2. Behavioral Evolution

[@MrMaguila14]

Netflix doesn't even have anything as binge-worthy as this guy's videos.

[@CaliforniaGirl-qk5kq]

Netflix is becoming boring after short time. KZbin is much better. Also Netflix does not have search capability. Why?

[@amandaandbug4914]

true

[@Aymiikeeganmelb]

Agreed !!!! :)

[@Aymiikeeganmelb]

@niaraindrop well said :)

[@jeanneturner1590]

Wow

[@scubastevesnider8010]

Sapolsky is the reason I'm a bio major. I read "Zebras" in prison and went around trying to explain everything I took from it to everyone I could haha. First month out, started college, aced bio, and already a TA. Thanks Professor.

[@TylerjX5]

That's awesome, good for you

[@williamwalker3618]

@@ZaidIsm007 Why Zebras Don't Get Ulcers

[@ZaidIsm007]

@@williamwalker3618 thank you.

[@AnaboliKitchen]

What an admirable turn of events.

[@afiqjuan7607]

WOHOOOOO Happy for you!!!

[@katiekat4457]

I can’t believe that the university put one of its most popular professor’s lectures on youtube for free. How great is that? I was so excited when i saw who was teaching this.

[@kalsoomasif1640]

how popular is he exactly?

[@RolandKoller90]

kalsoom asif well he was on joe rogan, so pretty popular

[@MrFlixke]

@Cecil Gibson peterson and weinstein are frauds tho

[@lexcas479]

Is there somewhere you can watch other lectures online and pay for it?

[@ayopac]

@@MrFlixke Why would Peterson be a fraud?

[@anshikagupta4931]

I love how he gives these mini summaries throughout the lecture and it's literally so precise and holistic, like reinforcing information into your brain, What a genius lecturer

[@abhishekjoshi4677]

So true Anshika

[@111seed2]

I agreed

[@arlenemulqueeney7891]

I am an exceptionally old senior citizen and did not go to college and have always wondered what it would be like to attend college. Now I can say I took a class at Stanford, I found this class extremely interesting. Like the saying goes it's never to late to learn. This is one of more valuable lessons on UTube.

[@andreadeagon2301]

My university offers seniors a free audit- you might have the opportunity to take college classes that way.

[@sfc3439]

You are so cuuuute Arlene !!! I admire your dedication to knowledge, i aspire to be like you when ill be older !!! Big respect 🙌

[@jonathangoldthorpe9434]

Good for you !

[@mjcard]

Also a senior learner. I would like to recommend an amazing course on Greek History by Donald Kagan from Yale University. Available on you tube or through Yale courses. I downloaded it and listened to it many times. Just thought I’d pass it along.

[@juandiaz4678]

It´s never too late

[@yambarkan5386]

Just a comment to honor the man who wrote an hour and a half lecture subtitles. This man is a true hero

[@taylorbarkermusic]

Google literally does that with voice control

[@Andrew-dj4df]

You mean Google devs who wrote the code for this thing to work.

[@taylorbarkermusic]

@@Andrew-dj4df yes, you're right..

[@mr.dalerobinson]

@@taylorbarkermusic its a shame that FB now use it to make transcripts of your voice messages for their collection...

[@frogz]

just a comment to honor the man/men/women who wrote many hours and many halves writing speech to text algorithms for google to be able to do this, they are true heroes

[@garynorthtruro]

Robert Sapolsky truly lives up to the title of Professor.

[@nerteas9387]

+Robert Beauville i'm sorry, but isn't this whole course constantly referring to 'nature VS nurture' stuff?

[@angelole6568]

Gary Doss he is awesome very engaging

[@stevejordan7275]

@ Gary Doss Absolutely right. He stands at the markerboard and professes. And he does so regularly, and for pay. Which makes him a professional professor. He should be in geology. Because he rocks.

[@jekonimus]

I am... a computer guy. I watch this for the fun of it :D ^^

[@NateB]

// , Yes, he actually *professes* instead of just hiding his ideas from all but those who pay him.

[@sniga7347]

“Why are you taking this class?” “Yes”

[@MontrealCanadaa]

who else aspires to be as well spoken, intelligent and funny as this man?

[@johnmctavish1021]

Me! I just want to be as skilled as this man in choosing PRECISE words carefully, yet so fluently.

[@Akira282]

Spare no expense

[@dansaulknight7611]

Be fooled not, the 5 sensory perceptions are no match for the spiritual awareness.

[@PataconSocialDemocrata]

Nice

[@_sneer_]

Is that all what you took away from this lecture?

[@eugene_loca]

I'm a simple old woman, a farmer from Qazakhstan. I study English. And I'm captivated by videos of this professor. Because of them, I better understand English and biology. Thanks so much for such videos!!!!

[@kakahass]

Very niiice!!!

[@olgabedash5669]

Seems like you are not that simple ;7)

[@TheRoadLessChosen]

@@jonaruny3977 🙄 seriously?

[@pravkdey]

Great to see u here! Knowledge is a universal language! 😁 Btw can I ask is Qazakhstan the same country as Kazakhstan? And is Qazakhstan the proper way to spell your country's name?

[@nicholasalexander9104]

@@kakahass 0999999999999990 then is 90999990feet 9to the

[@JD-xq4ly]

This is the entire purpose of the internet. Thanks so much!

[@MathTutorVideos]

You must be confused. This is not pornography unless, ahh, you're into bearded men... ;)

[@ximecreature]

to me it's brain porn. I'm fond of these, but professor Sapolsky is a real pleasure to listen to.

[@codrutaoprean3979]

Brain porn! Also, he looks like a hippie which I love, like an intellectual academic hippie

[@jesse_flippen]

I think the purpose of the internet was to create a level of communication between Government and Military leaders during the first world war.

[@erinfink6056]

30 years ago, if you told me there would be a forum in which people freely and willingly share their talents and educate one another just for the joy of knowledge, I would have laughed. I love the internet for this (and so many other) reason(s). :)

[@hypedsniipe7401]

This series is fascinating. I left school at 16, bad grades , got a job and now doing well in sales. HOWEVER , human psychology and behavior always amazed me and in another life or alternate reality or maybe if I had just made better decisions in life I would have studied this so hard. I feel very lucky to be alive in a day and age where I can watch this level of mentorship on KZbin for free. Thank you sir.

[@katalinafuentes8239]

Absolutely same, love this

[@hmpz36911]

What's stopping you? There are obstacles bit you are equipped with the ability to remove the obstacles.

[@nancydelu4061]

Me too!

[@nancydelu4061]

A retiree here. Never would have guessed I would study on a phone (? a phone?!?) about a subject I know nothing about. At 73. Go figure.

[@ソトヤママリアテレサ]

Learn Neuro Linguistic Programming/NLP. Nobody is born with PTSD. Nobody. you will forget what's in the NLP nobody sandwich cause nobody wants to be a nobody. The former el presidente used it on the public during his Presidental debates in 2016. the audience was too confused throw tomatoes plus the audience was untomatoed. one doesn't be an audience at a presidental debate with a history of throwing tomatoes at bad political figures. NLP's something people in marketing & politics use, and managers use. In psychology. psychologists call it ''priming'' not Neuro Linguistic Programming. same doggy doo doo different label. catch phrases and repetition are your keys to people's mind. May the inner peace be with you. ''realize the man who says anything.'' from the Great Commandment by Camouflage. ♫♪

[@AshleeKnowsNot]

Reading through the comments section of this video shows an amazing thirst for knowledge. So many people who are not in college and not taking this course are captivated. It's refreshing to see the internet used for something productive. (And thank you Stanford for posting these videos on KZbin. This is the second course I'm working through and it's genuinely made me want to go to Stanford. I have a fear of our school system and a distaste for debt but these professors make me feel like it might be worth it.)

[@Kylemathews1]

Still not worth it.

[@TheBooklyBreakdown]

What was the first course you took?

[@jakeblaze7663]

Idk I’m kinda a performance hands on guy. You know, a battlefield guy for say.

[@CaliforniaGirl-qk5kq]

Good luck!

[@mathematixal]

Well said :)

[@kenmichener8439]

This is the man you climb the mountain to meet

[@spenceradams8801]

See inside the portapotty

[@tonyboycurtis]

Hes a real deal teacher. The david mc kenna of biology lol

[@danielnatzke6733]

Because he looks awesome or because he's doing his job?

[@reducecotwo]

Life is a popularity contest.

[@prod.hxrford3896]

i agree, his speech comes across so impeccably articulate and organised as if he were reading a script, but of course it's just his immense knowledge and expertise

[@ShatteredEquilibrium]

This series of lectures is one of the best things that happened in my life. Immensely illuminating, enjoyable, thought-provoking and above all conducted by a fantastic teacher. Such a privilege to have free access to them.

[@146躁]

Only thing is that we aren’t getting any legal recognition for them, but I don’t need that! All I need is knowledge, I don’t want to spend years in school for this, I can just get this amazing knowledge here!

[@Frank289100]

THINGS DO ADAPT BUT NOTHING EVOLVED. EVERYTHING WAS IN IT'S ADVANCE FORM FROM THE BEGINNING. IF THAT WASN'T THE CASE ALL LIFE WOULD HAVE GONE EXTINCT. WITHOUT A DOUBT THERE IS A CREATOR WE KNOW AS GOD.

[@giocommentary]

@@Frank289100 So our human Gene for breathing underwater was planned? we still have it but it is utterly useless i guess thats ''Smart Design?'' Theres a fish that has a spike on its skull its known to accidently kill itself by piercing its own brain, but i guess thats smart design? Emu's still have claws but no muscle going to it its utterly useless but i guess thats also smart design? the fact our DNA is useless for 90% is just a mistake? (Definitly not the remains of evolutionary processes weeding out non usefull attributes that have no need in further generations) I don't think you understand what the word ''Evolution' means.. please go back to school and maybe not a ''bible study' this time. These videos should teach you alot that you haven't learned at age 14 in basic biology.

[@Frank289100]

@@giocommentary 1. A HUMAN GENE FOR BREATHING UNDERWATER? THERE ARE BILLIONS OF PEOPLE IN THE WORLD TODAY. AND HOW MANY BILLIONS HAVE COME AND GONE. SO WITHIN THE GENE POOL OF BILLIONS AND HAVING THIS RECESSIVE GENE FOR BREATHING UNDERWATER AS CLAIMED. THE CHANCES OF THIS RECESSIVE GENE BECOMING DOMINATE IN AT LEAST ONE PERSON HAS NEVER HAPPENED, TO NEITHER THIS DATE NOR THE PAST. WHICH IS DUE TO THE FACT THAT THIS GENE DOESN'T AND NEVER EXISTED. ANOTHER BULLSHIT THEY FEED YOU "JACKASSES OF ACADEMIA". 2. THERE IS A FISH WITH A SPIKE ON ITS SKULL KNOWN TO ACCIDENTALLY KILL ITSELF. A RHINO ALSO HAS A SPIKE AND DOESN'T ACCIDENTALLY KILL ITSELF. A BIRD HAS A BEAK AND FLY'S INTO A WINDOW AND KILLS ITSELF, SO WHAT IS YOUR POINT? 3. A EMU HAS CLAWS AND NO MUSCLES GOING TO IT? AND IF IT KICKS YOU, IT CAN ALSO KILL YOU WITH IT'S SHARP CLAWS? SO IT STILL CAN DELIVER AND DEADLY BLOW WITHOUT HAVING MUSCLES WITHIN THOSE CLAWS. SINCE THIS BIRD USES IT'S FEET CONSTANTLY AND RUNS. HAVING MUSCLES IN THEIR CLAWS WOULD MEAN WITH THERE CONSTANT MOVEMENTS THOSE MUSCLE WOULD DEVELOP AND THUS THEREFORE OBSTRUCTING AND HINDERING THERE MOVEMENTS. SO NOT HAVING MUSCLE PRESENT IS OBVIOUSLY A INTELLIGENT DESIGN. FINAL CONCLUSION: THERE IS A CREATOR GOD YOU "JACKASS OF ACADEMIA". THIS TERM I COINED YEARS BACK FITS YOU PERFECTLY.

[@brandontea3815]

.ENGLISH PROFICIENCY yes!

[@charlesparr1611]

I hope he is still teaching, and I hope he gets paid a LOT of money. He's the best lecturer I've even able to imagine. Reminds me of Feynmann.

[@pravkdey]

Daymn fr. Sapolsky, Feynman, Peterson, legends

[@dim1414]

he is still teaching :)

[@Bilistickpitbull]

Is Richard Feynman a physicist or psychologist sorry for being uneducated in such maters

[@amadiohfixed1300]

@@Bilistickpitbull physicist

[@mangos2888]

He’s 74-ish now. I hope he’s relaxing and doing whatever he wants. He has earned a true retirement.

[@svtworlddomination]

Why have you taken this course? Person: yes Truly ahead of the time

[@thecringelord359]

Ikr

[@dcdantes]

I like going to sleep listening to these lectures he’s like the Bob Ross of Behavioral Biology

[@remi3936]

I was thinking the same thing

[@hrstwn]

I slept with this playing in the background and got the most random dream ever

[@The-Shadows-Lair]

I did not intentionally fall asleep to this I woke up because I dreamt I was in a college class on mole rats and woke up to him talking about Mole Rats LMAO autoplay is weird

[@codecatscuddlescreativity]

Couldn't put it better if I tried.

[@Penguinssss]

When Bob referred to “Happy Mistakes” it made all of us feel accepted. Those two words flipped our mental pancake from a negative to a positive. I think Bob is the accumulation of everything good, inventive, respectful, and loving. His subtle voice let us create our own thoughts and respect his approach to pushing positivity. I think I will wear my Bob Ross T-Shirt today…

[@bevaconme]

this is the kind of thing that justifies youtube.

[@theinfectedshowroom9729]

bevaconme well said my friend :)

[@carolchen2320]

Agree^^^

[@SJ23982398]

bevaconme Thank god i read your comment, I was just about to take youtube out to the forrest and shoot it.

[@-NoneOfYourBusiness]

+bevaconme Yes. This and 1 gallon milk challenge.

[@hightidesmrforever2themoon449]

bevaconme, I absolutely agree!

[@catevilsizer1108]

Randomly found these lectures in a KZbin rabbit hole and I couldn't be happier. I'm so grateful to be able to listen to Stanford lectures for free. I wish I had professors like this man in college.

[@kaizen5023]

Wow. I always wanted to have an an encyclopedia set before the Internet, but we couldn't afford it. I grew up in a poor family and now I can listen to this amazing Stanford professor as I wash dishes. He is such a great speaker. Thanks Prof!

[@masonreynoso3077]

Hello sir. Can I ask how old you are and where you are from. It is very inspiring to me how there are adults my parents age, who grew up without the internet, and now use the internet to explode their knowledge. I am inexpressibly grateful to have grown up in the information age--and not have to tread to the library anytime I wanted to know something. If I want to know something I literally say "hey google ________" and I know it.

[@taffiegirl123]

I'm getting old

[@janosk8392]

@@masonreynoso3077 How can you be sure google is accurate? Walking is good for your whole body and the touch of paper is also.

[@anamokena-nicol4247]

Agreed. Cognition and brain pathways as well from the use of small motors etc. Focus and concentration skills , socialising peacefully, enquiring and questioning and then searching with the whole body and mind, not just believing what google comes up with, you might as well go to the pub and ask each patron for an answer to the same question and follow those up...

[@Anastasia-sy2lo]

@@masonreynoso3077 the problem with Google is that people don't have to memorize anything anymore, they can always look it up on Google. In old days, we carried the knowledge in our heads, not our phones. The brain also works differently when you read books, other brain parts get activated and you build new neuron connections. In other words, you become smarter. I'm 36 and I remember studying and passing exams without Google.

[@ShashwatDwivedi]

I am a film school graduate and just like the guy Professor pointed out in the beginning, I want to make films with better understanding of human behavior so my characters are better. Thank you Stanford for saving my money, thank you KZbin for letting Stanford do it.

[@FritzLewisFilms]

Same

[@thomasdupont7186]

I'd love to see you guy's work.... You see, I'm a Parisian film school student (Sorbonne Paris).

[@juanignaciobarberocapetta7433]

00:00 Intro 04:00 Introduction to Evolution and Social Behavior 14:11 Wrong concepts about Behavioral Evolution 19:08 Fundamental Behavior Patterns based on Evolution 41:15 The Strategical Patterns of Behavior 1:02:13 Strategic Behavioral Patterns Examples on Animal Realms & Exceptions 1:15:56 Summary & Predicting Behavior upon Sexual Diamorphism in species 1:36:51 Ending

[@nataliejaded]

you're amazing

[@Zmiana_Pogody]

🙏❣️

[@szymonjakubowski3574]

You're a great guy

[@emilky2869]

thank u thank u

[@patrikjohnson4004]

Hero

[@robin.woudenberg]

My 14 y/o self is here during summer break watching a Stanford class and taking notes… my parents are looking at me like I’m crazy and so are a whole bunch of my friends. Thank you, this is what the internet should be used for!

[@Martin-88]

You'll go far 👍🏻

[@Odyssey392]

They'll see you ace through life. Keep the passion alive!

[@Gos1234567]

go out and get some ffs!!

[@rohitkumarsingh5693]

You are a lucky one ! Getting access to these lectures at such an early age. You will go very far. All the best 😊

[@DG-kv3qi]

" I am the main character" " Look I am so intellectually superior" 🗣️💯🔥‼️

[@tamara8908]

I just found this it's 2018 (I'm a baby boomer). Extremely interesting. Tried to binge watch, got to the middle of the 2nd lecture before my brain got sucked out. Taking a break to ponder and percolate. I can't believe little ol' me can "attend" these lectures. Who knew? Fantastic! Now it is possible for me to get my dream education. Who needs a paper? Knowledge is power.

[@TheSICKandTheCRAZY]

hope you stick to it! is funny to watch the numbers on each lecture and how they dwindle. 2mil watched the first one. only 900k the second, 400 the third...it seems that only 150k see them all. That's less than 10% of the people who start. If you do it, you should be proud :)

[@cyrille6323]

Same here haha!

[@prybarknives]

@Jay Bee, people buying things probably pays you income.

[@joanlynch5271]

That is the sign of a good professor. I was sitting in a math class, and I told the student next to me about this professor, and I looked at our professor and I saw the strangest look. Funny!!

[@Ssen0nesS]

baby boomers deserve millennials. X, Z and your dad find this drivel

[@spencermonteiro1319]

My highschool teachers would have a stroke if they knew I was watching these taking notes.

[@subrotosaklani1955]

my parents as well

[@worldofblacksea]

Me too!

[@jamesjenkins9480]

Why?

[@jamesbennettdrums]

@@jamesjenkins9480 cus we didn't do it when we needed to.

[@notlitotes1]

@@jamesbennettdrums As a teacher I can tell you, I'd be overjoyed. Even if we aren't our best selves some days, we're happy when our students take interest in learning, even if the students weren't ready in our class.

[@tulkaz]

Professor: Why have you taken this course? Student: *_yes_*

[@BasedPCM]

its cool how 2010 humor is still similar to current

[@jamestheking9816]

*Standford University Student*

[@babygurleatsshickennuggits4201]

I felt that

[@Frank289100]

THE ADVANCE DESIGNS HAD TO COME FIRST. LET'S TAKE A BIRD AS A EXAMPLE OF HAVING THE ADVANCE DESIGN OF WINGS. WINGS ENABLE IT TO FLY HIGH UP IN THE TREES WHERE IT SHELTERS ITSELF, WHERE IT REPRODUCES AND IS SAFE FROM BEING EATEN BY PREDATORS. IF BIRDS HAD TO WAIT MILLIONS OF YEARS TO DEVELOP WINGS AS EVOLUTION SUGGESTS. BIRDS WOULD HAVE BEEN A THANKSGIVING DAY TURKEY FOR THE ANTS AND GONE EXTINCT. FOR ANY OF THESE SPECIES TO HAVE SURVIVED. IT IS ONLY THROUGH THEM HAVING THE ADVANCE DESIGN FROM THE START, WHICH KEPT THE SPECIES FROM BECOMING EXTINCT. WHICH ALSO ANSWERS THE QUESTION OF WHICH CAME FIRST, THE CHICKEN OR THE EGG. THROW CHARLES DARWIN'S THEORY OF EVOLUTION WHICH STARTED ALL THIS OTHER CRAP RIGHT INTO THE DUMPSTER, BECAUSE IT'S ALL BUUUUUULLSHIT.

[@SeeWithPerspective]

@@Frank289100 I hope you have gotten professional help since leaving these embarrassing rants under a video you clearly didn't even watch.

[@misheyrocks]

I’m not even taking this class but I listen to his lectures every night on my way home from work. I love the way he talks and explains things.

[@kodygolden5016]

THIS is the purpose of the internet. Thank you, Stanford.

[@jphanson]

Pretty sure it’s porn

[@fionafiona1146]

@@jphanson It was military research first, education second (documented) porn third.

[@jphanson]

fiona fiona HTTP (Hot Thai Threesome Porn), TCP (Trans Crossdressing Porn), IP (Intellectual Porn), ARP (Augmented Reality Porn)....ICMP, IGMP, UDP etc. it’s all for porn open your eyes sheeple

[@fionafiona1146]

@@jphanson The first dirty words transmitted predate those protocols

[@jphanson]

fiona fiona Yes I think dirty words and language in general probably predate the modern internet

[@esirleshao7990]

Why would someone dislike such a fountain of knowledge?!Thank you Sapolsky and Stanford.

[@dopezoul5427]

No prob!😜😎🙌💯

[@NazriB]

Lies again? Smooth Beer

[@shawntalbert]

I guess those people don't agree with the material in his class. That's fine, as long as the person clears their bias mind, understands where the professor is coming from, and the material that is presented. Then they may disagree with justification.

[@the_metamancer]

Now there are 0 dislikes! Depression cured!!!

[@lizetteburgerrsa5699]

A 34 year old first year Psychology student in South Africa, I happened upon these lectures by accident. My world is changed forever! Thank you.

[@刘若涵-s1k]

I started listening to this to fall asleep. And I got more and more awake as the lecture went on.

[@willzsportscards]

Took his course in 1996. It was truly a pleasure.

[@DubzCo]

Daniel Francis is that really the best you can take from this

[@1v966]

@@rocantenrocanten4150 а ведь все таки никакого курса по эволюционной психологии не хватит, чтобы объяснить такие вот перипетии загадочной русской луши

[@Sweet_Doom]

@@1v966 чо он написал, комментарий удалился

[@Meals_of_gargi]

Farhad Sani oh really? That’s amazing was he a really good professor?

[@Aymiikeeganmelb]

I envy you :)

[@galigyal399]

Free college for everyone. It starts like this.

[@kmahealani5943]

to learn something should be free. to teach someone something should be free. lol right?

[@user-gk3lu1gg9t]

@@kmahealani5943 Public school is already free for 12 years with teacher's pay taken care of through taxation. Why not 14 or 16 years? I think we can cut into the $700B yearly defense budget to pay for 2 more years of school for higher education. Hard for you to argue against that.

[@joelwest5541]

@@user-gk3lu1gg9t hear hear!

[@madyjules]

At 35:00 he embarks on an eloquent description of reciprocal altruism which perfectly alludes to the necessity of a free (or at very least easily affordable) excellent education for ALL. The sum of the many collective advantages for human society are priceless If our species consistently engaged in such behavior this has the potential to benefit. ALL our lives.

[@armorlebihan6062]

Off course have to be. Free for whole society.. (off course it cost a bunch of money and have to be assumed by gov) As in Cuba. US education system is absoltuly not a good social model....

[@maureenhammack9826]

Wow, loved this lecture. Fascinating. I am 70 and wish I could have attended college and listened to this guy.

[@notoriousviv283]

I hope you live for ages as well as you might Maureen, coupled I hope you have had many offspring who share or build upon your qualities

[@superchuck3259]

Thanks to Technology, you did get to listen to his lecture. Something that was not easily possible as a kid 50 years ago. While I do listen to him, I don't have to agree with him. But then again, I am not seeking his approval thru a good grade!

[@AloraCanRead]

You don’t have to attend college! You’re listening to him rn lol

[@ragnarblobarr9567]

This is seriously my favorite teacher. His methods of relaying a comprehensive understanding of extremely complex ideas and information is impeccable.

[@qwertydog9795]

I went to a private Christian school and as such, never had the opportunity to explore thess subjects. now when I find things like this on KZbin I listen to them while I clean or drive 👏

[@innerpeaceimaginations6942]

" The more I learn, the more I realize how much I don't know." 💬Albert Einstein

[@Hypie582]

I think that was aristotle

[@innerpeaceimaginations6942]

@@Hypie582 It's possible that we're both right, as well as both wrong. The quote was derived from Greek philosopher Socrates quote, whom existed before either one. It's quite possible, others may have came to realize this paradox even before Socrates, but just never quoted it.

[@forensikarie]

Fun fact: Most quotes circling Einstein gets credit for aren't actually from him, not even the famous ones. He was a great scientist but a pretty shitty human being

[@innerpeaceimaginations6942]

@@forensikarie Your statement seems to be more of a personal opinion of him, than a fact. Perhaps, he, like the rest of us humankind, had his own struggles as well. "We never know what others face, until we are put in their place." (A quote I just came up with at the top of my head. However, out of all the abundance of people, and languages in the world, from the beginning of speech, I'm quite sure has been said before)

[@DeAngelo77]

@@forensikarie How was he a shitty human being? Bold claim.

[@zraksunca]

Thank you for the lectures! I'm an attorney at law, and despite of my educational background I found your lectures very invigorating and comprehensible. It helps me to learn how the "truth" is to be seen and questioned, and to sharp the critical mind. The examples from the 1. lecture of the scientist and professors from 20. century that made great damage to the world shows the importance of the ethical and moral responsibility of the scientific ways and rules that needs to be carried in every moment.

[@allinclusive169]

Right now, I am procrastinating working on my Master's thesis by watching these lectures. Maybe I will just study again.

[@Skrilleze]

Everyone who reads this, we don't know each other and probably never will but I wish you all the best in life and all the luck in the world stay safe!

[@4philipp]

That will get you a smile but no cookie.

[@savvyconsumer7342]

My wish as well.

[@leonardojimenez6079]

Likewise friend, I hope your life goes well, and that you achieve happiness

[@geavrea1945]

Thank you . I wish the same to you friend !

[@mulela863]

you too

[@michelletulumello661]

So grateful to have Robert Sopolsky lectures to listen to with my phone anytime.He brightens up my day with his awesome, inquisitive, brilliant and funny stuff. Not sure what good it's doing me to know all this about my species, but because he's teaching it, it sure doesn't make me cynical.

[@stevenhageman8255]

I can't speak for everyone experiencing this, but It helps you relate and understand socio-cultural connections as well as the evolution of mankind's selection process. As well it helps you understand ploys in our society and how to better counteract relations involving unhealthy tit-for-tat style tactics.

[@mclarenf45]

It's insightful to see, how female sexual selection is the dilemma of human civilization.

[@kelly2fly]

Steve Bergman Steve Bergman wow, I feel really bad for Mr. Walter Mittybird.

[@feelingoffbalance]

I've just started a Psychology degree I can afford and in the meantime I'm going to boost it with some quality lectures and books. Thank you for making these available!

[@nickshelbourne4426]

Best advice I can give you is read the clinicians!

[@michaelralph6948]

This is the best, I haven’t felt curiosity and zest for life like this for years. I’ve been up all night, I can’t stop listening to Sapolsky speak.

[@sil.d5]

"Some times a chicken is just an egg's way to make another egg" he says triumphantly..

[@ohara.]

Fargo season 3

[@obladioblada6932]

C-M-C

[@kuroo3333]

C-M-E

[@kirtionthego]

I was looking for this comment!

[@pauline_f328]

You. You just made my day. When I started watching this I wasn't expecting to suddenly have an epiphany about how couples and family in my story's vampire society worked. I swear, I thought I was watching this for character development at a much smaller scale, not on the scale of the whole species, but here I am. This has had the effect of baking soda and vinegar in the sink that represents my understanding of the universe I myself have been creating

[@haxyquinn]

I don't really know what I'm doing here, I'm about to get my bachelor's degree in translation here in Venezuela but i already finished one of the readings he assigned in the first video and I'm watching two videos a week. This is so illuminating

[@melindamello6089]

do you have a link to the readings? I listened to the 1st lecture but I couldn't find them

[@dLzzzgaming]

You are learning, that's what you are doing here.

[@QueenOfTheGreen27]

These lectures make me so nostalgic of the feeling of my undergrad years. Thinking of continuing my education.

[@CMoore8539]

Me too! I wish I could take all of his classes! He’s totally Genius!!!♥️👍 Remember it’s never too late to learn more! I’m probably a whole lot older than you (62) but I will be learning new things until the day I leave this planet and who knows what happens after that.. Smiles! Have a Beautiful Day!!!🌺🍃

[@johhngleywn1914]

This is one amazing *teacher*. He *teaches*, doesn't do the dump of information and terms without explaining their meaning in an understandable way, which seems to be the trend. Keep going!! Great classes.

[@NeekoMonster]

looks like the algorithm picked up Sapolsky's lectures and threw them into my reccomended. Time to binge!

[@intercat4907]

Gee. I had to search like a hound dog to find exactly what I wanted. Ah, well, we're here, and he is worth it.

[@philipparker5291]

I just found this series. This man is funny, well-articulated and charismatic. Great!

[@lenafranklin7262]

They are why University was fun for me , teachers like this. If they have passion for the subject it transfers to the students 👍

[@hmpz36911]

I can't believe it's not Bakker!

[@justadad6677]

I will forever be thankful for Standford to show this. Nothing is a better commercial for higher education, than an amazing professor.

[@nikhil2569]

This is the first time, I am listening to a lecture on a topic like this without losing attention even for a bit. Professor is awesome

[@lindembergcampos437]

The fact that I'm from Brazil and I can watch this is an internet miracle!

[@theoldgod9]

0:00 Intro 4:00 Behaviour evolution, Nash equilibrium 9:00 socio biology, evolutionary psychology Darwin, natural selection, Traits, speciation 12:00 Darwinianism and Behavior 16:00 zebras and group selection Survival vs Reproduction of the fittest 19:00 3 building blocks 1. Individual selection, Sexual selection 23:30 2. Kin selection 36:00 3. Reciprocal altruism, reciprocal co-operation 41:30 game theory Prisoner's Dilemma Homo - Economists Tit for Tat strategy, prone to signal errors 54:40 Forgiving Tit for Tat 59:00 Pavlov Examples : Bats, Fish, and Gender Fish, #titfortat 1:07:00 Reciprocal Altruism 1:11:00 why it doesnot work? 1:16:00 The possibility of Mutation 1:17:00 Three Pieces #behaviour 1:29:00 tournament species vs pair bonding species

[@kevinellis3081]

Seriously I had good teachers. As a 40 year old man this guy legit makes me want to go back to school. I love his teaching style

[@andybeans5790]

I wish more people would watch these, as they open the mind to how and why we all do what we do. So many people are stuck with the ancient Greek concept of willpower, blaming people for behaviour instead of learning how to avoid triggering it.

[@PenCapsandBandAids]

What a time to be alive y’all. This is the one gem I found in 2020. Thank you, Professor!

[@christmassno]

Wow! I am just soaking all of this up! Totally missed my calling as a psychologist, I can just listen to this man talk all day everyday about the process. Thanks to Stanford for allowing this to be posted

[@DC-ps3kn]

I think this must be the 5th time I am starting the series again. Wonderful up to the last. When I have huge work troubles and used to suffer from insomnia, only Prof Sapolsky can kidnap my thoughts away into a wonderful world of captivating science!

[@malrese]

Currently attending a junior college in FL, but this Professor is awesome. With my major being Psychology I'm definitely learning a lot from his lectures.

[@sq3614]

You should try YaleCourses in Psychology!!! They are really good too, I have learned a lot with those courses

[@superchuck3259]

Hope you graduated by now. How is it going? Where you working now?

[@sandeepvpragada]

Okay a lot of productive stuff exists on youtube, glad I came through this I'm a math student but here after Anand Gandhi's recommendation I found it totally compelling it feels like I was sitting somewhere in the corner of the class room. I wish we all had such teachers in our lives. Thanks a ton for uploading these videos man, looking forward to finish all of them.

[@irenamonticelli]

Thank you for sharing this for free.

[@PammieGonzalez]

I'm 61 and I love learning, especially human and animal behavior. So glad these lectures exist. I'm a retired special Ed teacher...talk about lessons in human behavior!

[@welshriver]

After a long day of work, lying on the couch and listening to a Sapolsky lecture is sublime.

[@VR_JPN]

Hugely thankful for the privilege of sitting in on these lectures.

[@darwinismresearch-trolling7271]

43:07 leads up to fascinating nuerological differences finding 44:20 "homo econimus" 44:38 brain scanner...pleasure center...some people activate when they stab someone in the back, others when they achieve mutual cooperation...

[@potatowarrior747]

😂😂

[@InsertCoinToFail]

Iv been working on cars for 7 years. Figured this would be interesting. I didn’t know Stanford put entire courses on KZbin. Thank you

[@fablekey]

Thank you Stanford for uploading this, openly sharing these lectures allows for trans-disciplinary thinking on a field that relates to all of us.

[@bonniemacbird]

Thrilling. I went to Stanford and this means so much to sit and listen to this brilliant, witty man. I love that these lectures are on KZbin for everyone.

[@paullasky6865]

THIS IS JUST AMAZING. what a privilege to be able to see this.

[@QueenofMarine]

Fantastic lecture series. I'm so grateful universities like Stanford, Harvard, and MIT are making their lectures available to the public! I have watched several full courses from all 3 universities and I really enjoy them. They are a great way to continue to receive high quality education in subjects you're interested in, in a relaxed, low-pressure manner, with no tuition fees! Some of the best content on youtube! Also, I fully understand that point he's making, but I still think nature is amazing! I am a botanist but I'm interested in all kinds of biology, and no matter how much I've learned over 2 degrees, 15 years working outside with plants and insects (and often other animal species by extension), and 20 years of independent learning, the natural world has never stopped being amazing to me.

[@Splunkzop]

Yes! I started watching the first one - on my computer - and loved it. I went out to the lounge room where my wife was watching the TV and sat there. After her show was finished she gave me the controller (we take it in turns to pick shows) and I put Part One on. Now wifey is addicted.

[@Krappman]

I'd give a foot to study under Robert Sapolsky! Really happy to find this series here on the tube!

[@ediecollette430]

I'll ditch my left foot and we can crutch into the lecture hall. Right there with ya on this one!

[@redwatch.]

I'd give up four of my cousin's feet.

[@P1ZDATO]

Send your foot to Stanford admissions and see what they say.

[@katienippress9958]

Your cousin has 4 feet? Or did you mean you'd give 4 of your *cousins' feet?

[@redwatch.]

Katie Nippress, I was referring to my Cousin Eileen who was born with 5 feet. Come to think of it Cousin Stumpy is 5 feet tall, maybe him.

[@naomiberrezueta1816]

I’m a high school student and I always believed that any topic is interesting if you make it interesting and this man confirms it. I may not understand some things he’s mentioning but he makes me want to keep listening

[@Mindaaayroxs]

I stumbled upon these videos randomly. My job requires me to do very little and I needed a distraction. I can’t help but thank god I found these! They pass the time and are extremely interesting. Im not an auditory learner, but this professor makes it easy. Also, it’s preparing me for my fall semester to prepare me for similar classes I’m taking! Thank you. Can’t wait to finish these

[@SuperNumber420]

People, basing your thoughts of large-scale concepts, such as human behavior, on this one lecture is BAD. In the first lecture in Sapolsky's series, the one before this, he talks about how categorical thinking is a very easy bias to fall victim to if you think about a concept from only one direction, such as evolution. If you watch the previous lecture, this professor is against basing your opinion on one aspect of thought. Throughout the course, he talks about several ways of looking at things, evolution being only one. His goal is that by the end of the 25 lecture series, you realize the fault in categorical thinking. Watching only one lecture about evolution will strongly support this type of thinking, so be aware of this! Evolution appears to explain everything, until you learn about other explanations! No one thing explains it all. It is an intricate intertwining of many disciplines that makes humans the way they are, and this is the message that Professor Sapolsky tries to get across by the end of the entire course.

[@Auswurkung]

Does this whole rambling, fallacious rant boil down to: you believe in god?

[@Auswurkung]

***** I appreciate your response, but I'd rather get fourPO's answer; I wouldn't presume to know what someone else is or isn't thinking, especially since I couldn't possibly know, and neither could you, even though you're answering on his or her behalf. Since we obviously perceive fourPO to be saying something different, I'm simply sharply inquiring why fourPO thinks that Professor Sapolsky is contradicting himself in regards to the first lecture on categorization. If fourPO has watched the series, as you suggest, then why is he/she confused about Professor Sapolsky's approach?

[@Auswurkung]

***** Wow, talk, about barely concealed knee-jerk reactions... chill out, mate, nobody's having a religious war, okay.

[@Auswurkung]

***** take your own advice, champ, stick to the facts, don't pretend to be able to read peoples minds, motives etc. - and certainly keep to the science instead of douchey comments. Again, relax and stop escalating things. Let's keep it that way huh?

[@dfghj241]

+fourPOdimethylT evolution is central to any study of living things though, so independent of the angle you take, evolution has to be somewhat central. evolution is not "just one direction". we are evolved things, the very capacity for me to write this affirmation is an evolved trait, the capacity for us to question about the factors that compose our thoughts and behaviors, including the very ability to create said question, are evolved traits. that being said you're right, but in the end i don't really agree with the one example you decided to use (who knows why you choose that example, do you know why?)

[@docgify]

this was without doubt the best Thing I have watched in forty years...also as an interesting fact my mother was an early researcher in animal behaviour and game theory in the 68-85 period on and off ..she was an assistant researcher, nothing amazing, but after seeing this I am very very proud of her...

[@meganheinley9507]

"Yeah, get the old guy in the river!" "Let's sacrifice Grandma for the economy!" Welp. There it is.

[@Amaryllis28]

Lots of Grandmas being sacrificed in our new Brave World these days. So many years trying to work out how to do it without anyone getting too angry. And now, bingo! They found a way.

[@incisive2641]

Except the buffalos behavior is necessary for survival whereas ours is sadistic and antisocial, actually going against the survival of the tribe.

[@meganheinley9507]

@@incisive2641 Never said anything about morality.

[@incisive2641]

Megan Heinley It’s not about morality. It’s about what is evolutionarily advantageous. The buffalos sacrifice the old weak member which enables the young and reproductively active ones to survive and pass on their genes. Whereas what we are doing in the United States, i.e. denying science and ‘sacrificing grandmas’ in order to reopen the economy, provides no discernible evolutionary advantage to our species or tribe or whatever. It’s unfair to the buffaloes to compare the two.

[@yourer]

@@incisive2641 It is actually survival. Letting the older folks die off means spending less money on Medicare, social security, pensions, etc. They actually don't contribute to improving or maintaining "the tribe" anymore. Not saying this is the right thing to do, just speaking from a survivalist standpoint. In America, I think we have more than enough to go around but we're still hardwired in some of our behaviors.

[@Penguinssss]

When Bob Ross referred to those “Happy Mistakes” it made all of us feel accepted. Those two words flipped our mental pancake from a negative to a positive. I think Bob is the accumulation of everything good, inventive, respectful, and loving. His subtle voice let us create our own thoughts and respect his approach to pushing positivity. I think I will wear my Bob Ross T-Shirt today…

[@joshuaellis3725]

I can't believe this kind of content has just been sitting on KZbin and I've not seen it! Fascinating stuff, and a really good introduction to game theory. As someone interested in ecosystems in the context of game development, this is so valuable.

[@aquafinner1505]

i'm a 16 year old dropout due to financial reasons and this is great help! thank you to whoever it was that decided to make this lecture available online for anyone and of course thank you to sapolsky for being such a great professor and simplifying things so everyone can understand no matter how much knowledge they hold. i truly believe sapolsky would be able to teach dolphins quantum physics if he wanted to lol.

[@somyuh7402]

yo i'm so sorry you had to drop out. i'm 16 too and i couldn't imagine needing to drop school. all the best!

[@adudeontheinterweb6571]

he looks like the LVL 100 botanist NPC you buy healing herbs to make concentrated healing potions++

[@lenafranklin7262]

Totally dude

[@starless9]

Somehow i think we the NPCs in his game, lol

[@birddaddydetta]

Oh yes, _healing herbs_ . Reminds me of Leo from That 70's Show

[@jeremyscottkerth7751]

100% max lvl BOTANIST [attempt at comedy ... :)] but love this man and much needed

[@GreatWhite00000]

I actually laughed at this one instead of just exhaling a bit faster through my nostrils

[@swatihazarika5149]

I am a 40 year old working mum and I can't express in words how grateful I m to be able to listen this.

[@CookieMunstaaa]

I've taken in more info with these lectures in a few days, than I have in my whole first year of Uni. Fantastic teaching methods!

[@will1718]

"for 22 years students at stanford are more interested in depression than sex.." lol its not just yall

sad ...

[@strangetranceoffaith]

Only during class it swaps round in the evenings, i'm fairly sure

[@Frank289100]

THINGS DO ADAPT BUT NOTHING EVOLVED. EVERYTHING WAS IN IT'S ADVANCE FORM FROM THE BEGINNING. IF THAT WASN'T THE CASE ALL LIFE WOULD HAVE GONE EXTINCT. WITHOUT A DOUBT THERE IS A CREATOR WE KNOW AS GOD.

[@hand__banana]

@@Frank289100 your caps lock is on bud

[@Frank289100]

@@hand__banana YOUR CAPS LOCK IS OFF BUD.

[@Mister.Psychology]

Perfect lecture. If he was a professor at my university I would want to stay forever instead of waiting to leave.

[@manictiger]

I usually take my time because rushing out the door is a great way to lose things. Nothing says take your time like the risk of losing 350 dollar prescription Oakleys.

[@gblake5560]

Yes. He’s very focused on entertaining

[@MsChic73]

I hope this professor comes to my university

[@Frank289100]

THE ADVANCE DESIGNS HAD TO COME FIRST. LET'S TAKE A BIRD AS A EXAMPLE OF HAVING THE ADVANCE DESIGN OF WINGS. WINGS ENABLE IT TO FLY HIGH UP IN THE TREES WHERE IT SHELTERS ITSELF, WHERE IT REPRODUCES AND IS SAFE FROM BEING EATEN BY PREDATORS. IF BIRDS HAD TO WAIT MILLIONS OF YEARS TO DEVELOP WINGS AS EVOLUTION SUGGESTS. BIRDS WOULD HAVE BEEN A THANKSGIVING DAY TURKEY FOR THE ANTS AND GONE EXTINCT. FOR ANY OF THESE SPECIES TO HAVE SURVIVED. IT IS ONLY THROUGH THEM HAVING THE ADVANCE DESIGN FROM THE START, WHICH KEPT THE SPECIES FROM BECOMING EXTINCT. WHICH ALSO ANSWERS THE QUESTION OF WHICH CAME FIRST, THE CHICKEN OR THE EGG. THROW CHARLES DARWIN'S THEORY OF EVOLUTION WHICH STARTED ALL THIS OTHER CRAP RIGHT INTO THE DUMPSTER, BECAUSE IT'S ALL BUUUUUULLSHIT.

[@wendychavez5348]

My dad describes me as having a Student Mentality, and this instructor is exactly why!

[@chasgarza3960]

I love this teacher. Any students taken his class will not ever be waiting their time. This is how you keep students engaged. 👏

[@megodzillaudeadable]

I really wish I had watched this 9 years ago.

[@bastiwmr]

Introduction 3:55 Logic of Optimization 🦒🐭 5:48 Darwinism 9:00 Social behaviour 12:01 0. Simplistic misconceptions 🐊 14:10 1. Individual selection 🥚 18:46 2. Kin selection 25:51 3. Reciprocal altruism 🤝 36:31 a. Game theory 40:55 b. Animal Behaviour 🦇🐟🐠 59:49 c. Exceptions 🦁🐀🧬 1:08:52 Animal behaviour Tournament vs. pair-bonding species 👱 1:18:37 Closing 1:36:15

[@maheshkumbhar1716]

Good one bro, wonderful 👍😁

[@katherinealberto5273]

I'm so glad I found this in 2020. Thank you, Stanford, for posting this. I would give an arm and a leg to be able to take this class in real life instead of staring at the screen. Thank you for keeping my curiosity alive!

[@adamthemyth]

"It is not from the benevolence (kindness) of the butcher, the brewer, or the baker that we expect our dinner, but from their regard to their own interest."

[@sablemartino3833]

I absolutely adore Spalosky's engaging lectures Emphasis on Sciences This professor has that charming funny Einstein quality That makes me wish I could attend university It is such a joy to watch his lectures at the gym or at home when I am cleaning.

[@GrubKiller436]

Too much stressful work, I tell ya. Watch the lectures instead, kick back, and chill. Don't pay for one of society's biggest scams (particularly because we have this on the internet).

[@Liusila]

University is normally for that piece of paper but I know what you mean. I wish I could sit a class or two of my choosing and that’s it. But as another commenter said, that much you can do for free, from your own home.

[@johnkelly4991]

thank you Jodie for organising these lectures

[@danielwest2186]

Amazing. If we had one teacher in our classes each year of our education like this professor who loved their subjects as much most of us would never stop learning in life or consider our education as boring, and something to get through in order to get a better, or higher paying job . Spot on professor. Kudos

[@AliciaCallaway]

I WISH I could afford to take these classes, I WISH I could go back and do something with my good brain. I got the phone number sequence the first time 100%. I wasted my life I’m already 44 years old and i could have been someone who helped many people because I have certain passions that are very much needed in todays society. If you have a chance to get an education be grateful that you matter enough to you to do so. If i could only go back id get straight A’s no matter if I had anyone to be proud of me Id be proud of me.

[@maryhana1401]

If you're not proud of yourself, go back! You're smart enough, and there's ways to afford it. You still have over half your life to help people

[@boznobel]

Dr Sapolsky is amazing, thrilled to find these lectures on KZbin

[@toplobster5374]

He presents two skulls and gives an overview of what's coming. Based simply on the shape of the skulls relative to each other, we can figure out a whole range of behaviors, including mate selection, probability of twins, parental behavior and more. He next runs through a series of questions and answers using the framework of pair-bonding species and tournament species. Professor Sapolsky points out the silliness of identifying biological elements as amazing based simply on their congruence with necessity since the animal, be it a giraffe or desert rodent, wouldn't be around if its biological components weren't sufficient to produce life. Thus a giraffe's heart will be strong enough to distribute blood throughout its body. When it fails to do so the giraffe dies. This same logic, built around evolutionary principles, enables us to figure out all kinds of behaviors. Darwin is not the originator of the idea of evolution. People knew about that, but he came up with a mechanism, natural selection, for evolution. Alfred Russell Wallace was a co-inventor of the natural selection theory. This notion is built upon the following logic. 1. There are traits that are heritable. Broadly speaking this means they are genetic and can be passed on to the next generation (he will later examine this in detail and demonstrate the massive power of environmental influences on what "heritable" really means scientifically). 2. There is variability among those traits. 3. Some versions of those traits are more adaptive than others. Some are more fit. He notes that it's not about survival, but rather reproductive success to send those traits on to the next generation. 4. Mutations are also important as they can introduce massive changes. He notes that personification will be used to keep things simple and understandable, but the idea of the animal wanting to do something is dubious - there isn't necessarily long term planning to pass on genes, at least not on a conscious level. It's more behaviors that happen without an evolutionary intent. This is easy enough to understand among people too; we select our mates based on things we like, rarely based on a plan to pass on the most advantageous genes to the next generation to get ourselves a high Darwin score. This may happen as a by-product but it's not going to be the leading edge in the decision making process. Animals do not behave for the good of the species. The concept of Group Selection was advanced by Wynne-Edwards, arguing that animals would act for the benefit of all. The advantage of the group selection theory is that it accounts for behaviors that are good for the group as a whole but not necessarily for individuals within the group. But the theory is not generally viewed as being correct. The currently accepted theory is that animals behave to pass on as many copies of their genes as they can (this may ultimately be correct but it's worth pausing before wholeheartedly accepting this as the defining force since we just covered the argument on personification which suggested that animals aren't consciously acting to pass on as many genes as possible.) The building blocks of reproductive success as the mechanism for selection are as follows: 1. Individual selection. Sometimes the behaviors of an animal is about reproducing. The notion is that sometimes a chicken is an egg's way of making another egg. That is that traits and behaviors are there to drive mating and create more of that type of thing. 2. Sexual selection. Picking for traits that carry no adaptive value but for whatever reason the opposite sex likes individuals that look that way. These traits will then become more common. This can be opposed by natural selection, for example a brightly colored fish may be more attractive to the lady fish but also more likely to be predated because it stands out. So the two can be in conflict and create interesting challenges for the individual. 3. Kin selection. Identical twins share 100% of their genes, siblings 50%. The closer the relative, the more genes shared in common. From the standpoint of individual selection, an identical twin can pass on "their" genes by the twin at their own expense. So it makes sense to sacrifice yourself for two brothers or eight cousins. And thus we have evolution favoring cooperation among relatives. 4. Rock-paper-scissors scenario. In this situation each organism has the potential to harm one of the others but doesn't do so because the overall impact of those actions would hurt the original organism. Cooperative behaviors are also frequently seen. There are many situations in which cooperative behavior yields a better result than acting alone. But the efforts must be similar, creating a situation of reciprocal altruism. Remarkably this is even seen in single celled organisms. He gives an example of bacteria and their teaming up to form new bacteria. One side has to act as the stalk, the other gets to be the fruiting body. Being the fruiting body is advantageous and bacterium will sometimes try to cheat in the relationship. When this happens the other bacterium is less likely to cooperate the next time around. Cheating is thus a big part of social relationships, so animals have also developed skills at detecting when someone else is cheating. Animals tend to be better at picking up on cheating than noticing spontaneous altruism. Next he moves into the topic of Game Theory. He covers various aspects and highlights in conclusion that forgiving tit for tat ends up out-competing the other strategies. The basic building block of game theory starts with the Prisoner's Dilemma in which two criminals are caught and encouraged to roll over on the other. The possible scenarios are that both do so, one does so and the other doesn't, and that neither does so. Prisoner A gains the most benefit from ratting out Prisoner B when B has not ratted him out. Second most benefit is if neither rats each other out, then if both rat each other out, and the worst outcome is if A keeps quiet and B rats him out (if both do he gains cooperation points). [Note that Professor Sapolsky uses cheat versus cooperate here, but I think that's slightly confusing since we've all seen too many Law & Order episodes and associate cooperating with the police as meaning ratting the other guy out. Here cooperate = keep quiet.] Studies have shown that brain centers responsible for pleasure light up during times of stabbing the other guy in the back and during times of cooperation. There is a pronounced gender difference as to when these areas are activated. He does not tell us which gender lights up when, so I suppose that will remain a mystery... Daniel Ellsburg was a game theorist working for the Pentagon. He is best known for turning over thousands of pages of internal documents, "The Pentagon Papers," to the NY Times. These pages were internal planning pages and documents that demonstrated an entirely different set of goals in the Vietnam War than had been publicly proclaimed. [An in depth study of the papers' content as well as the media is found in Noam Chomsky's Manufacturing Consent.] Ellsburg wrote a paper on the optimal benefits of perceived madness. He detailed the advantages of madness (madman theory), which was an important game strategy within the context of the Cold War and the threat of nuclear warfare and mutually assured destruction. Vampire bats are up next. The mothers suck the blood out of other animals, such as cows, and then bring the blood back for the kids. They are social animals and will feed others' offspring as well. Research has been done in which mother vampire bats were captured and had their blood sacs filled with air so that it would appear to the other bats that they had a lot of good blood to share. When they returned to the nest and did not share, others took note and were then didn't help the research bat's offspring the next time they returned with blood food. Stickleback fish also engage in tit for tat strategies. As does the Black Hamlet Fish, which is also capable of changing its sex. Tit for tat strategies are used by this fish when the other mate doesn't carry his or her load by being the female as often as the original fish (higher costs). Reciprocal social altruism also includes consideration for other domains of behavior, so an animal may be worthless in one area but valuable in another and studies have shown that social groups will accept and value this approach. He mentions examples of naked mole rats and lions. Tournament species are more aggressive. TS has a high level of variability with top few having most success. 95% from 5%. Good genes for offspring - big, strong. After all it's all she's getting. Lower - more fighting and aggression. Virtually no male parental behaviors. Twins are rare; female is responsible for offspring. Rare - the male won't be caring for the offspring. Small Male, Small Female Pair-bonding species are less aggressive. Relatively similar levels, 1-2 on average. Resources and parental skills. Longer and more similar to females. A lot of parental behavior - looking for male who is as close to being a female as possible. Frequent - female has help. #copied_from_robertsapolskyrocks.com

[@RohitPant04]

The tit for tat strategies involving the elements of forgiving or cooperation gave me a great insight into how modern relationships when disrupted can be helped to get back on feet!

[@pauladuncanadams1750]

Interesting. I just fling that turd of a relationship as far as I can.

[@bailey5437]

Exactly why I’m watching

[@pythagoreanteacher1558]

As a teacher his nothing less then brilliant bonding techniques should remind all teachers that we are all students as well. If u can't tell I'm very impressed. I term not often used unleased surprised. Well done.

[@pythagoreanteacher1558]

*unless surprised (typo)