1620: What Was It Really Like Aboard The Mayflower? | Journey Into Unknown | The American Story

[@user-TonyUK]

Just some Facts as I was taught at school in Grimsby, Lincolnshire, England. The Mayflower was built at Killingholme Haven, not far from present day Immingham, Lincolnshire. There is a Memorial Blue Plaque at the site the Mayflower was constructed. From Grimsby it sailed to Boston for more Pilgrim Passengers to embark and onward to Holland to pick up more Pilgrim Passengers. From Holland it set sail again across the North Sea and along the South Coast of Engalnd before sailing across the Atlantic. Those are the Facts as I know them. Tony in England.

[@midnightreader84]

My ancestor is James Chilton who signed the Mayflower Compact. He was the oldest on board but unfortunately died before setting on land. His daughter survived to begin part of the family on my mother's side.

[@savanahmclary4465]

Great story!,

[@CNinnovations]

​@@savanahmclary4465coloniser

[@libbyneves5457]

He is my ancestor too. His daughter, Mary, as a single girl child was granted an equal property share.

[@pamreithmaier7373]

Mary Chilton is a relative of mine

[@evanyoung2366]

You know Mrs. Mary Chilton? Her excellent crypto advise returns me 7k every 10 days on my 3,156 us dollars investment

[@lianacordova8094]

My mother WAS Mexican, brought to the US as a child for a better life ans is proud to be an American. My father , a white and american indian. I am so grateful to have been born in this great country. I love America ❤ . I see the oilgrims as my heros. Being a Christian, i admire their faith and thank them for their part in founding this beautiful country.

[@David-vt9hr]

Oohh you're gorgeous

[@Pleebixx]

i am white and i see these folks as colonizers and thieves. but here we are.

[@IblewuponyourfaceIII]

Why don’t most documentaries about the European immigration to the United States rarely if ever mention that the Spanish were first then the French? They usually just start with the Mayflower of the Pilgrims & Puritans. It’s an Anglo-English narrative. Spain & France were there before England & also can’t forget the Dutch & Swedish also Russia with Alaska. Good part of your genes have Spanish roots, don’t forget about Spain & what they accomplished.

[@TheRis81]

But Christianity is a load of crap, and your people aren't even originally Christian anyway....

[@chairlesnicol672]

Lianacordova How could your father b white if he was Indian?

[@rosemaryshores433]

I enjoyed listening to this while cleaning up after our last vestiges of Thanksgiving dinner leftovers. I am grateful for their bravery and the Indians compassionate help.

[@theprophet489]

And what they did afafter to the Indians massacred them and keep them in reservations so are they really was seeking religious freedom warmongering until presently

[@kennethbeeler1]

@@theprophet489, I agree with you 100%

[@maxineobrien6413]

Native Americans

[@wackywagners3463]

My ancestor was John Billington and he also signed the Mayflower compact. My 16th great grandfather I believe. Quite a tale! He was tried and hanged in 1630 for the murder of someone in Plymouth colony. His son Francis, my 15th great grandfather, shot a musket aboard the Mayflower and almost blew up a barrel of gunpowder. Ever since finding out I was a descendant when I was about 35 I have been enthralled in the Mayflower and everything to do with it. Nice to read all these stories in the comments! Okay off to watch the video now! Haha

[@krizzygirl206]

Hey those are my ancestors, too! On my maternal grandfather's side, at least. Maternal grandmother's side I'm related to the Cooke and Warren families (Richard Warren's daughter married Francis Cooke's son, and both gentlemen sailed on the Mayflower, along with Francis' son.)

[@rachmunshine9474]

Two very cool family histories! Thx for sharing it. 😊

[@cindyredenius9857]

They are my brother and sisters

[@bobvick5175]

We are related! John Billington was a way back Grandfather to me also.

[@bobvick5175]

Francis was born about 1606, possibly in or around Spaulding or Cowbit, Lincolnshire, England. Francis Billington was named as one of the heirs of Francis Longland of Cowbit, Lincolnshire, England. (A manorial survey taken in 1650 indicated that Francis Billington was then living in New England and was about 40 years old. Francis himself gave his age as 68 in a deposition from 1674, making him about fourteen when he came on the Mayflower with his parents John and Eleanor Billington.) Francis was an active, rambunctious youth. He nearly caused a disaster onboard the Mayflower shortly after arrival in Plymouth Harbor, when he shot off his father's gun inside a cabin, sending sparks towards an open barrel of gunpowder. After he came ashore, he climbed up a tree and claimed to have spotted a "great sea" in the distance: a small pond that still carries the name "Billington Sea" even today. His brother John died between 1627-1630. His father was executed murder in 1630. Francis married Christian Penn Eaton in July 1634. Christian was the widow and third wife of Mayflower passenger Francis Eaton. She brought Eaton’s child from his first marriage and three from her marriage to Eaton (including one who was disabled and referred to in Bradford’s journal as an “idiot”) when she married Francis. The couple had nine more children together and raised their family in Plymouth, where he was a carpenter. They struggled to provide for their large family and some were bound out to other families to rear. About 1669 Francis was one of 26 original purchasers and settlers of Middleborough. Although driven off during the Indian wars, they returned to Middleborough in 1670 and lived there until his death in December 1684. Christian’s death date was not recorded, but may have been near the same time. The last recorded mention of her was 13 July 1684. The 1703/4 probate petition by son Isaac indicated that his parents had been dead for over 18 years.

[@kellyshomemadekitchen]

William Bradford is my 7th Great Grandfather, this is fascinating to watch knowing I wouldn’t be if he hadn’t been hardy enough to survive all that he did.

[@margarettickle9659]

So interesting. I bet you have some stories that have been passed down.

[@Paleotech1]

@@margarettickle9659would not likely bear any likeness to reality.

[@kellyshomemadekitchen]

@@Paleotech1and how would you know that? I actually come from several generations of family members that kept many astounding records of various happenings amongst our ancestors and passed them down. I’ve expanded on the family tree passed down and am back to the 1200s on both sides of my family. Many of the names on it are absolutely amazing. It’s wonderful to know where/who you came from and to have the records to back it up. So, yes, the stories I can tell bear a great likeness to reality, thank you.

[@rikkilamb]

William Bradford was a yorkshire man, we are a hardy people. He was a leader and one the Governors of the Plymouth Colony for 30 years.

[@usgamechamp2323]

Are you just guessing, ha? OR did you get DNA tested. HE is in my family line is why I ask.

[@abrehaleyal]

I'm from Tigray, Ethiopia, and I belive that US is a land of heroes, freedom and strong people. Your ancestors have done a great and powerful country.

[@terrychaffee8028]

Things are not as rosy as they appear. Lot of bad things happening

[@elainedoornbos3566]

It's a wonderful country & the truths about it are being unveiled thanks to KZbin & books...the things I was taught from reading coming to light in media never ceases to amaze the eyes. 😮

[@chynnadoll3277]

People of English ancestry, and European ancestry for that matter, should NEVER be made to feel ashamed of their legacy. These are the people who significantly contributed to the betterment of civilization. Their history must be preserved at all costs.

[@uncovidvaxxforthestrongand3582]

you should. your ancestors made others feel inferior for theirs. the world wasn't theirs for the taking and the future has yet to respond.

[@randyt3558]

sez an obvious racist bigot.

[@JOAT_AMOS]

Well Said!! I Agree 1000%

[@randyt3558]

So let me get this straight...Your ancenstry's legacy of the betterment of civilization through slavery and war is something you refuse to be ashamed of, but feel ashamed enough to have to explain why you shouldn't be ashamed.....Got it.

[@raversfantasy]

@@randyt3558every country and race has blood on its hands. Why are we acting like white people are absolutely evil? Every race owned slaves. It’s horrible to think about, but don’t go re-writing history to fit a narrative that suits you.

[@me-ds2il]

Hunt took Squanto to Spain to sell him as a slave. But some Franciscan friars saw what was happening and collected enough money to purchase the freedom of Squanto and his friends. The monks took the Indians back to their monastery, where they nursed them back to health. The Franciscans taught Squanto the Catholic faith and he was apparently baptized. Squanto stayed with the Pilgrims and helped them in many ways. The Pilgrims were happy to have him for a friend, but not for long. In November of 1622, disease took the life of Squanto, the Pilgrims' friend.

[@chairlesnicol672]

Me-ds2il What year was Squanto transported to Spain to b sold as a slave! I wonder if Squanto realized at the point in time of his kidnapping that he was gonna b sold as a slave! He must have been very young, perhaps a boy?

[@xaspirate8060]

He also did some time in England if my memeory is right --then went back to NoAmerica.

[@TLB7476]

​@@chairlesnicol672if there was any kind of battle, slavery was a thing back then and all throughout history. He probably knew he'd be a slave, just not taken back to England for it.

[@ArtCast24]

@@xaspirate8060You might be thinking of Pocahontas.

[@patriciaandsamuelmystaffyb3710]

​@@xaspirate8060😅😮❤

[@Sora2529]

This channel needs more attention! Good content 👌

[@fredvarao3894]

As a Brazilian I can say, the American Story is beautiful. The Indians say the same in Brazil, but they all ways fight before, the Portuguese people come, that's why some tribes helping the Portuguese people against more violent tribes. They all complained with mouth full.

[@baxtercol]

Is so good to see so many people discussing United States history and freely discussing And debating different points of view. I think we need to get back to basics while being as accurate in the recounting of history as possible whether it be about successes or failures. God bless our country as we pay special thankful homage to our Creator today.

[@rjhinnj]

God has everything to do with the founding of America and the US Constitution. It was the founders understand of Scripture through which the rights of man are established; not by governmental decree, but by our Creator. It would behoove you to read up and research the founders and their beliefs, and the writings of the men who inspired them… including the Bible!

[@talesfromtheleashexpatdogl1426]

Which God? You made a good point until you brought your god into it. Let's maintain the separation

[@talesfromtheleashexpatdogl1426]

​@@rjhinnjthat would have been the KJB? What do you know of King James?

[@victoriamorey2265]

My ancestor was Myles Standish, who came over with the Pilgrims on the Mayflower, signed the Mayflower Compact , and was hired as military advisor and captain for the Plymouth Colony by the Pilgrims. He helped coordinate their future colony's defenses, yet their is no mention of him in this story?!

[@ntucson669]

Hey cousin!

[@victoriamorey2265]

@@ntucson669 Hey Cuz!

[@joes6108]

I read the book Mayflower. Standish is the Man!

[@victoriamorey2265]

Exactly!!

[@maegardnermills4292]

Oh that's so nice. I loved the history on him. His name is unforgettable. Happy Thanksgiving.

[@creestee08]

i love listening about america. such history.

[@ReviewsChannel-e4r]

But we'll never live down what we did to Native and African Americans as profitable and shameful land grabs.

[@creestee08]

@@ReviewsChannel-e4r all of us have skeletons in our closets. You americans have the most free free speech. You have written documents from past americans where you can learn from. Study. Reflect. And move on.

[@rebeccachambers419]

@@ReviewsChannel-e4rThe Native Americans were doing that to each other first. And the Africans were too. So we should point angry fingers towards all.

[@biggusdickus7089]

@@ReviewsChannel-e4r not sure if your comment is for or against white Americans but I have no white guilt personally. Let's not play the blame game. I know that's the easy way out but it serves no one

[@palerider660]

I am a proud descendent of John Howland and still carry on the name Howland. He survived the trip over after being washed overboard during a storm and from him many great leaders of America are descended; including American Presidents and the founders of the Mormon religion. He was also the last of the original passengers of the mayflower to pass away into eternity.

[@briancosman9730]

I am also a descendant of John Howland (12 th generation)

[@jabbermocky4520]

I am also a descendant of Howland. Millions of Americans are. Running joke is that he was a drunkard who fell overboard.

[@TheSapphireSprit]

Actually I may be thinking of the Tilleys daughter Elizabeth. I was adopted and just found this information fairly recently

[@Mr-Damage]

Just think none of you would exist except for maybe the slimmest of chances of a rescue... fate or chance ?

[@jabbermocky4520]

@@Mr-Damage More than one close call in our family history in North America. Our ancestors fought in every war since the founding of the USA. Some came home, some didn't. We go back a long way in this country and most of us are having a hard time believing that the majority chooses a return to autocracy, like under King George III. We haven't done all of this hard work and fighting for 400 years just so a few chuckleheads can throw it all down the crapper. Expect fierce resistance to autocracy in OUR USA. Peace.

[@johncollins6415]

The Peanuts version is great and fairly accurate to boot!

[@ladavidson9269]

This is excellent detail. I'm an offshore sailor myself, have experienced a 72 hour storm out of sight of land, queasy. Cramped quarters. Do the math: no cabins, their personal space sq ft is 3x4 and five ft high ... half the queensize mattress I'm cosy watching this movie. And Oceanis mother birthed him in such conditions... not to mention other private biz or being seasick. 😮what these 102 did for us... the significance of that radical Compact, I'm blown away (always have been, knowing thar passengers Cooke Fuller & Warren are my ancestor families. America is still God's providence , though it does not seem that way in Georgia this season. 😢 ☦️

[@ladavidson9269]

Yep she's a trip 24:00 she's hearsay. Pilgrim diaries record payment which is their biblical culture & they've no one to prove to but God. Like I said, lib3ral tears.

[@Goji-eletienne]

Meh, objectively, they only had a direct impact on their direct descendants, of which today, very few are. The tragedies (even if viewed as somewhat necessary) enacted upon the natives, in particular the suppression of wider knowledge of their culture and medicinal practices, were too high a price for the shambles we experience today in all but a few places. Overarching point here is, the European migration would've continued unto such a result, without regard for these pilgrims

[@zxyatiywariii8]

​@@Goji-eletienne The problem is, if it hadn't been Europe, it would've been China. And although contact with Europeans practically annihilated my own ancestors, my own family is far-flung enough now -- in 2023 -- for me to know how much worse that would've been. History is a viciously-violent place, and it will still be when 2023 is far in the distant past someday, and people centuries hence will look back on us and all the horrors being perpetrated today. Humans are humans, all we can do is try to be better than the worst of us, and aim to be as beneficial as the best of us. 🤷🏾‍♀️

[@xaspirate8060]

"Only had a direct impact on direct descendants" !!!??? They laid the cornerstones of this country and what it became. Don't waste your time. She is just miserable and likes to be anti-tradition. They have no vision nor do they ever ponder things like what would this continent be like if Russia or China got here first. Doubt if there would be any greetings exchanged at the outset, but probably just mass annihalation of indigenous. @@zxyatiywariii8

[@charlessoukup1111]

Wow. Impressed. I'm a 2nd generation born in US Czech. Just a late comer!😊

[@asullivan4047]

Interesting/informative/entertaining. Excellent drawings/reenactments enabling viewers to better understand what/whom the orator was describing. Special thanks to guest speakers sharing their personal information/research. Making this documentary more authentic and possible.

[@mikekahl4745]

You have Bradford's book, the Mayflour compact agreement said all would be shared in a common store. When he saw no enthusiasm because some did not work as hard, but shared in the gatherings, he gave each (family, group) a plot of land to produce and keep their own makings. Bradfords own words were, (and all hands were made bountiful). That is why they had a thanksgiving.

[@ThomasFerner]

Absolutely correct. ...This is also one of the best examples of the failure of socialism!

[@gristlevonraben]

communism can never be a utopia for that reason. if done true to form but voluntarily , it becomes unfair, if forced, it becomes a fascist nightmare, dystopia. ironically, this can be said of the current form of capitalism and forms of socialism.

[@jabbermocky4520]

@@ThomasFerner Dude, if they hadn't cooperated in the beginning, forming a separate community to pool their resources for the journey across the Atlantic, there wouldn't have been any pilgrims at all. An all- privateer gang would have cannibalized each other before they even made it to Cape Cod. Yes, they landed in Provincetown and stayed for a season there before moving up to Plymouth. Are you gonna say they left P-Town because there were gay people there, too? The concept of socialism wasn't distributed widely until Marx wrote "Das Kapital" in 1867. I know revisionist history is popular with some, but do your homework before spouting utter nonsense.

[@MissDeb-jq6nz]

Private enterprise over communism!😊

[@sheldor5312]

@@jabbermocky4520bet you’re the life of the party….

[@opinionatedaf1563]

So cool to read all of your stories. God bless America!

[@johnwilletts3984]

English/British settlement was later to spread around the world. Interesting to compare their experiences. My own family has people in South Africa, Australia and Canada. I myself although British spent several years in South Africa. Then when checking out old photographs we see people setting out in covered wagons in different continents. By comparing their experiences around the globe and through time we may see lessons learned or otherwise in dealing with the native populations.

[@edmundsveikutis1698]

The British political union was not a thing back then .

[@davehalst]

@@edmundsveikutis1698 The British are coming….😅

[@paolazuffinetti]

Thanks so much for this wonderful re-creation of one of the greatest adventures ever accomplished by men/women! Have more? Thanks in advance.

[@DarrenMalin]

'greatest adventures ever accomplished by men/women!' please not at all.

[@paolazuffinetti]

You are free to think as You please

[@anushkasekkingstad1300]

They did nothing more than sail the Atlantic. An adventure indeed but very far from “one of the greatest adventures ever accomplished by man”. The Vikings regularly made the crossing hundreds of years before the Mayflower bigots did.

[@Booka60]

My ancestor was Ed Doty. He was a contracted hand on the passage. He was to be given his freedom from the contract upon arrival in Jamestown. When the Mayflower was blown off course to the Cape, he contested his contract (ie.. his grounds for freedom from the contract). From my understanding his stubbornness on the matter, as well as the concerns of other contracted ship workers, forced the creation of the Mayflower Compact. He was not entirely aligned with the Puritans, and although he was instrumental in establishing the colony, and held land there. Ed Doty did eventually head to Jamestown. He is known to be a bit of a 'bad ass' that didn't like prevailing conventions. He might have married a Indian Chiefs daughter, but he certainly sued, and had legal suites against numerous people. He finally did settle back on his land on the Cape.

[@billwilson-es5yn]

The indentured servants at Jamestown also had problems with their employers and colony administrators. Too many had to endure mistreatment during their contract period only to be given worthless land once it was completed. The new colonists that paid for their passage became irate when the administration gave them marginal land to develop since the established wealthy colonists were allowed to buy the best land first when more was acquired from the local tribe. The local tribes were smart and allowed the disgruntled colonists and runaway servants to acquire land from them well away from the Jamestown Colony since the newcomers exchanged trade goods for land instead of taking it away by conquest. By 1620 the Virginia Company in England changed things by installing new colony administrators and allowing colonists to settle outside of Jamestown to live with the natives. My mother's paternal ancestor arrived at Jamestown at the age of 19 in 1614. He paid for his passage so was awarded with 50 acres of land. The kid arrived with money so bought 150 kegs of tobacco to send back on the ship to pay for his wife's passage and supplies he wanted. The colony administrators required for all exports and imports to go thru them to earn revenue for the colony. By 1620 he and his family were residing on the other side of the Great Dismal Swamp by the Albemarle Estuary with a community of Friends (Quakers). The region was considered hostile native territory so he was able to bypass the colony by conducting trade with privateers and smugglers.

[@hollywood3190]

I, too, am a direct descendent of Edward Doty and Elizabeth Sole

[@vernleroyson331]

Edward was a grandfather of mine also.

[@judymcvey9005]

My cousin was a wonderful genealogist .S he traveled to cemeteries & places where public record were kept. A result of her passion for history revealed that our family are descend ed from Thomas Doty. She belonged to the Daughters of the Mayflower. I am grateful for her hard work. I have learned so much about my family beginning with Thomas Doty & knowing about our family today@

[@deenababie]

My father In law was related to Bradford. The old parchment scroll I saw years ago was as long as a dining table with both leafs put into it. It was amazing!! I believe my ex SIL has that parchment now. He passed in 2009. There is also said there is a Miles Standish connection. He was raised in Plymouth and worked on a cranberry bog. He sat for my NYS dental hygiene board exams and was a fine man. His family history was fascinating. I wish he was around to ask him more questions. His memory is what made me watch this. Very interesting program, even though I disagree with the woman stating there was no repayment for the seed corn.

[@graceisamazing5493]

I had ancestors on the Mayflower. Amazing anyone survived!!

[@kindking8009]

My Mayflower ancestors were John Howland and Elizabeth Tilley. John Howland was washed overboard in a storm on the way. He was lucky that a halyard (rope) blew out away from the ship into the water and he was able to grab it and be pulled back to the ship. Otherwise, me and a couple of million other people wouldn't be here!

[@unitedstatesdale]

The native american tribes of new england had conquered the Valsuitsz tribe 210 years before the ariival of the pilgrims. The Valsuitsz had conquered the Malfoak tribes 300 years prior. The Malfoaks conquered the bilztueks 650 years. The Blizteks were a tribe that ruled for 768 years . Archeological studys are continuing.....

[@biggusdickus7089]

Even though the names are fake there have been warring tribes on this continent long before Europeans got here

[@chasbee]

Nobody ever discusses that, do they?

[@matildagreene1744]

Naw....Malfoak is a Lebonese dish. Stop making things up. Everyone in the U.S. lives on native burial grounds.

[@matildagreene1744]

Discusses what ??? PLEASE don't believe everything you read. These are made up names. No such thing as Valsuitsz...LOL...Malfoak is a cabbage dish of Lebanon.@@chasbee

[@matildagreene1744]

🤣😂🤣😂🤣😂🤣

[@janmccart-wg8vl]

I am descended from both Brewster and Hopkins. Been to Leiden and did the Pilgrim walk. Beautiful town.

[@glenngeeful]

Wow. That's really something! Wish I had something more intelligent sounding but ....thats neat!

[@janmccart-wg8vl]

@glenngeeful had 5 on Mayflower if you count two wives and a daughter. Hopkins was in Jamestown and on that ship that wrecked in Bermuda. His first wife died so he went back home and came back with a new wife and children

[@janmccart-wg8vl]

Hopkins was a Stranger, Brewster was a Saint. They have a Pilgrim Museum in Leiden.

[@garymorris216]

So cool, meeting distant cousins on KZbin 😂 I'm decended from Hopkins as well. It's so cool watching things about monumental things in our country's history knowing your family was part of the story.

[@grammysapeep9013]

Family search informed me i had 17 ancestors on the Mayflower, including Bradford. Seemed crazy since I'm a California native, lol

[@fuqewetoo7148]

Yes my ancestors did bad things. I meet indigenous ppl all the time and we never have any animosity. Great ppl

[@LuvBorderCollies]

EVERY person's ancestors did bad things, most did much worse than "bad". Nobody is innocent and clean of blood. The "noble savage" is a modern revisionist BS idea from people who never have dug into history at any location for any time period.

[@missysbloglife]

Why would there be

[@hunterm4188]

Well done video 🙏🏻 Many Americans forget their history.

[@Solidrock-jq6rp]

Wasn’t a lack of planning as this is saying. They were being persecuted for their faith & some were being imprisoned. When you are escaping, you cannot always plan the best time of year. They called themselves saints, not because they thought they were better, but because as believers we are saints according to the Word of God. It just means believers.

[@roomofidiots]

They literally said they were being imprisoned for their beliefs in England. Not even the 6 minute mark.

[@geekmeee]

“One can tell a great deal about a country by what it chooses to remember. One can tell even more by what a nation chooses to forget.” -The Atlantic, On Reconstruction, pg.22

[@asullivan4047]

Take the good with the bad. Keep both stories on record. For future reference.

[@karentucker2161]

No one is forgetting anything

[@seankearney6632]

Trumplikins forget all.😅

[@djholliday5132]

​@@seankearney6632There always has to be a tard that brings hateful politics into every discussion...even about the Mayflower. Get a life.

[@One_with_bodie]

OK Karen@@karentucker2161

[@therealrobertmcdonald]

I am the Bishop Rev. Robert Hernandez McDonald Jr and I am the 13th great grandson of Mayflower passenger William Brewster. I am also Mexican so my blood is the soil of America.

[@joyful_tanya]

My ancestor was also Elder William Brewster! Nice to meet you cousin! My ancestry is through my matrilineal line. God bless you in Jesus Name!

[@natalieharrison7999]

Will not being American, I respect & admire the Pilgrim Fathers for having the courage of their convictions.

[@marysmith9361]

There is a replica of the Mayflower in Plymouth, Ma that people can tour. I could never imagine how they fit on that vessel, must have been terrible. Interesting to tour Plymouth Plantation which re-enacts how the pilgrims lived.

[@xaspirate8060]

Have had honor of seeing it several times actually sailing around Plymouth and points south. Simply beautiful sight and gets the imagination going in a good direction.

[@user-TonyUK]

Mary Smith 9361 There was a few years ago a plan to rebuild a Mayflower at Harwich, Essex, England, but after the money was raised through contributions from the Public everthing went quiet. UK Police finally got involve and it ended up as being a big scam, yes the Person responsible had some of the Ship rebuilt using unemployed local people to the same standard as the Original Mayflower, I have seen the Keel and a few of the cross Ribs and that still remains in Harwich, Essex, England. The Captain of the Mayflower lived in Harwich prior to sailing on that long journey. The Original Mayflower was built at Killingholme Haven on the South Bank of the River Humber, mid way up the East Coast of England. So would not the building site of the Mayflower be marked as where the Journey began? There is a Blue Plaque (Historical Building or Site of Interest) at Killingholme Haven to commemorate the site. Tony in Essex, England

[@thefamouspeopleus]

This video gave such a fascinating glimpse into what life aboard the Mayflower was really like

[@rev.stephena.cakouros948]

Bradford from my recollection states in his journal that the Natives were paid for the corn they took after the first landing. The speaker says they lied and didn't pay for the corn. She is wrong The film leaves out why the area was desolate and why the Natives did not attack the Pilgrims. The Natives murdered some fishermen and that was followed by a plague. They thought of this in occult terms, not having any understanding of germs, spooked they refrained from attacking the Pilgrims. Within a short period of time after the Great Migration 1630] the Natives had gifted to them the first published Bible in America, in Algonquin their very own language.

[@emsnewssupkis6453]

Yes, much of the entire Northeast coast was cleared of many tribes due to European plagues before the Pilgrims came. These Eurasian/African diseases killed far, far more natives across all of North and South America than wars and other activities.

[@zxyatiywariii8]

​​@@emsnewssupkis6453 And even now, centuries later, this affects people's immune responses. For instance, although measles was mostly a self-limiting childhood disease for many Europeans, it nearly annihilated my ancestors (even more so than smallpox!) and even now, as a child I had to get a much higher dose of measles vaccine just to get the same immune response which descendents of Europeans get from one dose. Ethnicity matters in our medical records. Another reason is individual salt requirements (some people need more than what the USDA recommends, others need less) and Vitamin D, and all kinds of other things. It's good to research what our ancestors had access to, and exposure to, for our own health. (I got hyponatremia and fainted and fell down some stairs when I limited my salt intake to USDA recommendations, and a Scandinavian friend of mine also has to get extra salt; while a Black friend of mine has to cut her salt intake to HALF the USDA recommendations or she gets high blood pressure.) Edit: typo

[@philstone3859]

Wow, well done film. Thank You.

[@Dawn-f7g]

Thank you! Happy Holidays from The Arden House, Priscilla Mullins❤

[@jeffbrown9648]

She was my 16th times great grandmother.

[@cobainzlady]

I'm descended from the pilgrims . ( they intermarried for a few generations so most of thier descendants are all related to each other ). From what i was told, nobody could get off the ship until they signed the Mayflower compact . The desk it was signed on, or written on, was inherited by and kept in the Webster family for generations and i imagine they must still have it.

[@jdclarke47]

A living hell to answer your question.

[@jdwilcock1]

The music in this film is awesome!

[@emsnewssupkis6453]

Some of my own ancestors came to the Dutch colonies on the Hudson River, they were Huguenots an in the case of the Steele family, were fleeing the King of England for political reasons. A number of my ancestors were Pilgrims/Puritans who landed in Mass. and then moved westwards. All my ancestors moved westwards ending up in California during the Gold Rush.

[@Blackisciple]

New Amsterdam🇳🇱 aka New York City🇬🇧

[@chairlesnicol672]

​@@BlackiscipleDid u know who was the narrator in this film! The credits list failed to mention this !

[@DamonNomad82]

Family history is fascinating! One of my ancestors, Pietro Alberti, was a member of the aristocracy from what's now Northern Italy (his grandfather, Giacomo Boncompagni, was the illegitimate son of a pope), and had to flee to escape from would be assassins. He figured the Netherlands would be far enough from Italy, moved there, and married a Dutch lady. He found out a few years later that the Netherlands were not, in fact, far enough from Italy, as he narrowly escaped from a would-be assassin sent by his old enemies. He moved his family across the ocean to New Amsterdam, which was captured by England a few years later and renamed New York.

[@richierich440007]

Awesome documentary and totally well made on all levels. Bravo 👊 #GodBlessAmerica 💙🤍❤️🫡

[@CherokeeBird]

I am decended from Issac and Mary Allerton and Thomas Rodgers 😊

[@lindaharsch6412]

I too am a descendent of Isaac Allerton, and his daughter Mary! Actually, a descendent of Mary’s granddaughter, Lydia

[@joseparaguahan]

Hello from Guam USA, I too am descended from Issac and Mary Allerton. Also Robert and Thomas Cushman. Thomas Cushman married Mary Allerton who was the last surviving Mayflower passenger.

[@lindaharsch6412]

@@joseparaguahan I too am a descendant of Isaac and Mary Allerton, and Robert and Thomas Cushman, Mary Allerton, and Thomas Cushman’s granddaughter, Lydia! I did the DNA test and found out in 2018 as I traced my paternal grandmother’s lineage back to Plymouth and the Mayflower! She was from Lowell Massachusetts and came down here as a young woman to raise her family with her husband, my father, Raymond

[@mattgallagher3245]

“City upon a Hill”, eyes of the world upon us? True and vert Palatable! Thank goodness for the Brave!

[@glenndotter5065]

No mention of John Howland who fell overboard and was resued and eventually founded Augusta Maine. My wife is one of his descendants. Also Richard Warren.

[@maegardnermills4292]

❤ Thank you. Happy Thanksgiving.

[@ArtMysteries135]

Your personality really shines through in your videos, stay yourself!

[@bigskunk801]

Considering that most people think that the natives never fought war with each other to determine who had the right to the land. It’s only all of mankind including the ancestors of the natives that fought wars for power and control of the land. WEIRD because the natives seem to think they didn’t fight for the land they occupied.

[@matthewsilva8617]

Mayflower compact was vital..long live the memory of William Bradford

[@thomaswayneward]

It was a socialist agreement and failed miserably.

[@nancywaterman]

The Native American woman did not tell the truth about the pilgrims paying back for the corn they took. In the records it says they did pay them back for the corn they took. She needs to read the pilgrim records.

[@cristineconnell7803]

At 1 point the natives were very ill & the pilgrims tool good care of them! They were friends and allies with numerous tribes!

[@IcarusLhooq-bc7uq]

And we accept their word overthe native women why? Upshot is we do not know .

[@IcarusLhooq-bc7uq]

You saying the were growing corn already? Then why were they starving? Corn is an american crop hun. But . Maybe . Its two peoples word and theyr e all gone so we cannot test it now

[@IcarusLhooq-bc7uq]

They were also starving in a place iwth the rickest food sipply... they did not know how to find it. So yoy say they were grouwnga niatve crop to a degree they paid it back so soon? Unlikely but who can tell for aure ? No one is who .

[@ambujamramiah7142]

Why not the pilgrims lied that they had paid for the seeds?

[@usmc_sunscreenqueen]

Man!! What good video!!! ❤

[@thegatesofdawn...1386]

"Of course." Resentment never wants to end.

[@Beanmachine91]

gotta love the music in this documentary! it reminds me of james horner

[@davidwiser1113]

Psst, just to get you updated … the story begins long long before 1620. Long before Jamestown. Long before Roanoke Island. The Spanish arrived in La Florida a century before.

[@rayslockish5047]

Why are the people claiming they discovered us? Were we lost or something ,m far flung stories of Vikings, Chinese m space aliens discovering us long before Columbus.....

[@johnndavis7647]

St Augustine Florida was and still is the oldest city in America. The goal of the Spanish was to find gold and resources. St Augustine was a stopping place for ships loaded with South American plunder before they made the crossing to Spain. The settlements in the North coast were mostly about freedom of religeon. Most of us being of English decent it is our story that interests us the most.

[@Half-CockedG]

Nobody cares about the Spain. I'm not even sure it's a first world country anymire?

[@thomaswayneward]

Plus the Spanish landed in Mexico and South American long before the English landed. The Spanish in Mexico tried to settle Texas for two hundred years before White Texans defeated the Mexican army in 1836 and started the country of Texas.

[@thomaswayneward]

@@Half-CockedG It is a European country, just like France and Germany. Spain was the #1 power in the world for a long time.

[@socom2173]

Bradford Descendant, thank you.

[@maegardnermills4292]

Happy Thanksgiving

[@vincentpolich5759]

Thank God for the pilgrims and their desire to establish the foundation for our great country!

[@thomaswayneward]

They did not establish the foundation for the USA. It was in Virginia that was done, 12 years before the Mayflower landed.

[@thomaswayneward]

I have always wondered why the Mayflower landing was considered the beginning of America, when many years earlier, the colony of Virginia was established and growing.

[@barbaraferron7994]

The civil war. As war propaganda the north made a big deal about the founding fathers making the Pilgrims the star over Jamestown since Jamestown was in the Confederacy.

[@joanhuffman2166]

The book Albion's Seed explains the characteristics of the founding subcultures of the United States. The settlers of New England came from East Anglia, while the settlers of Virginia came from Southwest England. Both groups were rivals for cultural influence and power. The book also covers the settlers of the Delaware Valley (Pennsylvania) and the borderers AKA the Scots-Irish.

[@rogertaylor6386]

Correct

[@NightBear01]

Don't forget St. Augustine, Florida ... founded in 1565

[@CM-st1dl]

Briefly: All United States jurisprudence derives from the Mayflower Compact. The Jamestown project was not by any means a self willed effort to reform the reformation and start afresh in a new land. (More of a compulsory work camp, actually.)

[@kkay2270]

This documentary is interesting to me. I am a descendent of John Alden, Priscilla Mullins, and her father, William Mullins (my 11th great-grandfather). Unfortunately, it isn’t known if William’s wife, Alice Atwood, is Priscilla’s biological mother or her step-mother. John and Priscilla (my 10th great-grandparents) were married about 1621 and had a daughter, Ruth Alden, in 1634 who later married John Bass. That is the line I descended from.

[@jeffbrown9648]

Priscilla was my 16th times great grandmother.

[@judye2805]

I am a descendent from John and Priscilla Alden also. My grandfather's sister did research years ago. However, I am in the process of researching this in Ancestry to verify. It is so intriguing to look up all of this information.

[@andreww1225]

Get over it, thanksgiving is awesome.

[@matildagreene1744]

Well. ya should be thankful EVERY DAY your ancestors didn't get wiped out by genocide so people could come from all over the world and pile a bunch of JUNK on their land.

[@johannesguttenberg6215]

Based on written documentation therefore very reliable

[@jamessterling9273]

After getting to read everybody's comments does anyone know the recipe they used for turkey Happy Thanksgiving everyone

[@rriveter9927]

My family passed it down to me. It's called Diehard Extra Crispy Turkey, and involves butter, croutons, a Sears Die Hard battery and a set of heavy duty copper plated jumper cables. Guaranteed to knock your socks off.

[@SKDoyle-rz6uz]

When you roast the venison..and pumpkin and corn pudding....

[@bobettepage4440]

My 13 x great grandparents came on the Mayflower but died a month or two after landing. They had a daughter that was 13 years old who is my 12 great grandmother and she married John Howland. I love America and my roots are deep. I am grateful that due to the Native Americans my ancestors were saved and we also got the framework of our Constitution from them. I have 3 generations under me so we have 16 generations of Native born Americans in my family.

[@maegardnermills4292]

Happy Thanksgiving

[@Babinkley]

The first English settlement in the new world was 1607 in Jamestown Virginia. The first European settlement was at St. Augustine Florida in 1595.

[@asullivan4047]

Spent time in both locations very educational experience. Both offer museums & the likes.

[@elaines5179]

No, the first surviving settlement. in Virginia. and back then Virginia was a territory that I recently learned reached all the way to the Hudson River for a time.

[@thomaswayneward]

Yep.

[@whatincarnation]

This ship is an amazing piece of history

[@alanstrong55]

The lack of bathing and sanitation were a nasty issue. It affected all of those on board. The overwhelming body odor had to be tough on all people aboard that ship.

[@mikekahl4745]

At that time poor hygiene was normal compared to our standards.

[@3John-Bishop]

Yeppers

[@thegreencat9947]

What smell?....I don't smell anything.

[@DurgaDas96]

If everybody stinks, nobody stinks.

[@ReviewsChannel-e4r]

Buckets and spillage of human waste or sickness would likely be unbearable, sardined into the Mayflower.

[@Mr_Keating]

Proud to be from Massachusetts .

[@ThomasFerner]

So at the end when the native American guy says the first Thanksgiving was a lie which I know it wasn't even close to what Americans have made it to be I understand that but when he says they were forced to speak the Europeans language and live by their rules so if it turned out the other way around that would have been acceptable?...So you're telling me that if the evil white man never came your people would still live the way of the 17th century ?.....That's fine if your people would have but what I don't understand is WHO gave you the land you were on and where is your proof of ownership ?.....I understand that the Europeans arriving in your area went badly a lot of time BUT that's HUMAN NATURE this whole purported MYTH that ALL the natives were nothing but peaceful and perfect is about as ridiculous a twist of history as the American story of the first Thanksgiving !....I'm sorry but there's massive proof of the native Americans atrocities against other native Americans just like every other groups of people to ever walk the Earth !....Were lots of native Americans treated poorly ABSOLUTELY !......But read WORLD history so were EVERY other groups of people on this earth at one time or another.

[@ccahill2322]

@user-wm2hv2mh9b, Yours is the same deflection as used today in Jerusalem. "If I don't put you out of your home someone else will." Others are "uncivilized" but we so what we are doing is alright. Bradford and Standish murdered the native leaders who became suspicious of the "new immigrants" intentions within 18 months of their arrival. The "bible" cures everything by Calvin's "glorify God by becoming "wealthy." What about "moral" approach? What about a recognition of other humans as having the same value as yourself?

[@dumpstadee8371]

yeah, we are all decendence of slaves.

[@xaspirate8060]

For the record there were NatAmer at first harvest feast but none of them sat at a table (except Massasoit or Squanto?)- they contributed deer meat and ate with pilgrims but not like some paintings or tv shows project.

[@vincentrogister5006]

ya the blanket statement from that native guy that it was all a lie, but he has no evidence or explantion why makes me not take that seriously. Life was tough back then and everbody was just looking out for No.1 thats survival no matter what your skin colour this black and white history narrative that paints european people as bad and natives as good is so disingenuous. People are flawed we make good choices and bad choices nobody is perfect except Jesus

[@Richard-me2pq]

This video only makes me hungry for Thanksgiving dinner!

[@sammythompson3694]

I wonder what the chief thought when he went in the house and could smell the host. This is why Hawaiians met with the British outside of their meeting halls.😅

[@ellierfromthebronx4531]

I am related to a passenger of the Mayflower...not exactly sure, but I believe its John Alden. A cousin on my Dad's side looked up our family tree. If its for sure, I am very proud of this. I love America and I'm glad after 400 years that I am here!

[@daveyhansen]

The big myth is that the natives were somehow original and unified.

[@dougearnest7590]

But don't you know they all lived in peace and harmony, communing with nature, and each evening they would all join hands and sing kumbaya.

[@davidmarrstrees6798]

my ancestor was richard Warren was the 12th singer of the compact and was part of the scouting party. he died 8 years after landing in AMerica and i suspect he may have died due to complications as stated in this documentary. he was survived by 54 grand children.

[@Lngshirt]

All I know is that I get together with the ones I love on the fourth Thursday in November to give thanks for another year. To spend a day with the ones I love. To revel about the good and lament the bad. If you have to use it as a day to seed anger about the loss of people, places, and things from 400 years ago, I suggest you find some counseling to help you move forward. History should be used to study past events so we can repeat the good and prevent the bad... So take this lesson from history: if a shipload of men with black suits and tall hats show up in your yard, take over your garden shed, and start planting corn, think to the past and kick them out. If not, return to the table for more turkey or another slice of pumpkin pie and relax.

[@user-zx8de8op9l]

Well done, I Weill passs this on to my 75 year old uncle a history expert

[@DaveSCameron]

I'm more interested in where they came from and what was happening in the country they fled. #OurHistory 🇬🇧📚🙏🇺🇸

[@cherimolina2121]

They'd fled England due to religious persecution (seemed to change w each king or queen) and went to the Netherlands. They noticed after a generation or two their childrens minds were becoming diluted with worldly pleasures rather then how the reformation had molded their beliefs. A bit more to it but that's the crux of it. Of course a lot of scalawags joined in, just for the chance to escape prison or death penalty.

[@joanhuffman2166]

You should read Albion's Seed. It describes in some detail the founding subcultures of the United States. New England was settled by English people from East Anglia while Virginia was settled by English people from southwest England.

[@thevikingtearoomcindy1343]

William and Mary Brewster were my 10th and 11th great grandparents.

[@joyful_tanya]

Nice to meet you cousin! Mine too! ❤ Through my mother's ancestors and my dad's ancestors were from Norway and Germany. I only added that because I saw your username is Viking tea room. ❤

[@margo3367]

Onboard the Mayflower not only the Pilgrims signed the compact, but all men - Pilgrims and fortune-seekers alike - signed it.

[@DaveSCameron]

And no women!

[@b.r.holmes6365]

Saints and Strangers

[@voraciousreader3341]

If women had also been “allowed” to sign the Compact, it would have been much more revolutionary.

[@ladavidson9269]

No women 😢

[@ladavidson9269]

I can't even recall my ancestral mother's names. Shame on me.

[@bibianaeugeniamorenohurtad5855]

American people is so lucky to be born in the best country in the world ….I have my visa since I was seven, now I’m 55 ….. and always dream with be an American……..

[@jfk1792]

Chaat aap !

[@danahsutton101]

Amazing history of our country. People can complain but Christains brought civilization to the world. Written language, printing press, planes, trains, autos, modern plumbing, construction, medical, government, law, satellites, DNA, Computers,etc.

[@xXPlumpkinXx]

And Islam brought much more. :)

[@xXPlumpkinXx]

Although quite a few things you list are a HUGE stretch. Lol, was government LONG before Christianity.

[@judieversaul4274]

Don't forget the inquisition, the colonization of lands belonging to the native people, and enslaving our fellow human.🤔

[@jackhartford521]

Don’t forget, rape, murder, and cultural, white washing

[@matildagreene1744]

Christians brought civilization ??? 🤣🤣🤣🤣 I simply LOVE their concept of 'virgin worship' 🙃😡 Convenient for men and their obsession !!! Many scientists and inventors were athiests or something in between. Your tunnel vision is AMAZING...and you need to get back to studying the history of this country AND the whole world.

[@desseriegouws9311]

Thank you!

[@echoridgeperformancehorses6418]

Brewster, Howland and Hopkins descendant here.

[@joyful_tanya]

Hello "cousin"! My ancestor was William Brewster too.

[@echoridgeperformancehorses6418]

@@joyful_tanya So happy to meet another Brewster descendant! he's my favorite!

[@hippiemarine5479]

I watch many Mayflower / Pilgrim videos, rarely hear our family mentioned. So l felt the to comment. I am a decent of Constance Hopkins. I believe Stephen Hopkins contributions are often ignored and overlooked. He had been to the Americas before, lived at Jamestown for a time. As aid to the cleric of Jamestown he may even been involved in Pocahontas's wedding. He had with met and mingled among the natives. His knowledge of the Americas and familiarization were immensely significant to the survival of the colony. Though rarely acknowledged

[@joshhoffman1975]

Your making some really good documentary's, thanks! ❤🎉😃🎞📽🎬

[@TheAmericanStoryHistory]

Glad you enjoy it!

[@bethewalt7385]

If one is denoting all the wide range of docus made it's spelled in the plural DOCUMENTARIES what you've spelled Documentary's shows possession or ownership of the documentary to a noun......grammatical tossed salad nonsense😂

[@beccagee5905]

My ancestors came over on the second ship after the Mayflower, Niña, and Santa Maria. Settling with land grants in the area now called Boston, MA. Spicifically my ancestors settled in Braintree, MA. Their decendents faught in the Revolutionary war. As they were here over 150 years before that time. We ended up all over the USA, founding churches, and colleges.

[@xxxxxx-tq4mw]

The Niña and Santa Maria, were the ships that Columbus used along with the Pinta.

[@usmc_sunscreenqueen]

That's really cool to know that much & have that much significance in your family tree. ❤

[@nissan6541]

You should probably brush up on your history…

[@quetzalcoatlz]

Before you make up stories on the Internet you might want to know what your talking about

[@rriveter9927]

He is delusional, not knowledgeable @@usmc_sunscreenqueen

[@elaines5179]

Hi. Incredible but simply true I too am a descendant of the Mayflower through John Howland and Elizabeth Tilley. Her father and uncle Edward and John Tilley. Her mother and uncle's 2 wards were all on board too. The 3 men all signed the Mayflower Compact. I'm also a direct descendant of Gov. Winthrop's father thru the Governor's sister Lucy. And a Direct descendant of Roger Williams and of William Ward a drafter of the first Constitution of Independent Vermont which lasted 14 years. My grandmother. my father's side, was a very lifelong serious genealogist and told me she found 43 men that qualified me for the DAR. and she followed one line to the Battle of Hastings. She even wrote a genealogy book that is in the Library of Congress. It gave me a personalized view of history, which captured my attention. None of this is exaggeration. I have many records from her, though I've never seen all of the records as some were donated directly to a library, which she had promised to me in writing..

[@coniwatson9512]

Descendent of John Clark navigator of May flower.

[@MrMiperez]

Thanks a lot for the información ❤

[@kevinleis1114]

Such a fascinating story about the beginnings of our country. I am proud to recently find out I am a descendent of Henry Sampson was one of the passengers on the mayflower more people would study the pilgrim struggles, I think, as a nation we would become more one in causesof fairness and equality for all

[@NeTxGrl]

I had ancestors on that boat.

[@insight1256]

It’s sad that the native Americans who undoubtedly have European ancestry interviewed in this documentary are so bitter still after 400 years. It’s the same over here with the Aboriginal people in Australia. The native people conveniently neglect to mention that they themselves conquered and took the land off other native peoples.

[@benniecrawford6876]

Spoken like true white privileged.

[@johnnynesbit8289]

It's because of the media

[@cedricliggins7528]

My people didn't come on the Mayflower but they got here as soon as they could.

[@margaretjames1579]

Thank you for expressing it for me.

[@cskarbek1]

I suggest you read Colin Woodards: American Nations. It would appear he will not agree that the Pilgrims were into freedom of religion. It was free only if you adhere to THEIR religion. Anyone who cuts off the noses of Quakers would not seem to think outside of the box on this topic

[@s.v.2796]

Sounds like he was a leftist😂

[@kr-jj5kr]

Around my 8th great-grandfather agreed with the Quakers right for their beliefs. Many were killed for supporting the Quakers. They ex communicated him for a while. But let him live. Probably because he was the son of the Pilgrim pastor Rev John Robinson my 9th grandfather.

[@lesliefleming4359]

May God forgive those of us who ever hurt one another back then and now.😢

[@donaldclifford5763]

It's the meeting of an old established civilization into a new land of a lesser developed civilization. The clash of cultures was unavoidable.

[@djholliday5132]

Imagine a world in which the British would have adopted the ways of the Native Americans instead of forcing their "civilization" upon the land. I am a proud American with Native AND English heritage. I believe everything happens according to the will of the Lord, but it is interesting to imagine what could've been.

[@thepitpatrol]

For sure!

[@paulfolan69]

They travelled for a better life not to live in worse conditions than they left behind.

[@marksmith7054]

Great Video of America

[@scottdykema5385]

One major reason they were dying was from alcohol withdrawal. In those times, these people wouldn't drink water because back in Europe, all the water was either polluted or salt water. They drank beer, wine, and gin. And they when they got to America they had no booze and nothing to ferment. Imagine a ship full of alcoholics, with no booze. It's amazing any of them survived, and were able to build stills, and open the first tavern.

[@doyline45]

“Having undertaken for the Glory of God, and advancement of the Christian Faith,...” Mayflower Compact 1620.

[@Will-Parr]

I love the Bosssten accent of the indigenous lady.

[@ladybearbaiter]

EXCELLENT !!!

[@JohnathnPhillips-v8z]

best video

[@josephcox6632]

Thank you for this video. I want to point out, though, that William Bradford's (and the other Separatists') Bible would have been the Geneva Bible, a translation with Calvinistic notes, and not a translation by John Calvin himself (who didn't speak English). The Calvinistic Geneva Bible and the High Church-leaning Bishop's Bible were predecessors to the KJV.

[@LuvBorderCollies]

I'm fairly familiar with the KJV and don't recall the Geneva Bible was used. James 1st HATED the Calvinist ideas and especially hated the Geneva Bible with its slanted and even twisted interpretations in the side notes. That's why James was hardcore adamant the KJV have zero notes and such.

[@emsnewssupkis6453]

@@LuvBorderCollies Yup and this is why my own ancestors came to the New World wilderness rather than bow to King James.

[@ladavidson9269]

You lost me with the last sentence. Separatists were fleeing king James and rejected his new Bible in favor of the older Geneva. That first 1621 Thanksgiving was in fact the Sukkot of the Torah

[@waynebooker498]

Two sides to every story, and both of them are right.