1848 - The Year of (Failed) Revolutions I GLORY & DEFEAT

Support Glory & Defeat: realtimehistory.net/gloryandd...
The year 1848 was pivotal in European history. All across the continent revolutionary movements erupted and demanded a new order. This would be no different in France and in the German states.
» OUR PODCAST
realtimehistory.net/podcast - interviews with historians and background info for the show.
» LITERATURE
Engehausen, Frank: Die Revolution von 1848/49. Paderborn, München 2007
Gall, Lothar (Hrsg.): 1848 - Aufbruch zur Freiheit: Ausstellungskatalog zum 150-jährigen Jubiläum der Revolution von 1848/49. Berlin 1998
Gouttman, Alain. La grande défaite de 1870-1871. Paris 2015
Siemann, Wolfram: Die deutsche Revolution von 1848/49. Suhrkamp, Frankfurt am Main 1985
Wollstein, Günter: Scheitern eines Traumes. In: Informationen zur politischen Bildung, Heft 265 (2010) o.S.
» SOURCES
Carrey, Émile: Recueil complet des actes du Gouvernement provisoire. Première partie n° 281. Paris 1884
Haupt, Hermann (Hrsg.): Quellen und Darstellungen zur Geschichte der Burschenschaft und der deutschen Einheitsbewegung, Band 1, Heidelberg 1910
N.N.: Die Staats-Verträge des Königsreichs Bayern von 1806 - 1858. Regensburg 1860
» OUR STORE
Website: realtimehistory.net
» OTHER PROJECTS
16 DAYS IN BERLIN: realtimehistory.net/pages/16-...
RHINELAND 45: realtimehistory.net/rhineland45
THE GREAT WAR: / thegreatwar
»CREDITS
Presented by: Jesse Alexander
Written by: Cathérine Pfauth, Prof. Dr. Tobias Arand, Jesse Alexander
Director: Toni Steller & Florian Wittig
Director of Photography: Toni Steller
Sound: Above Zero
Editing: Toni Steller
Motion Design: Philipp Appelt
Mixing, Mastering & Sound Design: above-zero.com
Maps: Battlefield Design www.battlefield-design.co.uk/
Research by: Cathérine Pfauth, Prof. Dr. Tobias Arand
Fact checking: Cathérine Pfauth, Prof. Dr. Tobias Arand
Channel Design: Battlefield Design
Contains licensed material by getty images
All rights reserved - Real Time History GmbH 2021

[@realtimehistory]

Thanks for the amazing support for this project already. We could not produce this show without it. realtimehistory.net/gloryanddefeat

[@chrisvickers7928]

Metternich, " When France sneezes, all of Europe catches cold."

[@fuferito]

In Italian, the expression "doing a '48," or "a '48 happened" to describe a messy or chaotic situation is still currently used, and it goes back to the revolutions of 1848.

[@jessealexander2695]

Very interesting!

[@hannahg8439]

Very interesting! Thanks for sharing that!

[@mich8050]

so far the 2020's have definitely been "doing a '48"

[@edwinsalau150]

Never knew that. You never stop learning. Thank you!

[@DoraFauszt]

This is the series, where Jesse can flex his French and German skills 💪💕

[@jessealexander2695]

:)

[@TheBR4INP4IN]

For a short time I was sad, that he didnt mention the Hungarian Revolution, then I remembered this channel is about France and Germany only, not 19th century history haha

[@jerryrgzz1571]

@@TheBR4INP4IN it was mentioned, at the beginning there is a mention of the italian an Austrian revolution

[@florinadrian5174]

@@jerryrgzz1571 Austrian revolution was not the same as Hungarian. And both were different than Transylvanian. Unfortunately, because they were disunited they were defeated one by one.

[@florinadrian5174]

Jesse is a true European as you'll find a lot in the generations since Erasmus started.

[@neandertaler4154]

I really enjoy those paintings in the thumbmail and video. This just gives a hole new vibe to the story you tell.

[@realtimehistory]

Glad you like them!

[@DoraFauszt]

Yes, so beautiful!!

[@jessealexander2695]

1:20 We didn't forget about South America - we're just focusing on Europe here. :)

[@brokenbridge6316]

Okay. I just hope you eventually mention them.

[@EMan-cf8lv]

Any chance you’d get around to the Assyrian Involvement before, during, and after WWI that fought for independence and freedom of Assyrians in their ancestral native Mesopotamian and the Levantine lands and the pressing issues pointed out by the Urmia Manifesto? I also don’t want you to forget about how much I appreciate and love all of you all on the team.

[@Liamtheseriousguy]

What about the revolutions in Italy, Poland, Hungary, etc. are you gonna mention then??

[@jebacc4447]

I love the use of German and French in these videos, it simply gives this a quality of greater authenticity that is very enjoyable to watch. Great job guys!

[@jessealexander2695]

Thanks!

[@edwinsalau150]

Thank you for not using a put upon accent when speaking English! Nothing is more degrading to the speaker than that. It takes away from the presentation. Again thank you!

[@Masada1911]

Glad to be here at the start of this new project :-)

[@indianajones4321]

Same

[@MegaHello202]

I can already tell I’m gonna love this series. None of the history classes I’ve taken have covered this.

[@varana]

"As with all revolutions, we must begin in France." :D

[@Sauske2101]

Pick up the musket and raise the tricolour!! 🇫🇷

[@HistoryGameV]

@@Sauske2101 Allons enfants de la patrie!

[@Affenkopf2302]

The funny thing is if you really want to be chronologically correct the first revolution of 1848 began in Italy.

[@michazadkowski8516]

Hon hon hon

[@redshirt1917]

We are living in a French world that speaks English and Mandarin.

[@yorick6035]

Props to your soundperson, it's subtle but fits really well. Especially during the "transition" screens

[@LightxHeaven]

Finally! The Bonaparte Dynasty is back with a vengence! Looking forward to hearing more in-depth about Napoleon III in the future.

[@thunderbird1921]

If I remember correctly, the Second Republic got insanely corrupt, to the point it was planning to eliminate universal male suffrage and strip the peasants of voting rights. Napoleon III, despite his controversial coup, actually protected this from what I've read.

[@LightxHeaven]

@@thunderbird1921 Napoleon III tried to placate both sides and that worked for a while at least.

[@charlie8344]

He's starting a series of the French invasion of Russia in 1812

[@aatuhussa2652]

I love the fact Jesse is able to pronounce English, German and French alike! Given his rather ambiguous name I can't even be sure of his language background.

[@jessealexander2695]

It's mixed. :)

[@vaclav_fejt]

- and Russian!

[@julbro8451]

His name is German; his rich and varied background makes him an absolutely wonderful presenter for any history series!

[@jessealexander2695]

@@julbro8451 Thank you very much! But my name isn't German, it's Scottish. :)

[@Chemist1076]

Sounds like a Quebecer to me.... From Montreal

[@PrazanExpat]

My great-great grandfather, the Burgermeister of Buderich near Wesel, emigrated to the United States in 1849. His brother had founded the first high school in Germany for girls. In the official family history, my great-great grandfather immigrated to America for "religious reasons," which always seemed strange to me, because it didn't seem to me that Protestants were persecuted in Germany at that time. So I'm always happy to see material about the 1848 revolutions.

[@peterpim6260]

High school for girls be damned , likewise Protestants. Are You not ashamed of such ancestors ?

[@marmer4541]

@@peterpim6260 Are you not ashamed you don't allow high schools for girls?

[@robzonefire]

Thanks for this! I'm so obsessed about this Era :D

[@philipphaug5218]

admiring your pronunciation of all the non-english words :)

[@hannahg8439]

Ikr, impressive!

[@alexb.8455]

Jessie speaks German as far as I know,

[@brittakriep2938]

@@alexb.8455 I am german, and also speak german :-)

[@alexb.8455]

@@brittakriep2938 okay Britta ich weiß aber adhoc nicht auf was du dich beziehst :)

[@brittakriep2938]

@@alexb.8455 : Auf den Kommentar ,Jesse speaks german'.

[@666Templar666]

Am excited for this series. Great to see the 19th century and especially the Franco-Prussian-War getting some attention. So far you did an amazing job of laying the foundation to the understanding of the conflict.

[@jessealexander2695]

Thanks!

[@trulyalicia]

I have to learn the 19th century for igcses 😓

[@welcometonebalia]

4:39 A minor mistake on screen, Louis-Napoléon Bonaparte's coup happened on the 2 December 1851, not 5. Great video and topic otherwise, thanks, and I can't wait for the next episode.

[@KaiserFranzJosefI]

The date of the coup was deliberated picked too as the anniversary of Napoleon’s coronation

[@kayharker712]

Superb - this is one bewildering century - I have read a few books over the years about the revolutions around mid-century and feel I should understand what went on more than I do, but it is so complicated.

[@rogueleader1996]

It really is such an interesting century to learn about!

[@kayharker712]

@@rogueleader1996 Yes - it has become my favourite. I still can't truly grasp the many different groups like radicals, democrats, reactionaries, republicans, socialists etc... and what they wanted - and their ever shifting alliances makes it harder.

[@julbro8451]

@@kayharker712 Don't forget the Anarchists. They managed to assassinate several heads of state, including an American president. Crazy stuff.

[@PointnShootMovies]

I’ve been waiting for a KZbinr I like to make a video on the 1848 revolutions for a long time!!! Thanks! Early liberalism is super interesting

[@realtimehistory]

Just to be completely open: This will be our only 1848 video for a while since it's only a primer episode on our series of the Franco-Prussian War that starts next week.

[@ravenfeeder1892]

I realise you are concentrating on France and Germany here but I'd also like to hear about 1848-9 elsewhere. Austria-Hungary and Italy spring to mind, but there were probably other places that I don't know about.

[@realtimehistory]

Well, our main series will focus on France the German states in 1870. As such we made the decision to have a more detailed look at 1848 on both instead of talking relatively superficial about multiple countries.

[@ravenfeeder1892]

@@realtimehistory That's fair enough. Maybe a supplemental special?

[@ShubhamMishrabro]

@@ravenfeeder1892 i think this inspired Indians to revolt in 1849

[@pietervonck3264]

Belgium had its own revolution back then as well.

[@politicscommentator]

If you want an in-depth look into the Revolutions of 1848, check out the Revolutions podcast by Mike Duncan. He goes in depth of the events occurring in countries affected.

[@indianajones4321]

I was the 5th subscriber to this channel and now it’s gone up to 2.46K in a week. This channel has a lot of potential, not just for the Franco-Prussian War but after as well for other week by week projects

[@realtimehistory]

we are very happy with the response and we will see what we have in store next

[@jhoward8780]

My ancestors from Hanover and Hesse-Kessel left Germany in 1849 to settle in central Missouri in the US. It's interesting to hear the circumstances they left behind, as I knew of the 1848 revolutions, but with little context or detail. Thanks for this series.

[@tzarcoal1018]

The people that left Germany ( and neighboring places) around 1848 are called Forty-Eighters, there is a Wikipedia page about it, if you want to read a bit more : en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forty-Eighters

[@andreguimaraes4355]

So happy for this series!

[@melkor3496]

Great work on this I’m very much looking forward to this series.

[@chevaliergryphon1308]

THANK YOU for this. Not enough time is spent on the Octobrist Revolution of 1825, Revolutions of 1830 and 1848

[@cartergeorge1545]

Love this channel, glad KZbin recced it!

[@ivanstojanac7752]

I'm so glad that this is happening

[@toddmoss1689]

Thanks for the detailed explanation behind the revolutions of 1848-49. 12:53 Now I understand why men like Carl Schurz and Alexander Schimmelfennig emigrated to the United States. Both of these men would serve as generals in the Union Army during the American Civil War with Schurz ultimately representing Missouri in the Senate.

[@tzarcoal1018]

relevant Wikipedia Article en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forty-Eighters

[@toddmoss1689]

@@tzarcoal1018 Thanks! Such an amazing group of people. Imagine Germany and Europe if they’d been able stay.

[@welcometonebalia]

One more thing, maybe? I understand the need to focus on French and German revolutions in such a series, however there were many notable connections between revolutionnary attemps in the whole of Europe at the time. I couldn't speak for Germany, but there were notably huge links between French and Italian nationalists... although it could go both ways in the end (Louis-Napoléon Bonaparte himself was a carbonaro at first, but his politics, as president and then as emperor, were, let's say, more ambiguous). I would also mention the support of some French revolutionaries to the Polish cause: on May 15 1848, a demonstration was held to express support for the Poles and blame the French government for doing nothing while the Prussian troops crushed them, and it served as a pretext for suppressing the left wing demonstrators including some revolutionary/socialist icons such as Barbès and Blanqui. It was maybe the first significant crackdown on left wing republicans under the new regime, barely a few months old, it would certainly not be the last, and the "journées de juin" would quickly follow...

[@bboyshr6]

Thank you for putting light on this

[@NDR-hn3ue]

Thank you for this series FINALLY a analysis of this period which is the basis for the world we live in today

[@CheesiusCaesar69]

Its strange how in the past, nationalism and patriotism was considered liberal, and opposing it was considered conservative. But today, its reversed, nationalism and patriotism is considered conservative, and opposing it is considered liberal

[@ankuthakur7567]

Love this series great work....

[@rabihrac]

The photograph of Insurgents Italian students with their professor in 1:14 is awesome!

[@gregb7595]

Very enjoyable and informative.

[@realtimehistory]

Thank you!

[@glps6167]

This documentary focuses on France and the German states which would later become part of unified Germany. In regard to the 1848 revolutions, it leaves out a whole number of aspects, such as the Imperial crown first being offered to the Austrian Emperor, the Schleswig-Holstein issue, and revolutions elsewhere (Italy, Prague, Hungary).

[@alexwendler5479]

Great work!

[@indianajones4321]

So excited for this

[@jape7588]

this is an awesome youtube channel!

[@ChodaStanks]

This is a great series

[@Foddeur]

Friedrich Wilhelm rejecting the Gutter Crown event!

[@realtimehistory]

he had very strong opinions

[@ryanjuguilon213]

Im just surprised you hwventcprivided context such as the humiliation of Olmutz. The crown form the gutter comment was just a face saving utterance. The real reason he cant accept the crown was because Austria and Russian threatened an action shoukd he accept the offer.

[@issiahbernaiche6897]

My 4th Great Grandfather Johann Reidinger served in the 11th Bohemian Regiment in GM Brigade, under Major Kronenberg in the war from 1848-1849. Fought in at least 5 of the major battles of that war.

[@brokenbridge6316]

Nicely informative video.

[@ISawABear]

I'm just finally catching up to the series now but gosh i love those Sub-chapters: 1:34

[@hugosophy]

1848: the spring of revolutions 1989: the autumn of revolutions

[@Penguin-lc3eg]

Another great episode

[@amilton1015]

I like history and your narration is the best.

[@jessealexander2695]

Thanks!

[@andrasimre1992]

Can you make a video about the Hungarian Revolution of 1848-1849?

[@julbro8451]

and a vid about the Cursing Countess and the far-reaching consequences of her terrible curse

[@andrasimre1992]

@Xavier Lecaros Yes, it was.

[@diikoeneke]

@@julbro8451 I never heard of that. What is it about?

[@julbro8451]

@@diikoeneke You can google the curse of Countess Karolyi, popularly known as the Cursing Countess. When you read her curse (it was in the newspapers at the time, I think) it sends chills down your spine, it is so vituperous. Is that a word? The Most Powerful Curse in the Universe. It blew back really badly on Hungary, so don't send out curses, they boomerang.

[@julbro8451]

@@diikoeneke Jesse doesn't really strike me as the superstitious type, so the team will probably pass on the idea, but you gotta admit, that Countess really rocked that curse!

[@joehuenke3154]

The 1848 revolutions would be a great topic for their its own series

[@mohammedsaysrashid3587]

excellent historical video which labelled that events since 1848 in Separated Unions of Germany Territories ( abortion of their uniting dreams by German Aristocracy layer hands ) and in entire Country side of France ( Social & Bourgeoisie Bloody Revolution crushed ) France Umpires Risied the Throne ...these events created Obligation (imposing ) situation for two sides New France umpire & Youth powerful Prussia fired flame of New huge war 1870

[@300PercentFlyingV]

Thanks!

[@kaiserpanzer2343]

Very Nice.

[@petergray7576]

The suppression of the German nationalism and economic factors created a mass wave of German immigration to the United States of America. In one of the largest migration waves ever seen relative to the established American population. Eight million Germans emigrated to North America between 1820 and q870, concentrating primarily in Upper Midwest and the Great Lakes of the USA in cities and farms alike. In some areas of Wisconsin, Kansas and Missouri they outnumbered native born population, and German language and culture dominated. After 1849 the German American community received fleeing revolutionary leaders and thinkers, and became strongly supportive of liberal policies, particularly the abolition of African slavery. When the US Civil War erupted in 1861, German militias were instrumental in securing the city of St. Louis for the Union, and contributed heavily to the Uunion cause with high volunteerism rates into military service.

[@peemanjones2796]

Very nice

[@user-uw2st5qy4k]

I always wondered how the other Napoleon came about

[@thomasbaagaard]

No mention of the first sleswig war? or the sleswig-holstein question... sure hope it gets its own video. Pretty critical to the German unifications,

[@jessealexander2695]

We'll get to it in the video on the German Wars of Unification.

[@dont_mind_me304]

12:14 ''Gegen Demokraten helfen nur Soldaten'' ;D i was not prepared for that one. great video man.

[@neues3691]

Stimmt ja auch (häufig) 🤣

[@edwardwindsor2516]

Hoping this gains tonnes of traction soon!

[@jonathanscott7372]

In my local area Baden there were three revolutions, Hecker's march, Struve's putsch and the May revolution. The last, lasted a few months. There is still resentment against Prussians for helping to defeat the last revolution.

[@macpurdy]

For the algorithm and the history.

[@julio5prado]

Excellent!

[@realtimehistory]

Many thanks!

[@julio5prado]

@@realtimehistory your work is excellent

[@matthewferro4449]

well done

[@shelbynamels973]

This video filled a massive gap in my knowledge of 19th century European and German history.

[@forlornfool221]

kool Jessie Alexander! subbing now

[@richardque4952]

Class polarization run very deep in france. Even today this problem persist.the poor hate the rich,the have not despised the hate.

[@armando_barreda]

I want to congratulate the team of people behind this project. You're both didactic but with no need to oversimplify things too much. Also, nice starting date for this "Age of Capital".

[@realtimehistory]

Much appreciated!

[@jessealexander2695]

Nice Hobsbawm reference there!

[@vaclav_fejt]

Ah yes, the Spring of Nations...we got a constitution. Sort of.

[@andredeketeleastutecomplex]

Fight The Power!

[@dimmadometv]

Anyone know the painting at 7:42?

[@waltervondervogelweide]

11:00 may I ask were you have this Information from? Because the constitution proklames the german empire on the areas of the german conveteration (which included Austria but without the hungerian part) but I have heart this "kleindeutsche Lösung " also in an other Video... this convuses me, die they vote against the constitution right after releasing it ?

[@P._Nisbroch]

die nicht angenommene Verfassung von 1848 wäre großdeutsch gewesen. Die Verfassung von 1870 war kleindeutsch, also ohne Österreich.

[@waltervondervogelweide]

@@P._Nisbroch ok thank you

[@curt8652]

While I realize it's near impossible to be 100% neutral, there seems to be a slight change in tone and larger focus on the revolutionaries.

[@stivenhenao6857]

Such a shame so many times Germany wasn’t United then , who know how many future wars and lives could have been spared . Seems like destiny had but one route for Germany

[@Adson_von_Melk]

In fact, it wasn't the Frankfurt Parliament who excluded Austria from the German Reich, but Austria herself. Austrian German elites and even the middle class didn't want to merge into a German nation-state because it would have meant the end of their special status as the ruling class in the multiethnic Austrian Empire, since most of its non-German territories wasn't allowed to join. 1848 Constitution didn't include a single provision to exclude Austria but merely tacitly recognized the fact that Austria would not participate in the future Empire.

[@alexamerling79]

Viva la Revolution!

[@zelaznypecherz5170]

Can you add subtitles?

[@paulf3999]

Can you do the Hundred Years War week by week next ?

[@osteoporosiscronica4637]

Dude, this project Will be for a year literally

[@nikolajwinther5955]

Haha. Funny one. 100YW was not intense enough to merit a week by week, but something like this could be done. A year by year or, when things heat up, a month by month. Not in real time, of course, but there are so many conflicts that are brushed over in school, it'd be nice to have something like this on the 100YW, the 30 YW etc .

[@lostpausejr108]

When will it be week by week

[@LKaramazov]

“The entire countryside betrays us”😂😂😂😂😂

[@silverhawkscape2677]

Perfectly summarizes their arrogance.

[@tulsatrash]

I'm learning so much about how Germany became a thing.

[@beeldpuntXVI]

Al in the post Bonaparte era, 1815 Waterloo, 1830 southern provices of netherland gets their independance (society turned over).

[@piushalg8175]

I want to remind viewers that in 1848 there was a successful revolution in Switzerland, where after a short civil war between conservative and liberal forces, a liberal democratic state was established. In fact modern Switzerland was created by miltary force out of a loose confederacy of states without significant central power, different cultures, political and religious views. Moreover many german democrats fled to liberal (in the original sense) Switzerland and contributed to its developement.

[@SuperMrHiggins]

How what we have can be called democracy when the winner is always just the person who spends more money is beyond me. Ah well, enjoyed the video.

[@nikolajwinther5955]

Few systems are a pure example of what they call themselves. Some the exact opposite. Democracy can take many shapes and forms and still be democratic - or not democratic at all depending on your POV. Usually it's a mix and match that suits the individual nation in that particular time and space.

[@davidtee5367]

I read somewhere that many consider the first congress and oppression thereof a pivotal point in german history, where germany failed to turn

[@oliversherman2414]

Kinda ironic that we live in a French influenced world that mostly speaks English and Mandarin

[@RedProg]

My parents families came to America in 1848.

[@realtimehistory]

you know if they had anything to do with the failed revolutions?

[@RedProg]

@@realtimehistory. I do not know why they left, both families were from Bavaria. Several served in the Union Army during our Civil War.

[@julbro8451]

Yes, the make-up of the US in the 19th C is very interesting. Potato Famine created the large Irish influx, and 1848 Rev created the large German influx.

[@erraticonteuse]

@@RedProg Same here, I had a lot of German ancestors come to the US between '48-'50, though I have no idea if any of them were actual '48ers, but a lot of them fought in the Union Army. Did you know that 10% of the Union Army was German-born? Some historians have speculated that the "Spirit of 1848" is at least part of the reason why Germans joined the Union Army in droves (and barely any joined the Confederacy, there was even a whole community of German Texans that had to literally fight their neighbors throughout the war due to their Unionist sentiments), either because they saw the agrarian, aristocratic, slave-holding Confederate leaders in much the same way they saw the German aristocracies, or because they were just more inclined to think of "union" as a better cause.

[@julbro8451]

@@erraticonteuse Oh, yes, European immigrants were strongly anti-slavery.

[@Georgieastra]

From 1845 onwards much of Northern and Western Europe was affected the potato blight. en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Potato_Failure The worst affected area was Ireland but potato crops in many other places also failed causing widespread food shortages and consequent political unrest.

[@andraslibal]

The Hungarian Revolution lived on until 1849 and was only beaten with the arrival of Russian troops.

[@frankhainke7442]

The reasons for the kleindeutsche Solution should have been mentioned.

[@johannesebmer5721]

History sounds like a riddle.. when narrated by Gaunter O'Dimm

[@wheresmyeyebrow1608]

For a split second I thought I was looking at Jake Gyllenhaul

[@Rodach34]

Will Indy be hosting the show when it starts week by week?

[@saisameer8771]

Probably not. He's doing world War 2

[@Jarod-te2bi]

So the uprisings were the start of a long road of change

[@CMAzeriah]

When your a King and your own loyal people want to democratically make you their Emperor. King of Prussia: Nah.

[@Vierzehn014]

Not quite. The only ones who could vote were a very small amount of the population. Mostly the very rich and nobility

[@Laberlampe]

@@Vierzehn014 That is actually not true, though the case for that being the more realistic view is strong. The National Assembly was actually elected in all the states, though only by male adult citizens (which is still something like from 0, something to more than 30% of the population). While the National Assembly was mostly composed of upper or middle class bureaucrats and wealthy people, it was somewhat democratically legitimised. Also the problem was not as much the people electing the Emperor, but how much the Emperor´s power would have been limited under the new constitution.

[@bobbyokeefe4285]

Yeah but it's a constitutional monarchy they wanted,so its a downgrade for him.

[@nebuloushammer8773]

I always hate getting elected Holy Roman Emperor. I usually end up losing more than I gain and it takes a lot more work. Except for one time when the King was trying to revoke my duchy, then I was elected during the war that I was definitely losing, then I made the King of France pay dearly for my insolence.

[@Riftrender]

Tbh he was politely asked i.e overtly threatened by the Austrian Emperor to turn it down.

[@Vierzehn014]

For the algorithm

[@realtimehistory]

thank you for your service

[@rogeliovaldez9689]

dont forget what is arguably the US's most crucial war concluded this same year.

[@gurufabbes1]

Victoria 2 flashbacks anyone?

[@Jarod-te2bi]

Wonder if assassins creed will veer make a game of this time.

[@keithelflein2030]

über die Grenze wird Bursch zu Boche

[@davidw.5185]

Trading one tyranny for another. Optimistic anthropologies...

[@MCorpReview]

Wilhelm 5 sounds like a madman. Basically he doesn’t wanna be constitutional even if they give him the crown 🤴 aiyah aiyah !

[@UnholyWrath3277]

Why would you give up almost absolute power for a slightly larger kingdom and a bunch of restrictions?