XRD - Bragg's Law | Peak Position, Intensity, & Width

An informative presentation for young researchers who want to know about X-Ray Diffraction method. The basic questions to be answered are -
How X-rays are produced?
Why X-rays are used for crystallography?
How diffracted X-rays deliver crystal information?
What is an X-ray diffractometer?
What determines the position of an XRD peak?
Why the intensity of different peaks is different?
What is the reason for the width (or FWHM) of a peak?
What are crystallites?
What is Bragg's Law?
and similarly many more...
=============================
Thanks for Watching
Please leave a LIKE to Support me...😋 and don't forget to...
❤❤❤❤❤❤❤❤❤❤❤
LIKE SHARE COMMENT & SUBSCRIBE
=============================
Follow “All Lab Experiments” on Social Media-
Facebook- / alllabexperiments
Instagram- / alllabexperiments
My Personal Instagram Page - / saarthakthemeaningful
Website- www.alllabexperiments.com
=============================
Need Shopping -
Here are the Best Deals on Amazon -
amzn.to/3H9sPn5
Some best PHYSICS BOOKS available Online -
amzn.to/35mJLbC
=============================
Our aim is to provide ‘Free Quality Education’. And to be very clear, this cannot be done without your love and support. Feel Free to DONATE any amount of your choice, so that, we make the best content for you at the earliest.
 Google Pay, Paytm, PhonePe @ 9555278378, UPI ID - 9555278378@paytm
 Bank Card (India) - rzp.io/l/aledonations
 Bank Card (International) - www.paypal.com/paypalme/allla...
 Bank Transfer - Sachin Kumar
(Paytm Payment Bank, Acc. No. 919555278378, IFSC - PYTM0123456)
#SupportByDonating
=============================

[@andawang9403]

after hours of search I found this video...and it just contains all the things I want to know, great work sir !

[@Freddy_Merckx]

Really, really good video for XRD beginners. Very much appreciated!

[@nourihsane8886]

Best XRD explication. Thank you sir. Your are an Angel. ❤️👍👍👍👍👍👍. Indians are genius

[@triptofameaciddlab2909]

Consequent, clear, straight to the deal. You’ve made a great work!

[@drradhikadeshmukh6129]

Nice presentation of xrd

[@akshigupta8411]

I was really thinking from so many days to watch any video describing about XRD technique... But then I was procrastinating due to such long duration videos.... Thanks a lot sir and u described it very well and in very easily understandable manner as usual...

[@AllLabExperiments]

Thanks Akshi. Now i am going to make some research related videos. Please share with your friends.

[@akshigupta8411]

@@AllLabExperiments I already did...

[@lolwasamet8096]

Excellent video for XRD beginners. Thank you

[@EasyChemistryLearningwithDrAbh]

Thank you for making such a simple and informative video on XRD

[@shahzadahmed5012]

Thanks for making the wonderful video. Please add the analysis part also. Small angle and wide angle xray techniques also.

[@sanamir6343]

Thanku so much sir.... Respect from Pakistan

[@priyankamaurya7480]

Very helpful video....thank you so much sir

[@goyenkaneelam]

Very much informative. Thank you sir

[@ajitdwivedi1069]

Thank you for making a such type of video very well explained in a systemetic way

[@semiconguy4467]

Best video I have ever seen on XRD! Thanks a lot.

[@AllLabExperiments]

Please Checkout my latest video on Raman Effect and Spectroscopy.

[@pradroydip]

Peak can be broadened due to many factors, but most significantly non-uniform stress, small particle size, alloying, low incidence angle (in case of GIXRD), etc.

[@AllLabExperiments]

Absolutely... Also Watch my latest video on Raman Spectroscopy.

[@cd8836]

Thank you so much! I have a lab tomorrow and this helped a lot!

[@Coffeebean1985]

Such a great and helpful video. Thank you!

[@MuhammadShoaib-ml1tc]

A very comprehensive video, easy to understand, thanks

[@spscheckit]

Amazing Video ... Loved your explanation. '

[@muskanarora3433]

Excellent!! Very Well Explained... Systematic teaching and covering all the important points about the topic... Thank you for this video and efforts👍

[@AllLabExperiments]

Thanks Muskan

[@dana5731]

Really a good video at least I've found on KZbin for understanding XRD method.

[@AllLabExperiments]

Planning to launch more videos on characterization techniques.

[@MA-ff9th]

very good video sir. THANK YOU VERY MUCH

[@aftabbaig5367]

Simple and crystal clear

[@mkamalakkannan8327]

Very good explanation, GOD bless you.

[@muhammadzubair5391]

Woderful 1st time fuly understood the XRD

[@AllLabExperiments]

Thanks Mohammad Zubair

[@vivalaciencia1]

Great video! Very well explained!

[@mageshwarir9914]

Thank you so much sir.., understood clearly🙏

[@claireb579]

Great video! You nicely connected so many concepts together, specifically about strain (compressive and tensile) and what the literal peaks would do in response to that in the data! I now understand XRD better. Thank you from the US :)

[@AllLabExperiments]

Hi... Please watch my latest Raman Video for extended details on Raman Effect & Spectroscopy.

[@yash-sb9ec]

Wow really nicely explained sir

[@nisarga100]

Really impressive, great job🎉

[@lemeii254]

Great 👍,, educative

[@prudhviravikumar2304]

Thank you for informative video

[@user-qu5vd8ic2h]

Thank you for your very good explanation finally I got it😊😊😊

[@him31anshu]

Thankyou Brother. Thanks a lot. This saved a lot time. Liked. Subscribed

[@ankitanikam3804]

Thank you for the video, it's really helpful.👍

[@shenawaralikhan]

Good Work, gentleman

[@shaheenerabbani7687]

Excellent explanation.........V.Good

[@user-xy9bz7fq3j]

Thank you its simple and clear

[@harshithadkharshithadk4031]

❤ thank you so much sir

[@AbdulJalil-vb5iq]

Wow. Very precise and accurate

[@nikhilmohanp7464]

Brief and informative

[@tamanjotsingh6848]

appreciate your effort. it helped a lot , thanks

[@zarnaravtal7479]

Thank you so much..explained so well ..very easy to understand.

[@AllLabExperiments]

Thanks dear

[@payam1597]

wonderful. Thank you

[@shwelpajadhav5905]

excellent...thank you

[@hope2633cu]

pefecttttttttttt xrd concept Thanks

[@Rughveda2358]

thank you sir, nice explanation

[@joelsacademy1409]

Excellent. God bless you abundantly.

[@gaithhalloum2076]

You did a great job ❤

[@pralay5156]

Well explained....

[@ShraddhaShukla-fw5lt]

Loved this video. You are an awesome teacher. Thank you. Also, can you please explain the splitting of peaks in XRD graphs?

[@AllLabExperiments]

Like in Barium titanate it is tetragonal in nature. So if you look at it from three different sides from two sides there is one inter planar spacing and from one side you see a different interplanar spacing so you see 200 and 002 peaks split because of different inter planar spacing. This splitting may not be visible for lower angle peaks because they don,t get resolved properly by then but with increasing angle they resolve better and you can see them as separate peaks easily.

[@shahidnaveed5408]

Very Nice Sir, ❤

[@kamnabharati2970]

Thank you Sir❤️👍🙏🏻

[@tommasosanguettoli6808]

Very useful video

[@najeebullahkust2708]

thanks a lot, sir to explain the XRD very well and will give very help to researchers.

[@AllLabExperiments]

☺️🙏

[@MrVedant006]

wonderful video sir.

[@sudhishtsrivastava4336]

An excellent explanation. Even biology people can understand this complain technique

[@AllLabExperiments]

When DNA was discovered. Biologists struggled a lot about XRD.... unfortunately At that time my video was not present... Not even youtube...lolz

[@akshigupta8411]

@@AllLabExperiments 😂👌

[@achyutjagdhane9683]

VERY NICE , THANKS A LOT

[@ThanseehaSherinPAAP]

Great video!!!!!

[@Abhi-ph4ks]

Thank you sir.

[@hussnainshirazi6996]

woo fine explanation

[@pompapathipompapathi14]

Excellent explanation

[@anujbhadola2834]

thank you so much sir

[@MohammedIslamElshiekhElsmani]

Interesting!!

[@uzmasubhan877]

very welll explained Sir

[@dana5731]

Please Make a video on Reciprocal lattice and Brillouin Zone, and their application in X-ray diffraction.

[@YogeshPatil-ju2ls]

A very nice video that gives a clear understanding of XRD basics. I have one doubt haw to analyze peaks in terms of h k l values and plane of peaks mainly how to assign planes for particular peaks?

[@AllLabExperiments]

Consider you xrd a random sample about which you don,t know. Then from the available peaks you get to know about all possible inter planar spacings in that structure and then you match your data with the available peak patterns of different structures or do back calculation to know about the structure... You must have noticed in one of the slides that simple cubic, BCC, FCC have a certain pattern of visible peaks... just that helps to identify the structure...

[@viditverma4406]

Great video

[@athallahkhalafnabilrahman3246]

Very good video explanation indeed! I do have a question: can i determine/calculate peak intensity without using an x ray diffractometer? Let's say the given information would only be the values of 2theta in the peaks and the wavelength of the beam. Any formulas that i can use? Thank you very much.

[@AllLabExperiments]

First the pattern of different peak intensities represents the structure so for a structure you can pick up that patten. Then the lattice size of that structure decides the position of angle. Its hard to judge this using a single formula but simulations can be prepared to obtain the required pattern for a structure or modified structure.

[@temesgenyiber8614]

nice lecture

[@robamatariq8485]

THANKS for your great effort. Can you please provide material about d-value.

[@akalankaekanayake1024]

nice explanation

[@amit3230]

excellent explanation

[@divyapruthi4312]

Wow kya baat h sir, Sir can u tell me what is the effect of particle size on the broadening of Raman peaks Acc to 4-5 marks in detail......

[@nilamjyotidutta6948]

Sir what is the difference between grazing incidence angle x-ray diffraction and small angle x-ray scattering ?

[@amazonphysics3455]

Best explanation

[@latifroghani857]

very informative

[@rajibdas1087]

Excellent sir

[@yaranasser3310]

Thank you dear

[@zairazara2923]

Zabardast🎉

[@gianodevi3782]

Excellent.. please make more videos with the origin of how to use the Williamson method and other parameters by XRD please.

[@AllLabExperiments]

Soon

[@kassk2323]

Nice presentation! Could you please explain how can we find out the chemical structure of the particle by using the lattice parameter?

[@AllLabExperiments]

Use literature to match that data and you can find out the chaemical and its structure

[@manar-bf1ux]

thank you for the video Sir. do you know how the FWHM and d-spacing relates to the crystallinity of a thin film? what does it mean when the crystal sizes of a film increases in different samples of varying Molecular weight sir? does it mean the crystallinity increases when the crystal size increases?

[@AllLabExperiments]

You should not match Crystallinity and crystallite size should. In polycrystalline materials the whole material is perfectly crystalline but crystallite size is small. In single crystals bigger is the crystal so as the crystallite... in thin films the strain plays a big role. Strain reduces d spacing. Some films are just grown along a plane and behave like compressed thin single crystals whereas some material deposition techniques are infact thick film techniques and behave like compressed and stretched polycrystalline material... I guess you can manage your case according to one of these...

[@mgbokommesoma6271]

Thank you for the video. I love it.Can we also get a video where a proper XRD pattern is interpreted and insights are made from the plot Thank you.

[@AllLabExperiments]

Will plan for it for sure.

[@manishkshukla8548]

Very clear and lucid explanation. Thanks for creating such great quality videos.

[@AllLabExperiments]

Thanks bro. Bs aap dosto ka saath rahe to aise hi kaam chalta rhega....

[@_The_Alchemist_]

@11:45 As you mentioned, peak 1 & 3 will be destructive, similarly, peak 2 and will be destructive. Then, where does constructive interference will come from? It means no XRD signal whatsoever.

[@AllLabExperiments]

Plane 1 n 3 give constructive waves .but because of the introduction of plane 2 which is at half of the path difference it cancels wave from plane 1. Similarly there will be another lattice which will cancel plane 3 contribution which is not in picture. The conclusion of the discussion is that what layer 2 is not present then there is a peak and because of the introduction of layer 2 it vanishes

[@_The_Alchemist_]

@@AllLabExperiments Yes, that's what I meant. This represents BCC. Since plane 1 wave is cancelled by mid plane. Similarly, mid plane cancels the bottom plane. So, how do we get peaks in BCC? Since the structure is periodic, we can just focus on this particular unit cell.

[@AllLabExperiments]

@@_The_Alchemist_ This is just one condition obeying bragg's law. BCC structure will not show a peak for this respective plane. But at other angle when it obeys for other planes (@6:30) it may show peaks. And the overall pattern confirms that it is BCC (@12:00).

[@_The_Alchemist_]

@@AllLabExperiments No no. My question is for this unit cell which has simply these 3 planes which are going to be repeated throughout the lattice. And if you are saying that at some other angle there may be the reflection, then the systematic absences is hoax. Because when we put the crystal in the machine, it will be scanned over a range of theta. So, why to discuss systematic absences then.

[@shivkortalwar6942]

Excellent video i like the topic and information, what is tensile strength explain, please make more videos on XRD data interpretation for identification and quantification by powder X ray diffraction.

[@AllLabExperiments]

Thanks Shiv. I am continuously creating content in this field and soon will reach to that aspects of XRD as well. You can also find origin lab tutorial videos helpful in research field. Now let us talk about strain. It is caused either in the case of very small particle size or in thin films (it means high surface area causing strain) or while synthesis the bonds of your compound didn't attain its natural length of minimum potential energy. So as the inter atomic distances change, they reflect this effect in the form of XRD peak shift or peak broadening. The strain cause while synthesis can be tuned by your rate of heating or cooling or the pressure around.

[@pranzz30]

@@AllLabExperiments is xray spectrometer and diffractometer same?

[@AllLabExperiments]

@@pranzz30 i have not heard of xray spectrometer... It should be diffractometer i guess...

[@hemangvadgama5258]

good video

[@santoshreddypulicanti847]

very nice video

[@sardarahmed7206]

sir please tell me that ' istexture cofficient of high intensity peak is always greater or may be smaller peaks also have high value of texture cofficient

[@AllLabExperiments]

Sorry bt i havent worked in this field so don,t know much about it

[@farhajabeen1484]

Nice video

[@deepamakhija1346]

Nice explanation.. I have one query related to peaks.If we do powder xrd on single crystals of two sets of same compound then in one set peaks coming along 00l direction and in another set peaks are coming 00l as well as hkl. So wht is the reason in one set getting peaks only of 00l and in another 00l+hkl? Eventhough both sets grown under same conditions.. Will u share your views for the same? Thanks and regards,

[@AllLabExperiments]

Sorry but i am not an expert on single crystals but yes I can look into it in my free time and reply as soon as i get the answer.

[@malomatkedunya7266]

How can i determine that this xrd pattern is of cu ic,rhombohedral and tetragonal etc I shall b thankful for ur answer

[@AllLabExperiments]

First check the JCPDS card of your material or match your data with the literature. You can compare your data with them and determine the shape of the crystal. Different peaks will appear for different structures by matching them you can come to a conclusion of shape... But before that your should have known the composition of your material.

[@MA-ff9th]

@@AllLabExperiments But sir, if you know nothing about the sample, how will you proceed. Please guide me Sir.

[@hongzhang1279]

Thanks for the video. Is the signal intensity affected by the x-ray source power level and sample distance from the detector/or x-ray source?

[@AllLabExperiments]

Yes but in that case all peaks will proportionally decrease or increase and their relative ratio will not change...

[@hongzhang1279]

@@AllLabExperiments Thanks for your answer. Yes, I am comparing different instruments with different source power levels and the goniometer radius to see if/how the power and sample distance affect the S/N of a specific sample. Is there an equation you may share please? Thanks.

[@AllLabExperiments]

No these is no such eqn. Not just power but the placement of the sample n how much radiation a sample absorbs also matter. So it is not easy to bound all the things and derive a formula which is not even useful

[@niteenjawale3862]

very good video. one problem is that what is the value of the shape factor (K). how it is coming 0.9. If is there any calculation for 0.9 then please tell me.

[@AllLabExperiments]

This is an average value taken average for all shape values because we rarely know the shape of crystallite present

[@riturohilla8821]

Thanku sir

[@SohailAhmad-xo1ee]

Sir please do you have any vlog or any idea or if you can make any vlog about how to find dislocation density from XRD data. I will be very thankful to you

[@AllLabExperiments]

Sorry Sohail but I don't have an experience in dislocation density. But I have found many discussions on this topic on Research Gate. You may read this. For me It may take some days to understand this and then revert accordingly.

[@sheetalSonar]

Hello sir, you have explained very well . can you please elaborate on why we use the arbitrary unit for intensity in the XRD pattern?

[@AllLabExperiments]

In your XRD pattern, the relative intensity of different peaks depends upon the position of atoms with in the lattice as you have seen in this presentation. Now what if you increase the intensity of your x-ray source? In case of heavy radiation the intensity of all the peaks increases proportionally and vice-versa. Additionally, If you increase or decrease the scanning rate then also the intensity varies so we write it arbitrary. The interesting fact is that in all cases the pattern of peaks doesn't change. for example If peak for 011 is the highest and for 012 plane it is around half of the 011 then for any x-ray source intensity or scanning rate this ratio will remain the same if the detector is capable of recording it.

[@sheetalSonar]

@@AllLabExperiments Thank you very much for clearing my doubt. One more quick question if I use theta - theta goniometer then can I plot graph of intensity vs theta rather than 2 theta?

[@AllLabExperiments]

@@sheetalSonar Sorry I missed your comment. In fact 2 theta is just a convention. There is no harm even if you plot it against theta but the reviewers of your paper may get confused by this. So in my advice don't do this unless there is a strong reason for doing this.

[@sheetalSonar]

@@AllLabExperiments Thank you so much for prompt reply.

[@kaiser434]

@@AllLabExperiments , hi.. I have a quick question. If increasing peak intensity results in a higher peak, is there any setting for the X-ray intensity that needs to be emitted towards the sample in order to get a good match with the fingerprint diffraction pattern of the sample ? The arbitrary unit is still somewhat confusing to me.

[@amag9877]

thank you so much. please what does the peak area signify?

[@AllLabExperiments]

Youcant interpret peak area in jss one word or theory as it deepnds upon intensity width parameters. So don,t bother for this. Generally in powder xrd if peak width increases then peak height decreases. And area remains almost the same.

[@amag9877]

@@AllLabExperiments thank you very much

[@sharadham8651]

Please explain us how to calculate braggs peak from raw data

[@muraliishwar7022]

When will I consider a peak amorphous ? If the peak is broader , should I consider it is crystalline with very small crystallite size or an amorphous material ?

[@AllLabExperiments]

Amouphous is not peak.its a broad platue...