had is not relevant. We are talking local supply, further 5-10% of iron is lost when forged as scale. Its quite easy to see a local fort running short on iron after a few battles and repairs to weapons simply through loss through forging. Also we cant assume the blacksmiths had the time to make pins for Pilums or if they were busy fixing swords and other things and reducing the amount of pins needed to be made by half by using wood could have a significant effect on how fast they could return to 100% battle effectiveness carving wooden pins is something any soldier could do.

[@QuantumHistorian]

@@givemeanameman1 It's easier to make 1 iron pin once, than a wooden pin per throw. And why would they suddenly have to make tons of metal pins all at once? Now I agree that it's entirely possible that, once, somebody jammed some wood in their pila to fix a broken metal pin. But that's so far from what Plutarch is saying, that neither can be said to corroborate the other. In other words, it's pure speculation.

[@givemeanameman1]

@@QuantumHistorian Stop telling people they are wrong when you have nothing to actually add and even the least amount of thought possible on your end would negate your own post. Romans had forts Forts got attacked If the Romans didn't win and were still besieged then the Fort couldn't recover thrown pilums. Just one example. Another is they got sent lots of Pilum heads but the pins were not sent, either because they were expected to be made on site, or they got lost either through war or logistics mistakes. We have EVIDENCE they apparently DID use a wooden pin to the point its mentioned not as a single "instant" implied, but on mass. We have experimental evidence that the reasons given on why they used wooden pins does not add up, but using them can work. Speculation is without facts. We have facts, which means its a hypothesis. Of course I don't claim my theory is correct, I was offering it as a possible explanation. You have consistently attempted to find why its "wrong" in a method that is not only not constructive but which even on your end with minimal mental effort you could discard your own argument.

[@rina-ehre]

Greetings! While watching the last video, I had a question: isn’t the armour-piercing power of such a projectile and, consequently, the damage and effectiveness inflicted on the target reduced due to the breakage of the pin? Part of the projectile’s energy is wasted in this case. And, couldn't this also be said about arrows? In "Armour Versur Arrow", the arrows often broke on the armour, and, as a result, could not transfer all the energy. Also, crossbow bolts seem to be much more durable than bow arrows. This can also be the reason why crossbows have the better armour-piercing ability (and one of their advantages).

[@jagx234]

I had this thought as well, looked to see if it was already addressed.

[@foldionepapyrus3441]

The mass and so momentum of just that spear tip is so great it doesn't much matter when targeting a soft and squashy human (or the armour we can carry) if you don't get all the energy from the haft transferred as well. All the wooden shaft has to do is make it easy to throw and fly reasonably well - you could consider it a discarding sabot for the spear tip if you like. As the previous tests with the very fragile often breaking in the throw version showed it still punches holes in shields and armour fine. You are however correct that in general not breaking would be more effective at transferring the energy of the projectile, it would just be overkill in this case most of the time.

[@tods_workshop]

Yes the break would dampen it a bot, but I agree with papyrus, not enough to count

[@jayrey5390]

Thank you for diving deeper into this! And i have found that just as most internet interaction about experimental archaeology and history have some of the best communities and I've often read something in one of your videos that has begun the journey to learning something and it's a good willed and thoughtful and curious community - its refreshing and rather nice 😅 Thank you

[@TalRohan]

With problems like these it always amazes me that the solution is so simple and seemingly obvious , yet it takes some one individual to actually come up with Fascinating stuff thankyou Tod and EB282 for sharing .

[@corvion6]

Very cool channel! This is why i love living history! It's great that you really analyse things, come back to them and dare to change your mind! Talking about spears and darts, have you ever tried an atlatl?

[@Lurklen]

My only reply to the question is that while the intact Pilum also impedes the shield if stuck in it (arguable moreso than just the head being stuck) it is far easier to remove. It's got a great big handle, which while making it more awkward, also provides means and leverage to pull it out. Just the head being stuck in means a relatively thin metal bit that you cannot easily grip. So it might not be that it did something the original Pilum did not do, it might be that it was more able to continue to inconvenience the enemy (with the addition of not being able to be thrown back). That said, you raise really good points about the over all utility of the concept. I mean what makes this different from the war darts and the throwing arrows we see through other eras? We know those worked, why would one use a Pilum? Because it can double as a melee weapon if you have to close. And a breakaway head diminishes that capacity.

[@hulkthedane7542]

I like seeing, that you never stop evaluating the usefulnes of your own interpretations of sources and your own inventions. The fact that (seeminglt) noone ever mentioned the "you cannot throw the pilum back now" in historical sources is a strong indicator, that it was not a problem in the first place. Keep up the good work 👍👍👍

[@justskip4595]

6:31 Unidentified Flying Object.

[@nedwardmumford7525]

I'd love to see you try some more variants of this with so different ways of doing this, like not making the ovoid pin hole but just replacing the rear pin with wood?

[@davidmarawai5713]

Very much enjoyed the video is very informative was glued to it anticipating the result..well it's just a matter of waiting and Michael showing up 😄 Thank you Tod for the great educational video 🙏

[@DH-.]

In a pinch can you use the javelin as ammo for a ballista? The giant crossbow doohickey.

[@bpfrocket]

Your dedication to investigating history and accuracy is amazing and admirable!!!

[@craigrussell7542]

Would it need to be a tube? Or could they have just put a metal strip across inside, below the pin, to act as a cutting edge. Just thinking it might have been simpler for the Romans to do, instead of a tube. Love all your videos! This series has been excellent!

[@gregmuon]

Yeah, punching a hole in a plate is 1000x easier than hand forging a tube.

[@foldionepapyrus3441]

If they constructed it in similar fashion to Tods a small part of that outer metal reinforcement sheet could just be bent into the wood, stamp a tab free and bend it over before you even attach it to the shaft. A little more work than your suggestion probably, but not too much more and rather more reliable as that metal strip can't be forgotten (on purpose to save time and make more money or by accident) and render the feature less reliable or just fall out.

[@craigrussell7542]

@@foldionepapyrus3441 your solution is far better than mine! Well done.

[@craigrussell7542]

@@gregmuon quite right!

[@foldionepapyrus3441]

@@craigrussell7542 Thanks, though I doubt I would have thought to do anything different to Tod if you hadn't probed that concept. And now I've thought on it I agree with you - I highly doubt the folks of history would want to drill that deep through a solid bar or roll a sheet to make the tube. Rather too easy to get stuck in modern mindset when at worse the stock material that is almost exactly what you want as a finished part is trivially ordered, 'cheap' and delivered.

[@stav1369]

Clearly there is reference to doing this as pointed out, but I question whether it was used in practice for different reasons. Again I don’t doubt some javelins/pilum’s may have been built this way. There is a clear advantage to have them collapse to prevent throw back but this also comes at the expense of utility. The Pilum might be optimised as a throwing spear, but it’s still a spear and can be used as such if need be. Having it collapse removes this utility and effectively makes it almost useless as a melee spear. Thoughts?

[@johnhmstr]

Love the suggested solution... Another option that occurred to me was to change the shape of the pin. a round dowel will in theory break with the same force in any direction, but an oblong or rectangular tendon & mortis should break more easily the the force is applied to the wide thin face, but be stronger when the force is aligned with the small face where the material is much thicker. No idea if this will work but figured it was another method worth trying. [=] equal forces required from any direction 1x force required to break from head on | \/ [==]

[@OrIoN1989]

If I were a soldier I would add a third steel pin, that is optional removable. Call it a spear pin. It will function as a spear, but if you want it to break on throwing you could remove it.

[@tods_workshop]

That still leaves two pins = structurally intact = no break

[@edwardlane1255]

@@tods_workshop I think he's suggesting 3 pegs (maybe in 2 holes?), steel +steel and wood, with one of the steel being pulled like a grenade pin prior to throwing, leaving you with functional spear until you pull the pin

[@edelweiss-]

i love channels that have subtitles :D. they dont forgett about the deaf, the bad hearing and the ones, that maybe understand the language but needs a help to read for the full understanding (last part is me xD)

[@nitt3rz]

This is what experimental archaeology is all about, & that is why I really like this channel.

[@ilari90]

Two things this could help in battle: Enemy charges, pin breaks and the shaft digs into ground, halting movement. Or when you are charging, the pila won't be sticking against you. Still quite sceptical to this being that useful. There's some logistical stuff too, how to keep them intact in the heat of battle, before you get to throw it even, if it snaps easily. Many would have had a limp stick in their hands.

[@jwnomad]

how embarrassing

[@avonbridges4889]

I would have thought another good reason to have these break on impact is so your own troops don’t have to advance through a lot of these sticking in the ground with the rear point towards them should they miss or fall short.

[@bavarianpotato]

That's a solid idea, but I don't think it holds up. If you advance through your old pila, you'll have already pushed back the enemy by 15+ meters. The ground will be riddled with injured and dying men that would make quick traversal near impossible anyways. Also, if that's an issue, it's a bigger one for the enemy. Roman soldiers would march forwards and with shields to protect them. The enemy in that scenario would stumble backwards while being pushed to the defense, much more likely to be injured by the pila

[@timothym9398]

You've also lost the ability to use your spear as a spear. I know I wouldn't want to sacrifice the ability to use the pilum as an anti cavalry pike in a pinch just for a neat trick when throwing. I think there is too much utility lost for marginal gain.

[@foldionepapyrus3441]

You could still stick the first one with the pointy end just fine at least with slightly tougher wooden pin, and once you have done that properly you probably end up having to drop the weapon shear pin or not - weapons tend to stick in armour, shields, and flesh. You don't have time to wrestle with getting it free you just take the one the man behind hands forward or draw your sword. So I don't think it makes much odds there, it would always be the in a pinch we are desperate thing to use any weapon designed to be thrown by not throwing it.

[@AlexG1020]

Didn't the Romans carry two throwing spears, a heavy and a light?

[@tods_workshop]

Maybe

[@gustavchambert7072]

I'm also pretty sceptical about the utility of this one. Not only does it require more fiddling in production, but I imagine it would also be a giant pain in a quartermasters backside, since you now need a large set of practice pila, since the soldiers can't use their standard issue javelins for practice without breaking the pin on every throw. Besides this, it doesn't seem like the encumbering effect is all that much greater from the folded spear, just like you mentioned. And finally, and this is perhaps the most crucial for me: with the iron pin you can use the pila as regular spears, which gives a significant amount of flexibility to the troops using them, for example when facing cavalry while still retaining the throwing ability. With a wooden pin you completely lose that flexibility, and I think that alone makes it not worth it.

[@deplorable1-2]

A stock of unbreakable pins for practice would be easy. - as an ex quartermaster- After jabbing either a horse or rider solidly you won't want to hold onto the pilum. If you do, an "E" ticket ride will ensue

[@gustavchambert7072]

@@deplorable1-2 fair points both, but I still think having a spear is better than no spear. Because once you let it go because it's stuck, that's still one heavily wounded enemy.

[@deplorable1-2]

I dunno, maybe throw the throwing stick and keep hold of the stabbing stick? (Shoot the rifle dry then draw your pistol)@@gustavchambert7072

[@snatchy9837]

It was recorded to be used as a spear against cavalry a few times in history, dunno how common it was bit it was definitely used, and despite a previous posters uneducated comment, you would NOT want your spear to break when in contact with an enemy.

[@deplorable1-2]

I think I will let Tod educate me as to this. However, do realize his results are certain to be unhinged on this particular subject.@@snatchy9837

[@brianphillips1864]

Tod. Thanks. Keep nerding out...its so gratifying.

[@USAACbrat]

Didn't the soft iron keep the return throw from being effective?

[@albinoasesino]

12:07 😝I would die if I held my breath that long Tod! Good film and analysis! Always looking forward to new finds

[@conmcgrath7174]

I always like (and thumbs up) your stuff Todd. I know this means nothing to anybody except me, the most cherished, the most priceless item I own is an old knife, last remaining part of a set given to my parents by a man who had nothing else to give, bone handles, now gone, well, handles now gone and it was the last 'colabouration' with me and my Dad, we put a new handle on it. Dad insisted that he could drill, hence the handle is sligtly offset (but you woild have to look for it, it isn't obvious). It's not even a weapon, a brass handled knife for buttering toast, I will accept no substitute, pale imitatioms will never reach the heights of our buttering knife. That's you told! There can be only one! I love your honesty, such a rare thing. I had to think about it? Easy to lie but if you tell the truth, you aren't lying, if you say you are a liar, guess what, you are telling the truth? Nothing to do with a sling and likely not historic either, take a piece of pipe, a suitable stone, stick your thumb over the end and launch that missile with all the venom and direction you can manage? I feel safe with dangerous people, because we are honest, I'm too old for that sort of shite now. I still never showed what I might do with a katana, not that I was especially trained, just knew how to PUNCH it, love and stuff. Pax dude

[@conmcgrath7174]

I just 'liked' my own reply. like nobody ever done that before', how embarrasing. (sorry, genuine mistake)

[@dmk_games]

Most likely I'd guess its academics misunderstanding what they saw. (How it flopped). The only benefit I see is it flops down more with the pin break so the charging Romans are less encumbered by the pilum ends poking back at them.

[@thespanishinquisition9595]

I wish all good luck for Michael‘s academic year. Definitly worth the waiting.

[@joshuafair5599]

Thoughts: Yeah, from the Plutarch quote I provided it does seem to stress the effect on Pila stuck in shields rather than preventing return throws. Which is rather odd, because I think your return throw hypothesis has more logically going for it. There is a bit of modern scholarship that posits that the "throw just before impact" description of Roman tactics really only pertains to the Triumverate and Early Imperial periods, and that during much of the Republic missile exchanges were much more common. (See the works of Alexander Zhmodikov, for example) If you look at Polybius's description of a legionnaire's equipment, you will note that he has them with two Pila, where later sources imply that they only carried one. Most of the Roman's opponents in the Western Mediterranean were similarly armed (throwing spear(s), bossed shield), so gleaning enemy javelins for return throws would certainly be possible(*). While Marius himself is towards the end of the Republic, he was also noted as being a very defensive commander... I can certainly see his troops holding their positions and exchanging spear throws instead of throwing and charging out of their positions. And I can certainly see the enemy settling for a missile exchange instead of suicidally charging a prepared position. (*)- After all, we have references to gleaning spent enemy arrows during missile exchanges as late as the Wars of the Roses.

[@Guigasdm]

Tod, you are awesome. Keep up the great work! Many thanks to Michael aswell!

[@tods_workshop]

Thanks - my wife is not so sure

[@BarackHObama]

I've always been skeptical about this since I was taught about it in Latin class. If it's intentionally breakable it can only be used once and only in one specific way. That makes them useless when used in melee against cavalry which we know they did.

[@rring44]

Could you make a video of Schola Gladiatoria wielding a shield with a regular pilum stuck in and trying to fight, then a shield with the wooden pin pilum?

[@mackdamerc8885]

What hit him at 6:32? Whatever it was, good job at ignoring it Tod.

[@helojoe92]

seems like a brown leaf

[@GeoffSayre]

I zoomed in and watched it frame by frame. I think it's a leaf based on the shape and way it moves. When it hits Todd, he is locking the pilum back into place at the same time making a loud clunk noise. So it seemed like the object smacked him with some force. But since he didn't flinch or react, I suspect it was just a leaf. Thanks for pointing this out, I missed it all together when I first watched the film.

[@APL314159265]

It sounds like a solution searching for a problem to me. I thought it was to keep the enemy from throwing it back, but the soft metal shaft would accomplish the same thing without introducing another failure point.

[@johnwright6706]

It would be interesting to see the dimensions of existing pilum and see how those heads match up to the one you made.

[@BartJBols]

I wont be holding my breath until spring thank you, i want to live.

[@MustangAndKodiak]

Michael was a really fun addition!

[@MagicianMan]

As I have said, try offsetting the rear peg hole from the centre line and use a larger wooden peg. This should achieve the same result .

[@QuantumHistorian]

Pretty sure we know from archaeology that the pin holes in pila were both on axis and not offset. While your solution might very well work, it wouldn't be historical AFAIK.

[@tods_workshop]

I agree with Quantum that is goes away from what we know to be normal, but also I don't see how this changes anything - can you explain?

[@ericmeier9522]

I'm genuinely excited for the next Pilum episode!

[@StephenKatt]

I wouldn't want a breakable pilum because it also acts as a good backup spear if the soldier encounters cavalry or needs extra reach. In those cases, I would want to have at least 1 pilum that won't break when used. Wasn't the idea that the iron tip would bend, also helping it stay in the shield and to keep it from being turned back on the original user? Maybe you covered that in another video.

[@Intranetusa]

The other videos and works by MC Bishop shows that the bending pila is a myth. The pila is sturdy and doesn't bend easily, and can neutralize shields without bending.

[@jm-um1tx]

Add a thin strip of wood attached to the head and extending back along the shaft to the grip. The thrower holds the shaft and the thin strip clamped together by their grip. This takes all stress off the pin during throwing, and allows for an even lighter pin that is more likely to break on impact.

[@alt5494]

A improved pilum would be interesting to test along side this in the spring. If the goal is a more dangerous useful pilum here is a suggest design. Elongate & widen the head using a sharper angle to maintain penetration as well undercut the head to add simple barbs. On iron shaft forge weld a simple ring 5" from the base, & form the shaft below to round. For the wooded shaft form one to a thicker diameter with hole to accept the iron tip with the ring resting against the wood. Friction fit or with a bit of glue the two parts will separate. If the shaft is pulled leaving the iron tip in the target either a body or the ground. Also has the enhanced effect of larger wounds, difficult to remove, & sometimes pinning multiple individuals or objects & individuals together.

[@k0mp0cik]

Actually the fact that the steel shaft moves a bit inwards on impact to sheer the wooden pin surprised me, and I think this might be an unforseen weakness in an effort to make it break more reliably. Wouldn't an immovable construction be more reliable and less prone to breakage mid throw? One would think the sufficiently thick wooden pin would resist the inertia upon launch, but break when greater force is applied to it once the pilum hits the target, or sufficient leverage is applied once it sticks into something. Might be something worth trying out? Great stuff nonetheless Tod, cheers!

[@ladislavseps4801]

If the metal pin is fitted tightly it will counteract the linear impact force and the wooden pin would need to be broken by the rotation of shaft around the metal pin. It would make the breakage more dependent on the impact angle and shaft rotation and do nothing with the perpendicular up-down-movement forces during the throw itself

[@tods_workshop]

Basically if the pin stops movement, then the wood can't shear, so the head must be able to move up and down.

[@foldionepapyrus3441]

@@ladislavseps4801 Very true it will depend on the rotation at impact - but as it was arcing in flight anyway and the rear end doesn't want to stop yet the front end is stuck in something so has stopped. That rotation is almost entirely certain to happen and be reasonably high energy and shock force for a good shearing effect. And because the metal pivot will be taking the bulk of the load through the throw still - as it is now able to bear forces in all directions the wooden stick can be even weaker and not increase the failure on throwing, there will be some rotational forces still as we as human can't throw it with all the acceleration dead in line, but I'd suggest at least one order of magnitude smaller than the peak forces it will take on impact, probably more.

[@esajaan]

I read somewhere that the strait rod part behind the flare of the tip would bend on impact. This of course would have a similar effect as the design showen here, but might make entry into the shield quite a lot more difficult. Sadly I forgot where I read that and therefore have no source.

[@tods_workshop]

I (and many others) suspect that is just an artefact of the main reason for the construction in that it penetrates really deeply and the side effect is that it can, but not always/often bend. So people think it was deliberate, but probably it just happened as a side effect.

[@fredericrike5974]

Maybe we will see Michael around Christmas or Boxing Day. Until today, I had never thought of see a break like that. Somewhere I remember some stuffy piece going on about "soft iron being used as the metal; when it hits it bends, no matter if it sticks or falls to the ground"- that was the story anyway. Love the soldier's logic- to many parts, easy to set up wrong, could fail a the very wrongest time; Roman legionnaires thought that way and high zoot, modern troops still do.

[@QuentinStephens]

Great video and great work by those two commenters. Is there any archaeological evidence for pila with extended hole spacing? There's something else that occurs to me: Plutarch may have missed the obvious! The breaking pin means that pila that miss their targets also break and cannot be thrown back. Remember that troops fought in ranks and someone in the rear ranks may have been able to pick up an unbroken pilum and throw it back.

[@anthonyjackson280]

Another aspect to the question of whether it was ever done relates to utility of the weapon. A standard pilum could do double duty as a stabbing spear; and I would suggest probably frequently did. In a melee soldiers would use what was at hand. Especially if it gave them some stand-off distance. The shear pin design would render it a single purpose, single use weapon (until it could be reclaimed and re-pinned)

[@Temeluchas]

Could a wooden peg not be about breaking on impact, but just an economical measure to make a pilum cheaper? After all, large-scale warfare in the times of Marius created a huge demand, so even a small cost optimization would've been significant. And sometimes these pegs broke. And Plutarch then retroactively attributed "extra cleverness" to the design. After all, he couldn't just say that Marius was cheap, so it had to be about combat effectiveness =)

[@Intranetusa]

That is a good point. The last century of the Republic needed to recruit masses of new recruits for the cheap, and archeologists have uncovered evidence of a decline in the quality of equipment because they had to be mass produced cheaply. Late Republican helmets and armor were less consistent in quality and had less decorations. Gladius swords also seem to have gotten shorter.

[@oneshotme]

Another great video Tom!!! I enjoyed your video and I gave it a Thumbs Up

[@captainnyet9855]

A slight theoretical improvement to the Pilum as a throwing weapon, a massive detriment to it's practical use, I can se why this idea never caught on; the Pilum is much more than just a Javelin, it is also your spear; I don't think any soldier wants a spear that's made to break easily; besides, the Pilum is going to be thrown from at most something like 25m away; you would not have time to dislodge a pilum and throw it back before lines clash under normal circumstances. (which would also explain why "not being thrown back" isn't mentioned as an advantage to the wooden peg Pilum)

[@Traderjoe]

I think the orientation of the pivot is crucial for a successful launch. Think of the hinge as a sandwich: if the thrower throws the pilum with the sandwich vertical, the pivot could break as it’s thrown. But if the sandwich was horizontal, the pivot would be as strong as possible to resist breaking the pivot. That would mean that the soldier had to always look at the orientation of his pilum. Or, the shaft would need to be shaped in a way that was instinctive as to the orientation. Like an oval shaft.

[@dordolivier3478]

To prevent the break when throwing you could turn the pilum 90° in your hand. The pin will be vertical and will not suffer the same stress. But it may also be the acceleration that breaks the pin (and not the slight rotation) since the wood handle is pushing the metal head forward, the metal head is pushing back on the pins. So if there is some loose fitting with the metal pin, the wooden pin will bear some stress.

[@zworm2]

I had always read that the metal bent when it hit making the pila unusable. Two things - Soften the metal to make that happen. Notch the metal to give it a fracture point to allow it to snap.

[@tods_workshop]

I (and many others) suspect that is just an artefact of the main reason for the construction in that it penetrates really deeply and the side effect is that it can, but not always/often bend

[@TheArghnono]

Another Greek historian interested in Roman affairs, Polybius (in 15 - 12), describes the advance of the Roman legions like this: "When the phalanxes were close to each other, Romans fell upon their foes, raising their war-cry and clashing their shields with their spears as is their practice" I think this has some implications for the idea that the Romans would deliberately weaken their spears.

[@QuantumHistorian]

A century before Marius though

[@TheArghnono]

@@QuantumHistorian Yes I included only the most obvious example. It can be found in Dio as well. Read Cowan's The Clashing of Weapons and Silent Advances in Roman Battles for comprehensive sources.

[@euansmith3699]

It is surprising how warm and cosy a weapons' channel can be.

[@tods_workshop]

I am cuddly and sometimes even cute and fuzzy

[@MooreLeather]

Very interesting videos.....and the first I've seen about the pilum since O level history lessons.... Maybe my memory failing, but we were told back then that the shafts were lead, so straight to throw yet would bend on impact. I need to do some further research into this, as lead would make sense from an added mass perspective too....

[@MyFriendsAreElectric]

Your slow motion "oh!" at 6:20 😅

[@kaoskronostyche9939]

Thank you for the further explanation.

[@LoreTunderin]

Fascinating stuff. I was also thinking that a socket type of attachment that keeps the metal head aligned might work as well. With a pinned socket, even if the pin breaks on launch the pilum will fly straight, but then the shaft would separate from the head when someone tries to pull it out.

[@awildtomappeared5925]

If instead of a round pin you use rectangular pegs, rotated so that the widest side faces in the same direction as the point, then to break with a linear force will be far easier than with a rotational force. Like imagine a lollypop stick, it's FAR easier to break in one direction than the other. Also, it could held in the hand at a specific angle while throwing so that the rotational forces don't align with the plane of rotation of the spike.

[@PRC533]

The kind of did this as a work-around in the last video as well. The problem is, if the weapon requires such a precise throwing position it is less effective in battle where you don't always have the luxury of making sure your grip and angle are perfect. As Tod says, if the weapon isn't nearly 100% reliable it simply won't be used.