13. Advanced Neurology and Endocrinology

(April 28, 2010) Robert Sapolsky continues the exploration of endocrinology and neurology. He looks at more complicated systems of communication within neurobiology, the limbic system's role in personality and behavior, abnormal behavior possibilities within these systems, and individual organism variation and imprinting.
Stanford University
www.stanford.edu/
Stanford Department of Biology
biology.stanfor...
Stanford University Channel on KZbin
/ stanford

[@Yarblocosifilitico]

13 lessons in, still can't believe this is free. Do not change that fact ever.

[@URestURust]

I watch so many lectures from youtube that they should give me a degree

[@laurashanleyrox7178]

Uracok

[@chrstfer2452]

@@URestURust there should be degree examinations to get a degree at cost provided you can prove you understand the information. By at cost i mean the materials, a reasonable markup for the development of the exam, and the proctor's time.

[@Yarblocosifilitico]

@Avishag Bat-Shunam no idea, sorry

[@chadthomasriggs]

Myacok

[@Xasperato]

It's good to have Sapolsky back.

[@coreycox2345]

Rather than calling her a hot bimbo, why not say that she was an attractive, nervous young graduate student at Stanford?

[@andreasmaaan]

indeed, why comment on her appearance at all?

[@awhodothey]

Yeah, don't talk about what you like about her, just refer to her as that abnoxious laugher in the background, which you can now associate to a face.

[@jass5g]

Where is lesson 12?

[@99nej]

gotta search for it, but it's there

[@asdasdasdasdas8150]

Its amazing how lectures at a world class university like Stanford is different than ur average Uni: the professor actually teaches you and talks to you, not just reading from powerpoint.

[@UmusBejokeene]

1:00:05 "OK, so GABA, inhibitory neurotransmitter-- when barbituates are around, does that increase or decrease GABA signaling?" OK, who says increase? ...Who says decrease? ...Who says 'what'? OK, me, too. I wasn't listening either." OK, I'll tell you, lurking around in the back during those TA's lectures, you really do get a sense of what interesting, non-academic things are going on on people's computer screens." But I digress..." LOL, this man has the patience of a saint. Thousands of hours spent observing baboons though, so I'm not surprised.

[@giorgosandrigiannakis1375]

Isn't it amazing though that when a camera is brought in the class, the powerpoint reader suddenly becomes a high skilled professor? It's almost like some are just bored.

[@simonjohnson73]

I went to a world class university and the professors were on the full spectrum from highly engaging to terribly boring. Then again, I studied engineering, and most of the more passionate lecturers were in the non-engineering classes

[@simonjohnson73]

@Avishag Bat-Shunam Joe

[@hamonryehd]

not really- it's about the teacher, not the school. i bet there are ivy league professors who suck and expect you to memorize a textbook to pass a short exam.

[@paritoshkulk]

Anyone here during the Pandemic, marking ten years post this course and is still so relevant!

[@SubstanceP888]

Why would it not still be relevant? Lol.

[@LaughingSeraphim]

yes, him and tamar gendler lectures are pretty good. Anybody got some of them extended notes?

[@frankiefiction5402]

@@LaughingSeraphim I would love to get my hands on someone’s extended notes, too! Let me know if you ever found any!

[@sunshineholmes9965]

Yessssssssss! Loving it. Also I'm trying to do the math...was this filmed during the swine flu? Everyone is sick!

[@craighamaimbo844]

@@LaughingSeraphim am also looking for extended for Tamar Gandler, I learned on Yale university polical science and others

[@My1reddog]

I love how he speaks without a hitch, or glitch, or pause. He KNOwS HIS STUFF! Could listen all day!

[@richardadams24]

I'm a graphic designer. I watch these lectures to extend my understanding. I love this man and his ability to make the complex accessible. I suddenly feel out of my depth...

[@manthasagittarius1]

He's being so careful and clear to distinguish between state (or even simple state change) and process -- this is beautiful, lucid teaching about the regulatory mechanisms. Highly recommended for lecturers as well as students.

[@NazriB]

Lies again? Aspirin + Nurofen

[@JimBCameron]

I have absolutely no background or previous interest in any of this stuff, but these lectures are brilliant & I'm hooked! :D

[@chrismoore9685]

Indeed bro gc

[@js2010ish]

Its so rad

[@leslieelainemusic9343]

Yes! They are amazing 😍

[@ignaciojimenez4786]

The magic of a good teacher. I'm happy we have this, but at the same time, *sigh* for all the thousands of classes happening right now where it's just dull and confusing information going in and out of the brains of a really tired group of students

[@scrubjay93]

Viewers--please understand that much research has been done in this field in the eight years since this lecture. Sapolsky was lecturing on the "state-of-the-science" at the time. Research changes our understanding of the world and this process is happening at an exponential rate these days! I love Sapolsky and this series is fantastic. You will learn a massive amount about human behavior, neurology, etc, but when it gets down to details not well understood at the time of his lecture, one would have to search academic journals for what is known now.

[@roobookaroo]

Why not give an example of the new details? Your case about the general progress of science would be much more effective. For most viewers of these lectures, already 12 years old, searching the current academic journals is out of consideration. Only a professional in the field of neurobiology could do it.

[@alexisjuillard4816]

Well... duh. You answered your own question. The guy was just raising awareness on a point many overlook or are oblivious to that fact and how publishing works in science. He made a good point and spk lecture still remain top notch. What exactly is the problem? I mean with your reasoning i could tell people to stop listening to einstein and Feynman. I probably know more then einstein on fundamental physics, i sure don't hqve his level and am still a student in theory, but he would have more to leqrn from me then me from him. Feynman perhaps not, he l8ved though the quantum revolution anw was just out of thid world intelligent. I mean i could homeschool newton. On physics, on math. Doesn't mean his principia wasn't like them most gamechangong book in hostory, and i m nowhere near his level. I m a bit biased bieng into physics i like simole elegant solutions and don't ever encounter geniuses who were wrong in the history of my discipline, they more line correct and affine models. I understand its not always like thar. But yeah science has evolved, its evolved far beyond the classicql mechanics, (quantum) electrodynamics thermo etx that i did. Still makes what i learn useful and relevant

[@cherylroberts771]

Microwave auditory effect Frey affect radio-frequency hearing artificial telepathy artificial voice to skull to be addressed targeted individuals lives are depending on it! Find the cure make it public knowledge..

[@EdgarAllanGo]

Hopefully everyone knows that’s a given.

[@esvittie8515]

Is there an updated version?

[@LordfizzwigitIII]

Today is April 28th, 2019. These lectures are still incredible even nine years later. I'd kill to see what new information has come to light since then.

[@novo6462]

You'd kill to see them? Ah you might want to watch the lectures in this playlist on Aggression! JK 🤣

[@bluejay6904]

listen to imagine by John lennon, “no need to kill or die for“

[@angelinarobert622]

it's on Search and Google Chrome/ Google Go.

[@ソトヤママリアテレサ]

no killing. *throws a batarang. Jedi CQC hear hugs, and disarms you with smile* i'm not here to my son or shall i call you brother? it's time to let go of the gun and LIVE!

[@MrMikkyn]

Have you read his book Behave? Its really good.

[@BabyCakesJunior]

Finally, back to the good doctor Sapolsky. God I missed him.

[@dantei.1194]

Sapolsky’s voice is so damn calming omg. It’s like listening to voice of reason in times where you lack your own...

[@nikitsakiridi1033]

Might even use it to sleep..

[@dantei.1194]

@@nikitsakiridi1033 I love you.

[@nikitsakiridi1033]

@@dantei.1194 Hahah much love

[@dantei.1194]

​@@nikitsakiridi1033 Best for sleeping is from "recognizing relatives" onwards. You can sleep like a dolphin, with half of your brain not loosing track of the lecture, since it doesn't branch off and is totally linear, while with other half you can snore your sinuses out :D Unless you're different than me and don't wake up every 2-3h of sleep :P I like to be aware of where i am in the lecture when I happen to wake up XD.

[@nikitsakiridi1033]

@@dantei.1194 Great idea and point, though I happen to sleep for good no matter what xD so its mostly for the first stages that I'm partly aware

[@PerpetualBass]

The TAs all did lovely work with their presentations. In addition, they helped me appreciate Sapolsky even more

[@blackstephh]

🙃 Yep! It felt like forever. I could barely get through their presentations. I had to rewind and relisten multiple times, and I'm sure I still didn't get it all.

[@ScaryMaryCherry]

Sapolsky is a great lecturer. He makes complicated things easy to understand. Simply excellent videos. (I could never study this myself because I'm too dumb to even get in to any decent university out there....). I'm very grateful that Stanford University wants to share these videos. A BIG thank you to both Robert Sapolsky and Standord Unviersity for sharing and helping people (in situations like myself) to learn exciting things without the ability to attend universities.

[@siergiejriaguzow1729]

Around 35th minute (ending around 40th minute) there is the best explanation of how antidepressants work I've ever heard. Spend 5 minutes and you will know everything we know to that point about how they work. Remarkable.

[@whadawethink]

Robert Sapolsky is funny, interesting, passionate, and simply put - Stanford's gem. I, not unlike many of the viewers here, did not major in any of the life sciences, but after watching this amazing hirsute (I mean this in a good way - I think he looks cool !!!) professor teach and lecture about what other laypeople may deem as dull i.e. limbic system seem like the greatest show on earth, I don't think I'm crazy by saying that this lecture series has changed my life. I'm hooked !!!

[@higherpowerlifting5065]

I'm taking a behavioral neuroscience course for neurofeedback certification, all I got was a textbook and PowerPoints. Luckily, this lecture series covers pretty much everything in the textbook in a way I can actually remember because of how good of a lecturer he is. I wish more universities did this. Getting credit for the course should cost money but knowledge should be free for the good of humanity.

[@HypeBeast764]

You must live in America if you think people should have to pay out of their own pocket to receive credit for a course. I'd bet you also think the same thing about healthcare.

[@moritzkorsch9029]

​​@@HypeBeast764There are a lot of countries in which university isn't free... Also the guy you replied to literally stated they were a fan of free knowledge, so your punch at their position on free healthcare is uncalled for.

[@HypeBeast764]

@@moritzkorsch9029 So you're going to make excuses for the richest country in the world somehow can't afford to pay for their citizens most fundamental, basic necessities while billionaires hoard wealth in their endless pursuit of greed? You're going to defend the greedy? That's seriously the position you're going to take here?

[@NikolaiPetrenkoMDPhD]

@@HypeBeast764 Yave not you seen those short videos on internet explaining in details why US doesnot have "frеe" medecine/education

[@NikolaiPetrenkoMDPhD]

@@moritzkorsch9029 Nothing is "free", іf something is, it means that somebody paid for this.

[@JoseMonteverde]

So bummed that they didn't include the class laughter at the break. I laughed alone

[@justgivemethetruth]

I love this guy ... everything I've seen, heard or read of his is brilliant, human and to the point - of everything that is wrong with this planet and its dominant species. How did a Robert Sapolsky even come to exist or get such prominence in a world that pretty much goes against everything he says, i.e. proves? I really appreciate Stanford for making these lectures available, and I just wish there were more books and videos available from Dr. Sapolsky. We all need to hear this stuff.

[@cherylroberts771]

Microwave auditory effect Frey affect radio-frequency hearing artificial telepathy artificial voice to skull to be addressed targeted individuals lives are depending on it! Find the cure make it public knowledge..

[@cherylroberts771]

Microwave auditory effect Frey affect radio-frequency hearing artificial telepathy artificial voice to skull to be addressed targeted individuals lives are depending on it! Find the cure make it public knowledge..

[@whytea6883]

"Go to your deathbed remembering that acronym... because... it will make you... happy & fulfilled." lmao the world needs more Sapolskys.

[@RipTheJackR]

Love the attitude mate, Sapolsky is boss, and the fact he increases interests into these subjects is good for philosophy and appreciation of eachother and how the world works. Biology and its branching diciplines ftw :)

[@neillamas8929]

Summary In fact there is much more room for variability in the nervous system than explained before: - The 2 laws of Dale are wrong: @4:30 1) If the presynaptic neuron is activated, the following neuron will too. @17:28 and @1:05:00 For example, Gaba (NT inhibitor) don't block the synapses of a neuron, they impide the propagation of one of the pre synaptic signals (IF neuron A fire, THEN block signal in neuron A so that neuron B is not influenced) 2) Each neuron releases only one type of neurotransmitters from its axion terminal. For example, sometimes one neuron releases 2 types NT that have effects working at 2 different timeframes. - Regulation of the glucocorticoid system @9:56 We've seen before the chain: Hypothalamus neuron --CRH--> pituitary gland --ACTH--> adrenal cortex --> cortisol production --> feedback regulation. Another hormone (e.g. oxytocine) sentir to the anterior pituitary will lead to the release of another hormone to a distant gland. In fact, it's more complex than that: a) @11:54 Various neurotransmitters can release the same hormone (e.g. ACTH) but with disctinct shapes of secretory curve b) @21:54 Cells in the pituitary gland aren't grouped by produced hormones. It's more like a mosaic --> modulation of sensitiveness due to neighborhood c) @25:00 Negative feedback is not the only system used to regulate hormones levels, neurons also have their own auto-regulation (pre-synaptic receptor) d) @30:40 Regulation can be done by checking that the hormone levels have reached the desired threshold but also by measuring the rate of change of these levels @36:00 Regulation is as important as the effect of the hormones. A ill-regulation can lead to adult onset diabetes: the pancreas produces insuline to stare glucose from blood into fat cells. Fat cells become less sensitive to insuline because they're already full. Pancreas produces more insuline. Fat cells become even less sensitive. And so on and so on. @49:40 neurotransmitters are complex of proteins: a) they're codes by various genes --> variations b) other hormone can bind onto them and modulate the effect of the neurotransmitter e.g. benzodiazepines

[@videotrash]

a neuroscience professor at my college didn't know that it was possible for a neuron to use more than one transmitter, and denied that it was possible, when i pointed it out to him. the next lecture he admitted that he had been wrong, and said he didn't know about it, because it was "cutting edge research"... mildly embarrassing, makes me wish i had a sapolsky-like lecturer at my college.

[@JoseMonteverde]

Crash classes. I did it to his. Even of you're not local

[@Xasperato]

It is often said that biology is the retarded sibling of the scientific disciplines. I suppose it may partially be due to badly-informed, dogma-blinded profs and researchers. All that is changing, though. In my opinion, biology (neuroscience, endocrinology, etc.) is on the verge of merging with computer science. It is in the foreseeable future that computers and animate organisms will merge at least in some basic principles if not in approximate practical entirety.

[@JoseMonteverde]

A certain Ghork definitely!!

[@videotrash]

***** agreed. though he obviously felt it was necessary to make up that bit about it being cutting-edge research. he's a nice, albeit distracted, guy- but this first neuroscience class really disappointed me then.

[@Low_pH]

A certain Ghork that was a neuroscience professor not a Biology professor. all my biology professors know this

[@growingtreecreations2900]

This lecture has so much complex info, I'm listening a 2nd time. I want to understand all of these processes in such a way that to do so, I think ill have to go back to school & pursue a scientific degree like my bio 101 professor urged me to do when I went to community college. I hung on every lesson. I can't get enough. Listening to these lectures (and some great podcasts) makes my mind numbing manufacturing job tolerable.

[@MrMikkyn]

I’m glad the lectures are inspiring you. I have found reading neuroscience textbooks to be intellectually stimulating as well. Very time consuming but I liked Brain & Behaviour by Garrett and Hough

[@dr.fatemaomran3105]

Deeply in love with this great teacher and the way he explain insulin resistance is absolutely amazing

[@julieearp9549]

You’ve added so much to my education in nursing, and I wasn’t even in class with you. You’re first you tube video came up after I watched one for developmental psychology. I’m hooked and now am watching you to help prepare for my entrance exam for an RN program. Thank you so much.

[@cherylroberts771]

Microwave auditory effect Frey affect radio-frequency hearing artificial telepathy artificial voice to skull to be addressed targeted individuals lives are depending on it! Find the cure make it public knowledge..

[@annalink4351]

I'm an artist and love this prof. His idea is to make some important science accessible to a larger public. A lot of the more technical or hard science he elaborates I don't expect myself to follow but am getting the general idea and I love his concept of jumping from one bucket to another. The suspense builds. Where will we find ourselves eventually? Don't sweat it, just enjoy. He's a great communicator and teacher. His enthusiasm is catching. I think scientists are just as creative as artists.

[@matiasvalenzuela1612]

I'll start first year of med school in like 2 months, and I love the fact that I can keep learning while enjoying vacations, truly a series of videos that are making these weeks so AMAZING, I've never been so fascinated with the functioning of such a complex systems. Thanks for showing us the beauty of nature♥

[@danny74550]

listening to these lectures, is probably the only useful thing that will get imprinted into my next generations.

[@anthonyzoff6743]

Sapolsky rocks. He's the real deal, given his life for the betterment of all, and has a gift for hooking any curious mind on fascinating subject matter with added humor and wit! Not a day passes now that something doesn't happen that mirrors something I've learned from him.

[@blackstephh]

Oh man finally. It felt like he was gone forever. I'm so glad it's him again 😭 I could barely get through the TAs presentations and had to rewind a million times.

[@not-google-plus4435]

Today is April 28, 2015. Happy birthday, lecture!

[@chakacaca1372]

+Not-Google-Plus Today is April 28, 2016.... so happy birthday again

[@arnabchatterjee9636]

Hope you had a nice birthday this year again! :)

[@coleworldcole9438]

Awe man just missed its birthday

[@carlrdbro1230]

Looking forward to the next birthday

[@ソトヤママリアテレサ]

it's like June 23rd 2020 today. my date is older than yours. she is a cougar. *rwar* just kidding, no date. I'm married. my wedding anniversary is in 3 days.

[@k.a.o.s.717]

This whole lecture made me feel both a deep fear and peace at the same time for some reason

[@simonboulton8347]

Fast mind slows down with age... surprisingly everyone has their own mind. Timing is essential... with experience we gain knowledge and information that slows us down gradually.

[@manudasmd]

Sapolsky is my best story teller. Such intellectually engaging as always

[@andrewagjw306]

That ladies question at 45:18 is the most important question asked during the entire lecture and I wish students asked more questions like this. I hope science provides us answers to these questions

[@matt-g-recovers]

I love that he destroys each in a way that makes for folks to pave their own way and discover more without being convinced we already know everything about everything

[@TheNasaDude]

Understanding the brain and neurons feels like trying to understand how the entirety of the US works, by looking at what a few individuals are doing in some major cities, and observing how they interact whith one another. It is a massive undertaking Still I cant but marvel at the ingenuity and beauty of what has been discovered about neurons. Nature's 4 billion years of experience in making living things are shining through

[@whoneedsthishandle]

Excellent explanation of how GABA works in CNS near end of lecture.

[@kiranbabu3426]

As of Jan 5, 2020, this is a great lecture.

[@Nameless-qe9hu]

As of June 2, 2023, this is a great lecture

[@terrymay6280]

When I started watching this series at the beginning, I thought I was going to learn about behavioral evolution, but somehow this evolved into extensive lectures on neurology and endocrinology and for the life of me I am struggling to make the connection. I am sure it is there somewhere. Besides, I can't stop/won't stop watching because I love the Prof.

[@carlrdbro1230]

you WERE going to learn about that, in the first lecture, but the evolutionary view is one among many, right. This is behavioural biology, there are many sub-categories. The connection is that it all has to do with behaviour, but it's not like every sub-category together leads to a conclusion that's bigger than the sum of its parts. I think, this is as far as i've gotten as of yet :)

[@hassandendama7159]

this was my favourite lecture so far! great information and extraordinary explaining

[@PerpetualBass]

I love that he keeps saying "Flatbread" even though he knows what it's supposed to be. I crack a smile every time

[@FromJunkToJanha]

funny how i keep feeling stupider the more i learn! this lecture has been so eye-opening that its almost silly! the added complexity potential(compared to my models before this update) is mind-bogglingly vast to me! 90 thousand million-ish neurons times the average number of connections per neuron with all the endocrine regulation just explained here is mind-blowing! i would recon that there is enough processing potential in a human to build (a) soul(s) just as a by-product!... THANK YOU Robert, Stanford and everybody who chipped in to make it possible for me to watch lecture series!!

[@moodygoalgetter9158]

He's great I'll be going to school soon for my bachelor's and I want to go onto to practice for endocrinology I'm 23 right now and can't wait

[@ToriKo_]

Monica P how's it going?

[@rocketpoolpki]

Pure Poetry...absolutely awesome and extremely well appreciated.

[@MikeTrance666]

you gotta give him that he has a nice flow

[@camalienator]

at the end, Dr. Sapolsky broke the 4th wall. this class was amazing

[@edwigcarol4888]

Biology gets really fascinating.. with the mind blowing intelligence within these systems. I fall in awe. For me this is not complicated stuff but marvels. Of life.

[@Aviation_Professional]

If only more professors were as dynamic and skilled as Sapolsky

[@trishulmody]

April 2021! THIS IS PURE GOLD FOR FREE

[@al-girvantobias8462]

Wow this guy is good. The link between neurology and endocrinolgy is well explained

[@isibabeey]

Could you please upload a new bunch of this series? Since its already 5 years ago and many things have changed by now!

[@MrRollingEgo]

11 years ago :D oh god.

[@wiredwebmaster]

Thanks KZbin for your powerful, persuasive and perverted A.I. which suggested this program lecture.

[@Amanda-fv5ju]

Thank you for uploading these incredible lectures!🥰

[@jfarrisMU]

Flatbread. This guy is so freaking funny 😂😂😂 Still not over "Plant IQ" 😂😂😂

[@iliaslerias7374]

Also, "And this is so immensely complicated that you all immediately have to go to the bathroom for 5 minutes. " I died.

[@1BLiViON1]

I don't know if I am understanding Advanced Neuroscience very easily or Sapolsky's speaking skills are just making this very easy to listen to.

[@musical_lolu4811]

This is basic, not advanced, neuroscience.

[@1BLiViON1]

@@musical_lolu4811 that might explain it.

[@RaulSoto21]

this is one of my favorites lectures of the whole course.

[@roobookaroo]

Things have surely evolved since this lecture now 12 years old. And there's no chance that our Incredibly Learned Professor would ever edit his cycle of 27 lectures given at Stanford Un. to incorporate new findings. In a similar vein, Prof. Sapolsky's famous book on Stress, WHY ZEBRAS DON'T GET ULCERS (3d. ed. 2004), left many points of detail quite open. Now, in 2022, nearly 20 years later, many of those points and notes could receive more advanced and complete answers. Couldn’t Prof. Sapolsky reasonably consider tackling the huge, vastly important project of a 4th edition of this vital ZEBRAS book, and have it also labeled with the new name of SAPOLSKY'S BIOLOGY OF STRESS? At this stage in life, our Incredibly Learned Professor's reputation is made. He’s already produced the magnum opus that consecrates his top scholarly standing in the academic community - the huge encyclopedic BEHAVE brick. He is now retired from active teaching, and has the time to focus on this project. He knows the open issues intimately and can pick up their thread pretty easily. He also has at his disposal a large team of bright assistants who would be eager to do all the preparatory research necessary for his writing a revised, updated and enlarged 4th edition, far superior to the 3d edition of 2004. Such a 4th edition of a revised ZEBRAS certainly would have a wide reception from a market of modern readers constantly harassed by psychological stressors every day of their lives. There is no doubt that such a 4th edition of ZEBRAS would be of more immediate value to any ordinary reader among the millions of modern humans seeking their balance in our complex industrial and scientific world with its fragmented and disruptive social structure. And to whoever is animated by a personal desire to improve the lot of mankind, this 4th edition would be much more meaningful, and have much more of an effective impact than any other project, grand as it might be, that Prof. Sapolsky could still envisage. In the same manner that GRAY'S ANATOMY won its place as a landmark of knowledge, perhaps one may think that a complete treatise on stress, regularly revised and updated, would find its place in the library of science as SAPOLSKY'S BIOLOGY OF STRESS.

[@mezidvemastromy5546]

Oh damn, I'm not able to understand the high school level of this but this university way just fits to me.

[@Truthseeker182]

I'm studying psychology at Virginia tech with a focus on neuropsychopharmacology. Ya, it's a real field. I dream of doing research with Stanford and teaching at schools like it. The brain is the most amazing thing on this planet. I will study it until the day I die.

[@lovis651]

How did it turn out to this day?

[@Truthseeker182]

@@lovis651 Not like I expected. Money has hindered me at every turn.

[@rodshowsinrio5631]

I love his using the toilet bowl filling as a familiar example of a negative feedback system!

[@sandriacavassani5849]

Aula fantástica!!

[@RolandV3922]

I appreciate the fact that Stanford made these lectures public. So far, it has been very insightful to me. However, there is one thing that I need to get off my chest: it would be a lot better if Sapolski would finish his sentences. Now, he seems to be rambling on, and sometimes the coherency goes out of the window (at least, for me).

[@stefanschug5490]

Dr. Daley and Dr. Lazar from Harvard explained this a bit different in their courses about stem cell research. According to their information in a very simplified explanation the hormones are produced by the specialized, differentiated somatic cells based on chemical info received from the hippocampus pituitary axis and are thereafter regulated over positive and negative feedback loops. This version would have the advantage of fewer transmitters having a higher functional diversity through somatic proteomic determination . Granted this is a very complex regulatory metabolism with an overwhelming amount of new studies on the PubMed site and the medical biochemistry site to fill in the gaps since 2010.

[@joanniefischer8108]

Great talk on some very interesting subjects. Thank you for sharing this.

[@harveytheparaglidingchaser7039]

02.40 so true, nothing much was taught about the limbic system in med school

[@randomvicky939]

Those were the times that we could cough with no fear … I Love dr.Sapolsky’s literature.

[@garyraab9132]

Content aside, listening mainly to a continuous outpouring of information from the neuro-system of a brilliant brain within a body in constant motion. Out of the picture, a few coughs from learners with brains and butts fixed in seats. University lectures are the same after 50 years! Shoutout to the programmers that introduced the Pause button! Boo-es to the persons in the finance department of government institutions that introduced the corporate industrial model into education.

[@saudigold50]

Stellar post.

[@sophie392]

This man has completely changed the way I think about people. I desperately want to watch a conversation between him and Dr. Joe Dispenza. How can we make this happen?!!!

[@davidhollaus]

I love how he introduced the break

[@Dondlo46]

The king is back

[@PackMowin]

Thank you stanford 🙏

[@franciscoac84]

And that is so complicated in fact that it's essential that everybody stand up and go to the bathroom.

[@nate-manlovesgland2347]

You can't blame the dude coughing, I would get teaked before this guys lecture for sure

[@stvbrsn]

“Get teaked?” Is that when you whittle chips off your patio furniture and smoke it?

[@deepakgogoi24]

Human behavior is very complex relatively & every action reflects new thoughts.

[@schachierklaert]

58:38 There is a mistake GABA-receptors typically localize to dendritic shaft synapses and the somatic membrane, not to dendritic spines. Spine synapses are almost always excitatory. Other than that, this was a great lecture.

[@roobookaroo]

HUSTERON, PROTERON At 5:23 "And of course, it's irritating that we're doing number two before number one, but tough." Amazingly, ancient Greek has an expression for this reversal of mental order, dealing with second things first. And its name is: HUSTERON, PROTERON. That is, later things ("husteron" = later) are met first ("proteron" = earlier). This interesting linguistic reversal is frequent in Homer. It calls for some agility of mind from the reader or listener. In fact, ancient Greek, with its exceptional flexibility, versatility, and rich productivity, calls for agile, smart intellects not afraid of giving full firing exercise to those neurons of the pre-frontal cortex. We know too well that we're not going to get Prof. Sapolsky to change his feelings overnight, and start loving the ancient Greek language a little more. But this example of its remarkable flexibility may induce our learned Professor to show ancient Greek much more respect, and perhaps, at some later stage, even some reverence and affection as to a friend of the pre-frontal cortex, instead of a necessary nuisance. Because ancient Greek proves, once again, how immensely useful it is to neurobioloby, by providing this awfully complex science with an awfully complex vocabulary. It is thanks to ancient Greek that brain scientists are able to create all those long difficult new words that permit the precise transmission of their complex knowledge. Even if those new long words seem a major hassle to students who have to not only understand clearly their meaning but also learn them by heart.

[@MilesBellas]

17:30 "Jerome Ysroael Lettvin, often known as Jerry Lettvin, was an American cognitive scientist, and Professor of Electrical and Bioengineering and Communications Physiology at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology."

[@noonereallymattersbutcats9674]

Spalosky is one great professor! Such an interesting man, and great teacher!

[@marykinsella417]

Geneva Convention springs to mind discrimation against certain ethnic groups in society perhaps

[@tessaohfashion]

Truly life-changing lecture!

[@Bigmatt1065]

Can we get access to the extended notes?

[@digocr]

@@gotterdammerung5932 This looks amazing, but the website is paid, and even saying "30 days free trial" it asks for your credit card. I wonder if some altruistic soul could upload this somewhere else. :)

[@pankajsingla2068]

@@reversebanana Thank you, man. Thank you so much.

[@prffft]

@@reversebanana thanks dude.

[@siddharthwastaken]

@@reversebanana thanks a ton man, you're the best.

[@michaelsteininger]

@@reversebanana Many thanks to you man!!! This is awesome!

[@HarpreetSingh-gv4lo]

Robert sir is amazing👌🏻👌🏻👌🏻

[@chakacaca1372]

Today is April 28, 2016... happy birthday lecture

[@brunocfer2]

It´s easy to measure the power of the Capital just by the sheer disconfort of seeing these lectures for free.

[@grunder20]

Very intellectual man.

[@epic4277]

Great audio work 👏

[@e0n662]

Best 5 minute break announcement of my life

[@charlesbrightman4237]

Specific level versus rate of change: Consider the following: We exist in an analogue universe that is interacting energy fields (those energy fields of which are probably just a singular force with three different modalities), of which those interacting 'gem' photons (gravity being a part of the currently recognized 'em' photon and acting 90 degrees to the 'em' fields, which of course act 90 degrees to each other, the pulsating, swirling 'gem' photon being the energy unit of this universe that makes up everything in existence in this universe), at times unite with other 'gem' photons in a string theory kind of way and create sub-atomic particles of which then would also eventually create atoms and molecules. The sub-atomic particles, atoms and molecules being the 'quantized' part of the interacting 'gem' photonic interactions. Hence, a system that can have minimum and maximum energy limits (whether by the overlapping energy fields of the modalities of the 'gem' photons and/or by the particles themselves) as well as a system that could have rate of change methods employed (depending upon the strengths of the energy fields and/or by the number of particles (sub-atomic or otherwise). Two systems in one.

[@frontalcortexvsamygdala570]

He is amazing

[@necksugar]

This is so valuable

[@johnniecage4481]

Thank you Professor!

[@Neumogastric]

Amazing lecture

[@nrrgrdn]

34:00 So how does a cell measure rate of change of a chemical? Any updates the last ten years?

[@TheNasaDude]

Cauyion: speculation ahead This is just my intuition, but the professor hinted that its not the neurons who take the measurement, the secreting cells in the anterior pituituary gland do it. Being secreting cells, they probably keep some sort of log of what they've been doing, so rate of change can be extrapolated. For example every cell will likely have some equilibrium state, where they are full of hormones ready to be released and no more hormone is being produced. As soon as the hormone is released, the equilibrium is broken and the hormone manufacturing machinery is activated more and more as the hormone concentration inside the cell goes down. The harder the cell is working, the more rate of change will be occurring

[@nicolareddwooddforest4481]

Medical schools need to incorporate the part of the brain that covers emotions. This is vital. If this is ignored in medicine study programs people will not understand the importance of emotions and how it all ties in with the environmental influences of an individual.

[@AdenwalaM]

The end remark explains a lot. One things I need clarification of is this: It is known that our experiences and their responses vary between individuals. What also varies is the interpretation of an experience. A simple example is that some people feel dizzy and miserable (they may even throw-up) while sitting on merry-go-round whereas other see this as a fun experience. A child may be more afraid of the same stimuli than an adult. differences in such interpretations is also caused by neurotransmitters and hormones or there is something else at work too?

[@Liusila]

Am I the only one feeling like I didn’t get this lecture at all? After the kids were substituting I completely lost the thread of the lectures... (Edit:) after watching this the third time, I now get about 90%, although will not remember most of the terminology... Goes to show the benefit of filming these lectures!

[@roslynborretta1923]

this guy is fascinating

[@alonsomccarthy6494]

The girl asked the same question I was thinking. Damn we basically don't know how antidepressants work.

[@nickjohn2051]

Damn right. Im on lexapro, but daily caffeine 200 mg works better than lexapro.

[@DocEtan]

@@nickjohn2051 True, caffeine and l theanine are the best combination to go for if you are feeling down. SSRIs either dont work well in many patients or when they do work the patient has to be on them for lifelong because when you quit them there is a chance of rebound depression. And most importantly they ruin sexual life by causing a very significant erectile dysfunction.

[@TheHellogs4444]

There's a good overview/summary/state of the field video by What I've Learned on the topic

[@bluejay6904]

i wonder how antidepressants will affect the way humans evolve.

[@bluejay6904]

@@DocEtan Depression causes loss of libido in itself. Depression doesn't cause me ED. Antidepressants do. Antidepressants also often have an awful side effect of suicidal ideation. it feels like more of a compulsion than thinking about it. At with Paxil when you are under age 24. Blood glucocorticoids, serotonine, dopamine, and oxytocin levels should be checked in in a blood lab. With suicidal ideation side effects, it's too risky to prescibe them on a hit and miss basis.

[@OrafuDa]

1:12:40 Where can I get the extended notes for this course? This is so good, I want to read more. Or see it again in writing.

[@davidd854]

Second this. Apparently they read the book by Sapolsky 'Why zebra's don't get ulsers' as well for the course, so you can check that out. I think it's about the effect of stress on animals, and that in discussing it he goes by the different parts of the body. The other required reading if there were any I don't remember, but if there were any they should have been mentioned in the first lecture.