28 Subatomic Stories: Before the Big Bang

Scientists have long called the expanding universe “The Big Bang,” however the term is confusing. Many people think that the Big Bang is the name of the moment of the creation of the universe, but it’s really just the expanding phase. In this episode of Subatomic Stories, Fermilab’s Dr. Don Lincoln explains some of the speculative ideas that have been proposed about the actual and literal moment of creation.
Fermilab physics 101:
www.fnal.gov/pub/science/part...
Fermilab home page:
fnal.gov

[@flyingskyward2153]

No question, just wanted to say thanks for taking time out of your day to explain these things to us.

[@navinsingh1730]

Nicest comment I've seen today! :)

[@constpegasus]

Exactly.

[@karlosgill]

Yes thanks Don and Fermilab, we all really appreciate the work you do

[@chrisparker5796]

One No problemo.madame ..

[@hummakavula3750]

"Professionally crazy" is my new favorite job description

[@innertubez]

Same here! I loved it

[@KippiExplainsStuff]

Hahah amazing

[@rollinwithunclepete824]

I'm not paid to be crazy so I guess I'm just an amateur.

[@davidkugel]

I appreciate Dr. Lincoln saying he made a mistake. It takes humility to admit an error.

[@fabricebaro]

It's also the very definition of real science / a real scientist

[@dj53144]

It is one thing to show a man that he is in an error, and another to put him in possession of the truth. Reading furnishes the mind only with materials of knowledge; it is thinking that makes what we read ours. John Locke

[@kalicom2937]

I appreciate it even more because it is a fantastic example to others and should be what science is all about. If we all behaved this way in our daily lives the world would almost certainly be a better place.

[@davidkugel]

@@kalicom2937 I was a math teacher. Each week I made at least one mistake often copying a problem wrong. I freely admitted to the class when I made an error. I think the classes liked the fact that adults and teachers made mistakes just like they do.

[@kalicom2937]

@@davidkugel And I am sure the smart ones that spotted your mistakes were empowered by the fact that you did not get upset when they pointed it out to you. I think many people react badly when they are corrected because they often get embarrassed (odd, since to err is human).

[@preethiyogesh9821]

Hey Dr Don Lincoln , have you ever got irritated by someone and said " get your subatomic particles out of here"

[@captainconsumer]

hey doc lincoln get those particles on the bus 👉🏻👉🏻

[@asdfdfggfd]

Rapidly becoming my favorite physicist because of willingness to say "I don't know" with the humility to admit, we may never know. Wait, is it weird to have a favorite physicist?

[@drdon5205]

No. All the best people have one.

[@Meticulate826]

Just wanted to say thanks for doing these shows. They are invaluable for the understanding of this sience amongst the general population across the world and I value it immensely.

[@Petrov3434]

Thank you !!! Informative, entertaining and with highest scientific integrity of an expert -- what else one can wish for !!!

[@Etudio]

SOLID Scripting & Delivery. Good Job, Team!

[@hueydockens4415]

Dr. Don Lincoln, I'm an old man, and you have taught me so much good stuff, I could never repay you. you are the greatest!

[@FreshBeatles]

thank you for making this series i need it

[@jacobdrj101]

I am still enjoying these. Please keep up the awesome work.

[@Coastaljaeger]

Proof of time time dilation. 18 min video up for 8 minutes and already 12 comments on its contents. Im convinced.

[@ZedaZ80]

That curvature explanation at the end is pretty cool! I struggle with physics stuff, but that seemed quite intuitive. Thank you!

[@ctwentysevenj6531]

What a fantastic KZbin channel. You learn so much.

[@redims8967]

A sincere Thank you Dr. Lincoln for taking the time to answer my question!

[@GlennHamblin]

Your humility puts you in my Feynman camp🙂 the second physicist I can truly admire!! Thanks for the video.

[@ozzyherrera1027]

Oddly enough I can listen to each episode several times with out getting bored😅

[@rfontana5379]

Dear Dr. Don Lincoln, thank you for your weekly videos: I am a fan, but want to tell you that one video per week is not enough; we all love your clean, honest, profound knowledge sharing, and just one video of 15 minutes per week is like looking the cherry on cake but not being allowed to get a slice of it. I say it because your way to widespread scientific knowledge has something special, able to make people reasoning not only on science but also on scientific knowledge. Please don't give up, and give us more videos commented by you (sorry but you are unique)!

[@42Hz]

Dr. Don Lincoln, I have 2 questions: 1. Do you think that the speed of light can be higher in between plates of the Casimir Effect experiment? 2. What do you think about Roger Penrose's idea that the Universe is cyclic and it "resets" after a universe is so expanded that there are only photons left which means there is no mass in the Universe, thus no time. Roger Penrose - Did the Universe Begin?: kzbin.info/www/bejne/hXfUm3RrmtCgpbs Thanks!

[@sandhyagupta3487]

@Slavik Hz Inside the Casmir plates the permeability of space and time and thus the speed of light will remain the same only the wavelength will decrease

[@jeroendebruijn1974nl]

I had # 2 as question too. If head death as ripped away ever last particle. But I then pondered strings and the quantum foam. As long as the foam still works would that not propagate time? But intuition (and oh my how often is that wrong on quantum level) would say if head death removes all particles, we would have some kind of and pre expansion situation, where the ‘battle’ between the equilibrium state and the lowest energy state might perhaps trigger a new expansion. But I guess I would hardly be the first who has put forth this suggestion when Unicorn farts had been dismissed as the start of the origin of the universe. Alas I have to admit my physics skills, besides a great enthusiasm for the subjects, are more on the level of the googleplex e-mails with 99 identical unique thoughts Don Lincoln gets on a daily base.

[@42Hz]

@Ψ Thanks, I'll watch that video!

[@42Hz]

@@jeroendebruijn1974nl Thanks. I didn't think of quantum foam. I also wonder how virtual particles will behave in such an expanded space. Maybe there vacuum will also have no energy at some point...

[@sandhyagupta3487]

@@jeroendebruijn1974nl if there are no particles then there will be no strings and no quantum foam either

[@bluecaroline4407]

Thank you Dr. Lincoln. Why is that that listening to you have such a calming effect on my existential anxiety?

[@pansepot1490]

No question, just huge thanks for your clarity. It’s rare, well actually you dr Lincoln are the only one who is so explicit in telling what is measured science and what is speculation. People make a lot of claim about the Big Bang, the origin of the universe etc. and knowing exactly what is science and what is untested hypothesis is invaluable imo. Love your down to earth approach. Thanks again, your work is much appreciated.

[@arekkrolak6320]

science is correcting your own mistakes and learning from them instead of burying head in the sand! well done

[@whatelseison8970]

Back in my day we just had the one universe but you gotta understand that back then, that was a lot of universes. Folks knew the _value_ of a universe. Nowadays one measly universe won't even cover portal fare. That's inflation for ya.

[@openohm]

Thank you for your dedication. Have a super week!

[@navinsingh1730]

Second nice comment I've read today! :D

[@tomburau8362]

Best physics lessons on youtube!

[@tanmaydeshmukh3517]

Been watching this series from the beginning

[@ioannistsile4221]

Nice video as always!

[@samuelrodrigues2939]

It is indeed mind blowing and fascinating.. thanks Don for bringing some of it to us.. best!

[@dariopalomba8420]

As always, thank Dr. Lincoln for your video, just a bit difficult the "metastable" concept , however I will watch it again. Greetings from Athens, Greece.

[@constpegasus]

Thumbs up as usual. I love these videos.

[@markmidwest7092]

Dr. Lincoln, not that it matters to anyone but me but I always look forward to your videos and the insights you give I get nowhere else. There's another physicist, Nick Lucid (Science Asylum), I love to watch, too (he's a theorist) and yours and his deliveries are polar opposites but I love you both. Thank you.

[@beijingbond]

Hi Dr Lincoln. Not really a question, more of a statement. I never did physics at school because my maths was poor (the teachers advised me not to try it at 13 years old:( ), BUT.....watching your channel is fascinating. I don't understand all of it, of course, but your explanations of complex ideas and science allows me to understand some and enjoy the rest. Thank you.

[@BobJones-dq9mx]

Thanks for another great tutorial.

[@buckybarnes3803]

Dr Don I really miss that intro music that you guys had last year ! Hard to describe, heavy strings or cello that starts abruptly and then ends abruptly. It was exciting stuff !

[@dragonemperor007]

After conflicting with a 11-dimensional string theory paper, they might have had to remove the music made from 3-dimensional strings.

[@nancymencke6980]

Thank you so much again

[@chirag2300]

thank u sir like the way u accept ur mistake and even tell us about it in the following video u are a great personality

[@paulireson1154]

Hi there Dr Don.Just like to comment that you are a rarity among scientists.Usually there are those who can do and those that cant teach.You do both very well.I only became interested in Physics late in life so am doing catch up.Thanks for your help.Paul in Ireland

[@matyasmeszaros1904]

Brilliant again! Thank you!

[@Paul-ty1bv]

Dr. Lincoln, you are a class act and an exemplary scientist.

[@innertubez]

Nice calculation yielding the result that the whole universe is at least 500 times the size of the observable universe. That’s huge!

[@aamirkundi98]

Dr Don, thank you.

[@Jugger_Coach]

Thank you so much for this new, brilliant format! It is great to see another Lava Lamp fan going totally rocket on their favourite topic! The universe of lava lamps is infinite indeed ... (10 and still collecting)

[@DavidMaurand]

i hope we get more of these

[@karlosgill]

Hi Don, love the series. Does the expansion of the universe also affect particle size? Is it just the gaps between stellar objects that is increasing or are we ourselves and our constituent particles also expanding? And is this measurable or affect measurements? Thanks

[@jimmylee695]

The space between stellar objects is expanding only. But with Dark Energy, the far distant future will make every little part of space expand. Including within atoms. That is the epoch of what we call 'the big rip'.

[@nophoto6875]

I truly hope making series like these becomes a hobby for the best scientist in the universe as they approach the end of their own existence. Thank you for releasing that energy back into the cosmos in the form of data transfer between biological organisms.

[@pansepot1490]

I hope you are not suggesting that dr Lincoln is old!

[@ProfessorBeautiful]

I was looking forward to you discussing conformal cyclic cosmology.

[@Linguae_Music]

When he said "Hold on to your' socks" I WAS LITERALLY ALREADY HOLDING MY SOCKS AAAAAAAAAA

[@SorinNicu]

As always, very interesting and... quirky.

[@arminwalland]

I really like how you make clear that accepting that you don't know something is a vital part of science and not some sort of failure or shortcoming :)

[@drdon5205]

Actually, it's not that I didn't know that. It's that I had a momentary dive into stupidity. It's especially embarrassing, as I certainly knew this and just screwed up.

[@marekkaletka6746]

My favorite explanation for general realtivity not working all the way to the beginning is analogy to arithmetic: divide 3 by 4, you get 3/4, 3 by 2 works perfect, even 3 by1 does great, but then you try to divide by zero and everything blows out.

[@BookaYashee]

I love that catchy phrase on the end of the every video. I've always say it with You out loud. Dr Don I've question. Is to correct to say that we always travel through spacetime with c speed? And if we move faster through space then we move slower through time?

[@esajpsasipes2822]

I think that is true, from what i learned from other videos. That's precisely what time dilation is, going slower through time when moving quickly through space.

[@helenel4126]

Aside from watching your excellent videos, what resources do you recommend an interested layperson to read in order to try to understand (in a very elementary way, of course) concepts of quantum mechanics and particle physics? Thank you.

[@sapelesteve]

Mind blowing video as usual Dr. Lincoln! Thinking about all of this stuff makes my head hurt. I really don't understand why there has to be a beginning of everything. Perhaps the Universe was always there to begin with & was always expanding through time. Anyway, thanks for your videos, I think?

[@kenlogsdon7095]

It all comes down to what Einstein's General Theory of Relativity implies, and whether what it predicts is actually correct. Turns out, it is!

[@davidgreenwitch]

Thanks for the video! But as usual I have a question: How can the size of the "spots" of the CMB indicate the curvature? Couldn't they have many other reasons for having their size? Same for the inflation. I understand the "spot size" is what makes people assume they must have had enough time to exchange before expanding. But after all, aren't there other reasons for a (more or less) uniform temperature in the universe with some patches? Maybe it's just a default "reset" value when space time comes into existence. Or maybe those spots of differences come from (dark) matter distribution in space etc. It sounds pretty uncertain to me to base such fundamental assumptions simply on the observed size of tiny temperature differences. Is it really that certain?

[@KyuremPlayer]

Are there less Quantum fluctuations inside of warped spacetime or always the same? Because of time dilation?

[@ibnbattuta1304]

"I don't know" is a very refreshing answer.

[@issholland]

I really appreciate the fact that you say you don't know

[@denisustynov3028]

Great episode, thank you Dr Lincoln. Is the shape of the universe some crucial entity for cosmology or it's just an interesting thing to know?

[@navinsingh1730]

I think it will be crucial, it can explain so many things!

[@pavelsulc2617]

Hello Do we know at what time the creation of our universe was allowed to create black holes? I assume that something prevented their formation in the initial stages. What was it? I don't think it's explicitly said yet. Thank you for your wonderful work.

[@garyrogers2843]

Shouldn’t time have inflated during inflation as well as space?

[@PhysicsGuy1000]

*Space and time are two aspects of the same thing.*

[@garyrogers2843]

@@PhysicsGuy1000 so how can we measure how long inflation lasted if time was expanding as well? How long was a second during inflation? Was time advancing at 1s/s?

[@navinsingh1730]

Or deflated...! :\ Doctor Don, need your help here!!!

[@a.randomjack6661]

Time is relative (hence theory of Relativity) and it's passage only depends on what an observer perceives. Simultaneity dies not exist, it's always and only apparent to an observer.

[@deonpersaud8502]

Inflation only happened to the universe's space, not to it's time. Not sure if this violates Special Relativity.

[@mikaelstrandanger2742]

Hi Don! What is your comment on Roger Penrose's ideas of the origin, the end and the restarting of a new universe/big bang, that frequency, ie time is connected to through the two famous equations? When the universe is unconscious of mass or diluted of mass, the universe loses the notion of time, and thus size, that is space.

[@TheMemesofDestruction]

6:05 -- Thank You! ^.^

[@Ballistikraft]

The "Big Bang happened everywhere at once" and "There's no central location for the Big Bang" parts can be easier to understand if you imagine you're not an outside observer of an explosion but you're the explosion. More confusing to me is to understand how the universe became exponentially bigger during the inflation era...

[@Lucius_Chiaraviglio]

You: ". . . you're the explosion." Me: (Starts thinking about how to make bean and prune soup with lots of spices . . . .)

@@Lucius_Chiaraviglio Don't forget to use milk in it. Prunes on milk are very explosive. :D

[@oderalon]

6:51 "That's science for you: people make mistakes, others correct them, and, together, we get to the right answer." 😊

[@Zack-ke1qy]

Hello dr Lincoln. About a month ago I asked about a path to working at fermi lab while in high school. My comment was mentioned in a video, just checking up to see how it’s going 😁

[@drdon5205]

Hi Zack, unforeseen obstacles have arisen on answering your question. It would perhaps be better to email your question directly.

[@Petrov3434]

Thank you and - a question: Any comment on Penrose's Conformal Cyclic Cosmology (CCC) hypothesis? Is it more "fantastical" than the "inflaton" field and cosmic inflation in the ten on -35 seconds -- which his mathematics showed would not resolve the cosmos homogeneity... Many thanks in advance

[@luwen77777]

"How you didn't know that?" "I don't have a theory of quantum gravity"

[@ZeDlinG67]

So far the best idea for "before the Big Bang" I've heard is in Asimov's book The Gods Themselves. I recommend it to everyone interested in this channel :)

[@maherelachkar4470]

thank you

[@NimbleBard48]

Dr Lincoln: Can you take us through some of the books with your name on it that are behind you on the shelf?

[@steveshadforth]

Love your videos, one daft question, where did all the stuff come from

[@lepidoptera9337]

From the stuff that was there before. It's like asking where ice comes from. It comes from the water that was there before.

[@crontemisto8994]

9:09 *Gasp* You pronounce 'long-lived' in the classical way! You have my respect, sir.

[@venadore]

Thanks for the weekly mindblow, doc. Here's my question though, wouldn't it be possible for our universe to just be its own cycle, like a torus with a pinch which represents both the big crunch and big bang? Or are you more for the mirror universe idea?

[@miradarya]

Would love to see a discussion or interview with you and Sabine Hossenfelder. I like both of you and your KZbin videos a lot, and I think it would be a big step forward for science to bring two worlds together.

[@drdon5205]

It would be epic. Sabine does "cranky old guy" better than I do, and I >>am

[@shatterthemirror8563]

Is there anywhere in the universe where four-quark particles are likely to be more common? What effect would they have on the physics if they were more common in a black hole?

[@zaffa995]

Hey Dr Lincoln, what gives charged particles their charges? Thank you for the videos

[@pXnTilde]

Protons have a positive charge. Electrons have a negative charge. If there are more protons then the overall charge is positive and vise versa. Protons are positive because they have a combination of charged quarks that result in an overall positive charge. The quarks and the electron do not have a reason they are charged, they just are.

[@zaffa995]

@@pXnTilde thank you for the answer but I meant where the charge come from for electrons and quarks

[@pXnTilde]

@@zaffa995 right, there is no reason. It's just a property they have

[@addajjalsonofallah6217]

@@zaffa995 The reason isn't known and it appears there is no reason they simply do just because those particles are those partilces

[@esajpsasipes2822]

@@zaffa995 i think on some video he said that electrons are described by complex numbers, and their phase (arrow pointing from zero to that number) shifts over time, and that antimatter goes backwards in time, and from our perspective it would shift the other way (that means going clockwise vs. counterclockwise). There is no reason why electron has negative charge and a positron has positive charge, it's just a thing of naming things. It just matters that they are diffirent charges, ie. diffirent directions of shifting the phase of complex numbers that describe electrons over time. I'd guess it's the same/simmilar when talking about other particles.

[@mohscorpion2]

i have a question , as i understood from this clip you made two ideas multiverse and CCC . but can they both happen ? like evolution in horizontal and vertical sequence?

[@mike3684]

This video got me contemplating sizes of the universe and such and I came to wondering; how does the measured volume of a Black Hole compare if measure from opposite sides of the event horizon? I understand the relativistic problems with this in practice, but conceptually, would you get a different volume measuring from out side the horizon versus inside the horizon??

[@SpaceCadet4Jesus]

Who can measure the insides of a Black Hole? You can infer the inside volume from the outside volume but that's only a guess that they are the same. Our understanding of physics breaks down with black holes.

[@KippiExplainsStuff]

Watching you in acid is incredible! "So don't worry. I certainly don't" haha love it! No I'm definitely not worried. Thanks, Don, You're awesome!

[@NeonsStyleHD]

This is not related to the BB, but I'm curious. What causes the magnetic field of a black hole? It can't be dynamo based, and I would've thought the magnetic field of objects it consumes, would diminish over time since it's destroyed. So what causes and maintains it?

[@Lolwutdesu9000]

Fellow physicist turned teacher here. I've used your videos in some of my lessons and the students really enjoy watching them. They (and admittedly, so do I) have one small question, however: would it be possible to lengthen the duration of your talk about the subject and reduce the time spent answering questions? Thanks for all your hard work!

[@drdon5205]

Have you looked at the 100 long form videos that are produced by Lincoln and are on the Fermilab KZbin channel? They may be more to your liking.

[@stevenjones8575]

Hi Dr. Lincoln, I've always wondered about what exactly scientists mean when they say that at high temperatures, the forces merge into one force. Do we just mean that they have the same strength and range as each other? Because if they were truly one force, wouldn't this one force react the same as itself to temperature changes? So it seems that the one unified force would already have to be made of component forces with differing reactions to temperature changes in order for it to be split. Is my reasoning sound? I adore your videos. Thanks.

[@psgih48]

Is there any other physics channel that you guys watch? I really would like to see you on the World Sience Festival with Brian Green. Or at an episode of PBS Spacetime with Matthew O´Dowd. I really think that these episodes are too short. Thanks for a great show!

[@drdon5205]

Fermilab invited PBS SpaceTime Matt O'Dowd to visit and he did. He even made a video at Fermilab, co-hosted by Dr. Don.

[@LynxBlackWind]

Hi I always wanted to ask: do black holes transform absorbed mass into masless particles e.g. photons via hawking radation, this contribute to reduce mass in the universe?

[@georgequalls5043]

Wow, deep stuff.

[@terrycrooke1]

Love your work! Please explain If the big bang expansion is a bubble expanding in an infinite universe would you see the cosmic microwave background radiation as a surface of the bubble when viewed from the outside and if space is expanding within our bubble into ordinary space outside the bubble does that mean there is a pressure exerted on our bubble from the squeezed space outside and therefore does our bubble have surface tension.

[@_vicary]

first time I’ve ever heard of the 0.001 ±0.002 measurement, can we know more of the details?

[@jvkurtz]

Question: if the CMB produced here is long gone, does this mean there's parts of the observable universe that aren't shown in it? If we had that data, would the CMB have more area or would the information we already have be clearer to understand?

[@laurentstorchi290]

The light from the CMB that reaches us is from increasingly further away so it would be interesting to see whether in the future, the CMB will look different in any unexpected way. Part of the CMB that always breaks my mind, is that the universe was already that large at such a young age.

[@KohuGaly]

The CMB we currently see comes from the edge of the observable universe. It quite literally is the heat glow from parts of the universe so far away, that the light only now reached to us. That is the only part of the observable universe shown in the CMB. The CMB from all the parts closer than that edge has already reached us in the past.

[@paulmichaelfreedman8334]

@@laurentstorchi290 The CMB was released about 380,000 years after the big bang itself. The observable universe was pretty big by then but it did have quite some time to get to that size.

[@pXnTilde]

It's gone in the sense that it isn't here. Someone observing at the distance at which the CMB we see is from would see the CMB that originated from here.

[@PaulGreeve]

Dr Lincoln, based on current scientific understanding, as the visible universe expands, does what we get to see of the rest of the universe (stars, galaxies, etcetera) become larger or smaller? Or is what we can currently see all we will ever see? Thanks

[@torqtorq]

If I see the spot on the CMB map, how do I know that 1 degree size corresponds to the flat space? To judge about the flatness of the universe I either have to know the exact size of that spot (which we don't) OR take another measurement of some other object.

[@optikon2222]

In the hypothesized portion of the non visible universe, would there presumably be matter just like in the portion we can observe? If not, then it would be empty -- but likely still subject to the dark energy effects / concepts? Could its gravitational effects be discerned / understood somehow to help shed light on what might actually be beyond that horizon? Looking at CMB only goes so far but what about gravity?

[@jaxzinremy4141]

In quantum tunneling do the different particles have a barrier bias? In a way that each particle has a type of barrier or structure it is more likely to tunnel through than other particles

[@laurentstorchi290]

good question; like can something influence tunneling or is it purely a matter of chance and distance?

[@KohuGaly]

Pretty much yes. For something to be a barrier, it has to interact with a particle in such a way, that the particle needs extra energy to overcome that barrier. So off course, different particles react to different kinds of barriers, due to having different properties. For example, a charged particle can't pass through solid walls, due to the electromagnetic repulsion of atoms of that wall. But for a neutral particle, like a free neutron, the wall almost no barrier at all. The "barrier effect" for them comes from the fact, that a very small part of the wall (by volume) are atomic nuclei, which can interact with the neutron through strong nuclear force. The same applies to neutrinos, but for them it's the weak nuclear force.

[@rolandddo]

Mr. Lincoln, do we know the dark energy levels before the inflation period? Could be related to the theoretical inflaton field? Also, I wonder if the empty space at the beggining could be "full charged" causing the inflation and the big bang overheating, resulting in decreasing that first "inner space energy". In short: dark energy increases with the expansion of space, and decreases to zero in the Big Bang. Would this explain part of the inflation process? Congratulations for your excellent vídeos! I am really enjoying them a lot.

[@wknajafi]

شكرا

[@KohuGaly]

Hey Dr Don Lincoln, I have a suggestion on future topic you might cover. Wolfram Physics. From what I've heard it's a rather novel untraditional approach to fundamental theoretical physics, with some promising degree of (?apparent?) success.

[@video99couk]

16:40 Could we get measurements in the future will less uncertainty?

[@nikolaki]

Dr Don, have you considered Roger Penrose's Conformal Cyclic Cosmology? Do you think it's viable?

[@toppocket2856]

I would also love to hear Don's thoughts on CCC as it is pretty wild.

[@jonassvelander1622]

It's really hard to get a clear idea on that if the universe was once unimaginatively small, what spawned all the matter? Could the buildingblocks of matter really be compressed that much, did the expansion itself somehow spawn these buildingblocks or is the size of the buildingblocks relative to the size of the universe?

[@samuelrodrigues2939]

Hi Don.. in that scale of temperature vs universe time, closer to 0 would mean we need big bang temperature? What would that be? (Infinite? Does it make sense to say this?)

[@dannyb2816]

Hi Don. If gravitational waves have been detected. Given the particle/wave duality in quantum mechanics does this mean gravitons are real too?