Niger-congo people along the Nile river thru migration

PCA is a mathematical transformation that reduces the dimensionality of the data to a smaller set of uncorre- lated dimensions called principal components (PCs), which has numerous applications in science. In population genetics alone, PCA usage is ubiquitous, with dozen standard applications. PCA is typically the first and primary analysis, and its outcomes determine the study design. That PCA is completely non-parametric is the source of its strength. Any genotype dataset can be rapidly processed with no concerns about parameters or data validity. It is also a weakness because the answer is unique and depends on the particular dataset, which is when reliability, robustness, and reproducibility become a concern. The implicit expectation employed by PCA users is that the variance explained along the first two PCs provides a reasonable representation of the complete dataset. When this variance is minuscule (as often with human populations), it poorly represents the data. Rather than consider using alternative analyses, authors often choose not to report the variation explained by PCA. Regardless, it is not a proxy for the reliability of the results. Here, we carried out extensive analyses on twelve PCA applicaitons, using model- and real-populations to evaluate the reliability, robustness, and reproducibility of PCA. We found that PCA failed in all criteria and showed how easily it could generate erroneous, contradictory, and absurd results. This is not surprising because PCA is blind to the data and their meaning. The covariance matrix is calculated from the centered matrix itself created simply by subtracting the mean A, from the original matrix A, disregarding the weights and geography. The remaining transformation consists of the dimensionality reduction, which is less problematic; however, that the first two PCs that capture most, but still a very small part of the genetic variation, are typically analyzed creates further misinterpretations. Given the omnipresence of PCA in science, an intriguing question is whether multidisciplinary PCA results should be reevaluated? Based on our analyses and critical evaluations published elsewhere, we cannot dismiss this possibility. As PCA lacks any measurable significance or accuracy, we argue that its dominance in population genetics could not have been achieved without the adoption of two fallacies: cherry-picking or circular reasoning (i.e.. "exploration"), the screening and selecting PCA scatterplots that fit preconceived hypotheses while ignoring the other plots, and the a priori where PCA results are interpreted based on pre-existing knowledge because PCA scatterplots are uninformative a posteriori. As a "black box" basking in bioinformatic glory free from any enforceable proper usage rules, PCA misappropriations, demonstrated here for the first time, are nearly impos sible to spot. The fact that population affinities vary appreciably between closely related, ostensively equivalent datasets is deeply worrying (PCA applications were cited 32,000-216,000 times). Researchers from adjacent fields like animal and plant or medical genetics may be even less aware of the inherent biases in PCA and the variety of nonsensical results that it can generate. We consider PCA scatterplots analogous to Rorschach plots. We find PCA unsuitable for population genetic investigations and recommend reevaluating all PCA-based studies.

Well done🙌👌

Edge booster goes why sometimes but u just need to take some warm water and tap it on the edges with your hand.

Wait that's a major change

Great interview, big up all the R&B girlies 🥰

love to see it 😍

✨✨keep them coming 🙌🏾❤️

Yes mines changed as well which I was very questionable about it 🧐

You’re DNA matches closest to the samples taken from Benin/Togo. Segments of your DNA match the countries mentioned. Love your results.

As I've seen already written in your comment section, there is a high likelihood that your overriding tribe is Yoruba. I say this because the Yoruba tribe is the tribe that historically and still exists in the region that is South West Nigeria and Benin and Togo. Another reason is that I'm also Yoruba who also did a DNA test out of curiosity. My results came back 81% Nigerian and 19% Benin and Togo. When I informed my parents they were surprised as I was about my result. We attribute the result to the break up of the Yoruba tribe after colonialism. Finally, your results are consistent with many results that I've seen from people of Jamaican descent. I think that the prevailing notion that most Jamaicans originate from Ghana needs to be revised because the DNA results do not bear this notion out. Peace.

I love your hair style

You have DNA from millions of people. No ethnicity for DNA is 100 accurate. Remember people have been migrating within Africa since your Ancestors were brought to the Americas. They don’t know who lived where in Africa 400 years ago. I think the neatest part of AncestryDNA is doing your family tree. It makes finding record’s easier.

Young lady, it has been really interesting watching your video. I think your results show/prove to me that this DNA testing is not an exact science. They clearly (to me) do not have enough information on the African (& African Diaspora) world. Maybe the African American DNA company would be a better bet I think they are called African Ancestry. Also, they destroy your DNA after the testing has been completed. Ok, thanks and peace 🙏🤠

Nigeria and Benin are the same ethnic groups ( Yoruba) Togo and Benin have the Fon people Ghana and Togo have Ewe people Ivory Coast and Ghana have both Akan people Cameroon Gabon Congo And more have same ethnic groups too AFRICA country borders was create by the european. AFRICA is about ethnic groups and tribes. You can find in differet country the same ethnic groups. So DNA IS RIGHT

As more Africans and Afro people in the Americas get tested, the data gets more accurate.

We might be related I’m Montserratian as well

Read the fine print in their terms. It’s a guesstimate as more and more people take the test and they add samples from populations they haven’t obtained DNA from, your results will change.

Benin borders with Nigeria, and in Nigeria there is a city called Benin City. The people of those two countries may have common origins. A long time ago, the African national borders were different because there were strong African kingdoms.

Benin & Nigeria are connected, so it makes sense that those 2 would go up and down as more data is available.

My. Dad is from Monserrat and grew up in Antigua instresting