Wonder if there was a class divide in the languages spoken, like how French was the aristocrats' language vs Anglo-Saxon spoken by the peasants Curious of the interactions between Norman, Norse, and Anglo-Saxon

Fadlan said they had tatts, it’s in the sagas that they had them, they have excavations uncovering the tattooing tools. It’s even depicted in the art. Honestly the opinion of an American is laughable 🤣

You guys don't think the likening to striking is reference to slapping sounds? As in... pound town?

OK, very late to the party but I have some thoughts about the stanza quoted at 13:51? Is it possible that Heimdall describing Thor as the "whitest" might actually be an allusion to Thor looking the most woman-like and so would be the best one to choose for this scheme? Norse culture often thought of paleness as a virtue for women so Heimdall saying Thor looks the most pale could imply he looks the most feminine. In addition, the next lines that say he would know the future well "like other Vanir" could also actually add weight to the Vanir being separate from the Aesir because they could be alluding to the Vanir's connections to the sexually deviant and to women's magic. It's not so much saying that Thor is a Vanir, but more like he needs to think like a Vanir to pull off Heimdall's plan. Still very ambiguous, but that's what comes to mind for me when I read those lines. Thoughts?

Hi Professor! Are you interested in indigenous languages of North America? How you ever learned or trying to learn any of them?

Wouldn't the word "fuð" come from the german word futteral, latin fotrale? Meaning a case or sheath? Or is fuð the origin for those words?

## **Old Norse Text with 12th-Century IPA** 1. **Hljóðs bið ek allar** [ˈljoːθs bɪð ɛk ˈalːar] 2. **helgar kindir**, [ˈhɛlɣar ˈcʰɪndɪr] 3. **meiri ok minni** [ˈmeirɪ ɔk ˈmɪnːɪ] 4. **mögu Heimdallar**; [ˈmœɣʷʊ ˈhɛimˌdalːar] 5. **viltu at ek, Valfǫðr**, [ˈvɪltʊ at ɛk ˈvalˌføðr] 6. **vel fram telja** [vɛl fram ˈtɛlja] 7. **forn spjǫll fira**, [fɔrn spjœlː ˈfɪra] 8. **þau er fremst um man**. [θøy ɛr frɛmst ʊm man] 9. **Ek man jǫtna** [ɛk man ˈjøtna] 10. **ár um borna**, [au̯r ʊm ˈbɔrna]

Cormac McCarthy's All The Pretty Noldor 🤣

...part of my mind will always be twelve years old.

Adult me: I'm here for good linguistic information My inner 14 year old: hehe naughty words 🤭

Why "hitting" and "striking"? Euphemisms, quite possibly, for words now lost. And eventually those euphemisms became dirty, and new euphemisms had to be invented. And so it goes on. Compare how fast in the modern world some words get bad connotations or become offensive and are changed, like: disabled, handicapped, impaired, challenged, differently abled, having special needs, what not.

You can say fud in Scotland. Same meaning but always for fun

The most shocking cursing I've heard was Italian

Its amusing to watch you both being so cautious about actually saying a word in english. Its ok, go ahead.

You are the most boring person I’ve ever tried to listen to.

Thanks! Great Job! Have the best day!

I don't know if you are aware that the word "fud", with the same meaning, is still in use in Scottish slang, and appears in ancient rude songs in Scots. You're welcome 😊

Make a great song to add to my guitar renditions - If I may?

😂 GREAT Courses, indeed

I feel like this guy missed the point of the story of the three little pigs. You're NOT supposed to make your house out of straw.

I’m always interested in learning to expand my vocabulary. Haha. This is perfect!

interesting, in austrian german we also use "Fut"

Oh, I'm immature alright 😂

Perfect name for it

The concept of "the twisting and winding of fate" reminds me of the petroglyphs found across multiple prehistoric cultures. Spirals and whorls seem (at least to me, a layperson) to come up frequently.

Love professor tom

The euphemistic minefield is very amusing! The most proper discussion of rude words I've come across.

This is gonna be good

Very cool! 🤠

Was this poetry written or composed ? The rules are difficult enough to follow if there is a piece of vellum and you are holding a quill while making the poem, but composing it in your head seems absurdly difficult.

My head hurts, but that is so interesting.

Those bighorns are good students! 💕

Another use that I encountered with early German literature (the Wessobrunn prayer from around 800) is a single rune being used as the verbal prefix "ga-" (like Old English "ge-" > Middle English "y-") in cases like the opening line <dat ᛡfregin ih> ("đat gafregin ih").

Chronologically it wouldn't make sense for freyja to be odins wife because that would mean her and odin got married after the war and i think gods that would probably be involved in the war couldn't have been born yet if that were the case although odin did have children with giants who were considered gods so idk

Tusen Takk ❤️

So when are we getting a Fiskgeirr Ottr Old Norse reader Jackson Crawford??

I've been asked to give a little more context of my linking ari- and ārya-. The word ari- seems to be an i extended form of the PIE root *h2el- which usually forms things like al-yos > Greek allos "other," thus Sanskrit ari may be a pre-thematized form, a *h2el-i-s. In Sanskrit a different base formed the most common pronoun for "other" *an-yos > Sanskrit anya-. Usually a PIE language combines *an or *al with *yos or *ter, a suffix indicating "of the two" and thus a logical addition to a root of othering = "the othern of the two." Latin for example gets alius <*alyos as well as alter <*al-terius. English gets other <*anter- as well as all, possible from Proto Germanic allaz < PIE *alyos. This semantic of "all'" is really important, especially when we toss in the Oscan form allo, which seems to mean "whole." My argument is that ārya- is not derived from *h2el directly, but from *h2el-i-, a form which does not survive in PIE outside of the Vedic ari-. Thus ārya (via vrddhi derivative*ori+thematic a) is "the thing one does with the ari-" or the other clan(leader). What is that thing? Form a coalition or a pact. Thus ārya comes to refer to first, the ritual system of hospitality and then secondarily the elites that participate in that system. The logic of English all may follow from something similar, in my reasoning. Namely, my side plus the other side adds up to the whole the term refers to everyone because it captures the totalizing merism of One's Own and One's Rival, or Self + Other. If correct, it would reflect the process by which rivals come to form pacts and reconceive of themselves as one group. We typically see terms of ethnicity arise from political terms, for example (as referred to in our talk) the Allemanni meaning really "the whole of men" as a coalition of various Germanic tribes, and from this new coalition perceived by outsiders as one people, thus French allemagne "German."

Exciting and succinct, a great video!

The diminutive suffix -ila resembles -erl, -al and -l, used in Bavaria and Austria, -le, used in Swabia and -li, used in Switzerland. These dialectal suffixes also indicate that something is smaller or cuter. There might be a connection between them and -ila.

Thank you so much. Posting to KZbin is educating so many people. Your work is valued and appreciated.

big fan of your skaldic poetry videos!

Awesome totally love this as an extension to practice eh

Thanks for this! I"m going to try and write some Skaldic poetry

I wonder if you have ever seen or heard of the rune stone found in Narragansett bay here in RI and now on exhibit in Wickford RI???

2025 Google Translate comes back with við skulum klára þetta

I've been watching your videos from my main account for 7 years and, while i know you aren't actually in Colorado at the time you're recording these, I now know 100% why you make that statement and you know what, it's 100% forgivable when you understand the significance. I won't say any more, because you, and your recently gorgeous fiancé, deserve your privacy. Good luck my man.

*Thor in our thources

du er fint