A Crash Course In Particle Physics (2 of 2)

Professor Brian Cox of the University of Manchester presents an educational walk, through the fundamentals of Particle Physics.
Disclaimer: The copyright owner provides this content for educational purposes.

[@neildutoit5177]

My favorite part of this video was definitely the gym boi's demonstration of the strong force.

[@bartdart3315]

Its cool to see the Cox in his infancy as a presenter. Also, Higgs particle has been found, in case someone watching did not know.

[@astrogirl1usa]

Great video! My 15 year-old is going to love this! Thanks to Professor Cox, for making particle physics so interesting and easy for the lay person.

[@sumit-qz7gj]

Ur right about that

[@KungFoo1]

They get you with the 13 min part one, and then BOOM part 2 27 minutes :)

[@DownhillAllTheWay]

Yup! It got me.

[@uscovenant2350]

They drew me in, and really hooked me at the end of the first one with a deep example of stacking forces. I mean it's simple itself but when you apply that idea to other things, you make even more sense of things. Always increasing our understanding of the Universe. Little by little. The top physicist in the world are making progress more and more in particle physics. They are aware of things that they have to confirm and then later on, we hear about it.

[@Spacefrog76]

This guy is awesome. I love his enthusiasm.

[@hedwegg]

Note: Continued: "It didn't cover gravity!" 1. To understand gravity by Brian Cox 2. Pleae go to "The Universe - Brian Cox Lecture. 3. Refer to 37:55 - 38:10 etcetera. Comment: 4. Brian Cox affirms Einstein's Theory of Relativity as the best way to understand gravity. 5. In other words Brian Cox affirms, "Symmetry". Love the Fundamental Point, Veritas, Jamieson (Peter)

[@kesco5753]

When things are explained well they make alot of sense.

[@rabahal-maini5704]

I'm A PhD student in Plasma Physics . this video is more interesting. I love it so much. I hope keep in touch with you @Brian Cox

[@dead7380]

Rabah Al-Maini That's incredible!!! I hope to become a particle physicist when I'm older and I agree that this video is excellent, I hope your future in the scientific world goes well!!!

[@HappyfoxBiz]

it's surprising how you can see, touch feel and interact with results while having it explained on all levels from basic such as light gas it goes boom to the understanding of the molecules and understanding how decay works on the particle level so that you can truely understand things in a different level, when an experiment is run so much is happening all at once and it... entrances us

[@sum2automation]

I'm reminded; That what's looking is truly what we are all looking for... Life is an amazing miracle. Fantastic information here but it's time we changed our outlook and rethink our actions today or we won't have a planet earth anymore... Very good upload, thanks!

[@TruthThanks]

i love how im watching this new video about how we need to find the bosom and we just found it 2 weeks ago hahahaha I love it

[@cloudricklloyd1]

This is so awesome! gets me so excited!

[@sohamdave9184]

These two videos are GOAT. They're annoying and filmed at onemegapixxel but watching it is OP. It tells u everything u need to start off learning all the elementary particles. It's lit af.

[@relaxingnature2617]

1 megapixel is 720HD. ..what's wrong with that. ..? ..I watched this at 144p on a phone

[@leighbarton7064]

So we've gone from atomic physics to subatomic physics to particle physics to quantum physics. What if it turns out that our solar system is a single atom in a much larger structure? Or organism?

[@Evghenios79]

Science needs more Brian Coxes who can take complicated concepts and present them to non-physicists.

[@user-ec6kt2fg7m]

Damn I love him so much.

[@dennisjohnson8753]

Great introduction to the subject - thanks

[@uscovenant2350]

Like I mentioned in part 1, the stacking of forces really clicks well with me. Like gravity being one of the top 4 forces we know of besides the 2 nuclear forces, gravity is stacked at every level of the universal structure- for example we can start in the middle- here on earth. (And if things are indeed infinitely small or big, then there's no real "middle". We have only set ourselves as a "zeroing" kinda like we gauge our distance from the Sun as 1 AU. A reference to start from. On our level and then on to galactic scales and light years.

[@andrewpickering5180]

Thank you for your ability to make the very mind-boggling something the world can understand. Could the space between the smallest rotating ' things ' be dark matter? Stay safe and thanks...again

[@dmar9658]

SOUTH CAROLINA WAS HERE TOO. GOOD STUFF

[@arohanuikeahi]

Shari, they don't "trap" them at CERN, they use detectors to trace their trajectories in the nanoseconds before they're annihilated, somewhat like taking a photograph of the collision. Trapping them for use as, say, rocket fuel, is a much, much, much harder problem.

[@stevetrimingham6711]

Really good documentary.

[@matt3505]

Shoutout to the chase future A-level physics students

[@morgancoe2424]

Matthew Sherriff hi there

[@jimmyfong2202]

hello

[@chaotix5820]

Howdy

[@sonlink7170]

Hi

[@dwinsemius]

You might think that there was a hierarchy where the force carrying particles might be massless at the lowest level (the electron and EM fields) and then get more massive as the strengths increased from weak (with the W and Z's) to the strong force (with quark and gluon fields). But the gluons are massless and the protons get most of their their mass from the virtual gluon clouds that surround them. Seems kind of "irregular".

[@davidwilkie9551]

@14:00 min, the wave-package/particle or phase envelopes, Spinfoam bubbles of probability in an extended version of Maxwell's Equations to the Quantum Operator Fields Modulation Mechanism of numerically differentiated probabilities from e-Pi-i resonance imaging, (close enough). Look, perceive, experience, understand the content in terms of the context to see how the event is phased/compounded.., before the theory and reiterative experiments resulting in the understanding of why the concept matches the physical conception of a particular state of in-form-ation. Dirac's preference for reciprocals in mathematical equations, applied to the Polar-Cartesian i-reflection -> transverse orthogonal projection positioning of e-Pi-i resonance imaging, constant creation connection-> holo-graphic pivotal principle as the Universal wave-package, is another version/angle on temporal Superposition-point Singularity/unity... ("a Rose by any other name would smell as sweet", etc etc.. philosophically, that's why the analytical methodology of Science has to define specific elemental meanings to the available/accessible information)

[@jaxxx0101]

LSD?

[@WormulonDCP]

Like electrons, photons are responsible for conveying the electromagnetic charge between constituent quarks as well as leptons. The electromagnetic force has greater range than the strong nuclear force. In order for two protons to overcome electrostatic repulsion, they must have enough kinetic energy to break the coulomb barrier and settle into the range of the strong nuclear force.

[@hankcardinal8069]

antimatter energy harnessed could enable mankind to travel the stars. I am very interested in it's development. One must fist understand that everything we see around us is actually floating matter with lots of space between each particle. Only then would you want to know how these particles are arranged together to form certain objects, like lets say the human body.

[@rickquest6385]

I like Brian Cox but not only is this video very old it repeats it's self for the first few minutes of part 2. I may do a search to see if Brian has anything newer.

[@VladimirZharkov]

@Hank520Tube because the higgs is a massive particle and for particles with mass to just appear, excluding virtual particles, it takes a massive amount of energy because E=MC^2 (Energy = Mass X Speed of Light squared)

[@acarpentersson8271]

If all forces are particles then is there a string of these force particles that connects the electrons to the nucleus? What would cause the force particle to connect or interact to one another and the other particles? Would there then be another particle that explains that? If the Higgs interacts with some particles and not others does this mean there is another set of particles that then connects the Higgs to the particles it interacts with? And why would it not connect to the other particles? I had one question before I found the answer in this 2 part series. Now I have more questions that are pretty much the exact same question but just about more things.

[@a2zhandi]

great analogy.

[@Roedygr]

Since this video was made we have discovered the Higgs Particle.

[@MeesterG]

It's awesome how we, particles, try to understand ourselves.. I'm trying my best, but I think the information and questions will soon explode my brain =p I'm studying only to become a simple teacher in a primary school, but hope to share my curiosity with the students and teach them how to ask questions.

[@colinhume5164]

The basic process is to shoot a proton beam traveling near the speed of light into a block of dense metal. When the protons collide with the nuclei of the metal enough energy is created for positrons to spontaneously form. These positrons are traveling near the speed of light in all directions and very hard to trap. Go to CERN's website - a great place to learn about this and other particle phisics - to find out more.

[@lesjohnson9740]

Thank you Brian, just force gravity, to explain, ( the theory of everything), Se Ved rai, Brian.

[@corneliusdrvanderbilt822]

It has been more than 6 years since LHC proved that Higgs Boson converts Energy to Matter. It has raised more questions of How and Why and When?

[@renecastro5356]

Amazing how this is already considered a bit "old" but ...wow. Very brilliant individuals interviewed. I couldn't help but FEEL some of their excitement and anticipation about what CERN and the LHC's first firing up and first eventual results would unearth. These two little vids left me awestruck and humbled and made all the subjects covered "click" so well for me.

[@JesusGonzalez-gr9wz]

Where is part (3/2)? :( This is too good.

[@SJ-to3dt]

Just a question. How can two "protons" colliding together in the LHC represent the conditions that existed during the creation of the universe? The latter of which might have had a complex combination of a lot of such particles.

[@dhimanroy1671]

Amazing

[@umarfarook1208]

im not physicist but his explanations is very easy to understand

[@bakersfieldmusicnow]

amazing pass it on.

[@rashaseden7062]

13:34 Does anyone else expect a minstrel to jump out, singing, and be chased by Professor Cox, a la “Blackadder”?

[@una_10bananas]

Take a drink every time he says "you need one of these" about the LHC

[@bonniebabird]

A month before this video was posted, Nassim Haramein submitted his theory of what the "strong force" actually IS. He proposed a property of protons that not only unifies both classical physics and quantum physics and mathematically proves the relation of gravity functioning on a quantum level to properties of black hole energy. For his explanations, you should look for the video "'The Connected Universe". Not on You Tube anymore, but maybe you can research his work and obtain access thru The Resonance Science Project.

[@gman9997]

@ windbringer im not wrong dude antineutrons polairty and up and down quarks is different from regular neutrons i wasent saying that they were the same. with out the the neutron the gluons wouldnt be able to bind any of the quarks or excange color charge between the protons and neutrons anti and so forth, so the difference in polarity do matter

[@rhemorigher]

Add to that his intelligence, his traveling the world, his working in places like CERN where people would kill to be and the fact he used to be in relatively successful bands. He exists to make me feel inadequate.

[@KalaRaja313]

So is it safe to suggest these othere particles where finding could makeup other dimensions????

[@JDKnight65]

Am I wrong in thinking that the uncertainty principle means that light itself changes the behavior of things? What I mean is that you cannot observe the actions of a particle on the subatomic level because the photons that hit it and bounce off (allowing you to see it) cause it's actions to change.

[@kepler-444f3]

it's funny how the LHC found the Higgs Particle and that the Gluon interaction actually accounts for mass more than the Higgs Particle/ Field itself.

[@MatthewBendyna]

Oh, I do love the questions. That doesn't mean I won't try to answer them though.:) I don't yet know enough to say that I can't find more information. We'll see if I have to remain content with only this question. Of course, any new discovery will raise yet more questions. I don't know who said this, but "the known is finite, the unknown infinite."

[@adamrspears1981]

photons carry the electromagnetic force. When 2 electrons come near to each other, they swap photons. The swapping is responsible for the 2 like charged electrons to repel. Question: The nucleus of an atom is comprised of multiple protons. I know gluons carry the Strong Nuclear Force and hold the nucleus together. Because the like charged protons repel each other & without the gluons counteract this... If swapping photons cause electrons to repel, then what is swapped causing protons to repel?

[@stanf4610]

Why are the detectors so large? Are the subatomic particles tracked many meters from the collision, or are the electronics just that massive and the collisions are really quite tiny.

[@nathijomac]

Particles are travelling close to the speed of light upon collision (3 x 10^8 m/s), so the produced particles will also be travelling pretty fast. If the detector is 30m thick then it will take the particles 0.1 microseconds to exit (assuming this speed). Also, the detectors are constructed in layers that are design to capture/absorb different types of particles. Generally electrons and photons will get absorbed closer to the center of the detector, then hadrons after that and finally muons towards the exterior (neutrinos are also produced, but these interact extremely weakly and so it's unlikely that these will be captured). There are also different types of detectors to fit in, some detect the trajectories of the particles, others detect the energy deposited by them. All this allows physicists to reconstruct the collisions that happen.

[@ronromeo9914]

Thank you Brian, absorbingly enjoyable.

[@PshhDean]

I wonder how far we would have come if that amount of people were introduced to physics.

[@wmike82]

Glad I'm one of them.

[@izaaguilo]

I'll loved to visit CERNs❤❣

[@TotalKaosEntertainment]

As our knowledge of the universe expands, and our technology, we'll have new ways of thinking and looking at the universe and what we learn. 1000 years ago the universe was looked at with the filter/analogies of the time. The same will be done in 3000 years. We shape the universe with our thoughts, ideas and imagination - the universe is probably not static - so if we computer/think/ect with different views the universe will be different. For example if we were to compute with roman numerals.

[@alkharam9832]

I was learned that the very first person who figured out that electricity and magnetism are actually the same force was James Maxwell. Faraday wasn't good mathematician and he asked James to present his discoveries into mathematics language and when he tried to do that, the equations pointed it is the different manifestation of the very same force. Both Maxwell and Faraday were surprised with this discovery.

[@nichharp]

Can anyone tell me the name of this Show and what channel it was on? Thanks

[@zodiacastro1]

great.

[@WormulonDCP]

Does anyone know the name of the theme played at the very beginning of the video?

[@Andulsi]

@Leonard Zuniga. Maybe and maybe not. I wouldnt be sure about anything anymore

[@DominicHill]

If you watched part 1 you can skip to 1:56 or you can admire those two minutes of Brian all over again.

[@granskare]

I had a Finnish friend who studied nuclear engineering at cern.

[@skwiggsskytower2517]

I hope an updated version of this video is made soon. Now that the higgs has been found I'd like to know if the standard model is actually complete or if it has unlocked a new set of problems to explore.

[@utl94]

PhD student in particle physics here. The Standard model of particle physics could in some sense be thought of as complete nowadays. To some, this is a provocative view but the justification is that the model no longer offers any clear path to solve the additional questions we have about the Universe. The Standard model explains to a remarkable degree every single experiment and experience that has ever taken place on this planet. With one possible exception, the anomalous magnetic dipole moment of the muon worth reading up on, the Standard model seems capable of explaining everything. Yet, it does not explain everything. Gravity is not part of the Standard model and the Theory of gravity holds its own ground that is vastly different from the Standard model way of doing things. Dark matter and dark energy that seems to make up a lot of this Universe has no explanation within the Standard model. The issue is, unlike the problem of how particles acquire mass which was solved by the Higgs mechanism, these problems have no obvious solution within the Standard model framework nor does the model clearly point to a direction in which to look. This is despite a lot of effort from a lot of researchers, of course. Questions remain and the answer may very well lie beyond the Standard model or we simply need to make some additions. We do not know yet.

[@skwiggsskytower2517]

@@utl94 So the standard model has become Schrödingers model. both complete and not complete. XD kidding. Thanks for the response. Not sure which is more shocking. The idea that we have questions that we can't fit into this "complete" model, or that I got a response 9 years later :)

[@dreamperpetual]

@@skwiggsskytower2517 😂

[@peterdorey]

Will post on twitter...

[@MrNINTENDONITUS]

i didn't claim them to be, though i would argue they're both probably better thinkers and scientists then either of us. they have earned respect by being so inspirational to millions of people. Tyson is one of the only people left on the planet, who is in the public sphere and fighting for NASA. that alone earns my respect, never mind how beautifully he speaks about the cosmos. i'd ask you show me some respect too please, if you continue cursing towards me i'll end this conversation.

[@oddviews]

You are right. I live in Thailand and talk to many monks for more than ten years. They joke that Buddhism is only registered as a religion for tax purposes. They have a philosphy of life arising from the teachings of Buddha from 2500 years ago that understands human behaviour. What is interesting is that human behaviour is the same today as it was then. Perceiving and understanding reality is its main goal. Long live common sense!

[@Graham6762]

Are protons bigger in mass than a neutron?

[@gman9997]

what made me figure that out was anti neutrons. I was like well if neutrons don't have an electric charge then how can it possibly have a counterpart if it too has a charge of nothing pretty much. well the answer to that is even though both the matter and anti-matter neutrons have a charge of zero they are still different because their north and south polls are opposite to one another ...it took me a long damn time to figure out that all particles have north and south polls.

[@jdavidrhea]

Cool! This is from before they confirmed the Higgs.

[@zoriusth]

...what if gravity is strong just decreased due to travelling through multiple dimensions

[@ASMRBully]

Colin Hume, please come to the podium to accept you award.

[@TheAmericasarmy]

By north and south poles you mean positive and negative charged poles?

[@Feroxing12]

didn't know James blunt is into physics now

[@DavidLaPoint]

I'm from the future beyond the future you are from. Further research revealed that although it was found to be another particle, but it ended up proving to be of no importance in respect to giving particles mass.

[@101megamax]

Is it just me or is the sound effect at 12:22 the same sound as when energy balls explode in Half Life 2?

[@Alnaught]

Fred is the fundamental unit of epicness

[@gman9997]

i wonder why people don't realize that even though neutrons don't have an electric charge that they still are responsible for keeping the nucleus together even though neutrons don't have an electric charge they still have a north and south poll and that's what keeps the protons together their attraction to the opposite polarity of the north or south poll of the neutrons ....with out the neutrons the protons wouldn't be able to stay together

[@AppleOrPc]

You will cry even more when you relies that it is the same people who watch it again that make up most of the views.

[@kkrr00nnicc420]

no. neutrons decay into protons, positrons, and neutrinos.

[@MaDbEN1995]

there very nearly the same but i think neutron is just slightly bigger :)

[@MrNINTENDONITUS]

it exists because particles react differently with the higgs field, particles that react a lot get greater mass. as for a cause, well that's a bit more complex. our macro plain of existence is full of cause and effect, but when you shrink down to sub atomic levels quantum law takes over. reality becomes less certain, it becomes probability, because of this, completely random events can occur. so it's actually possible that there's no cause. mind blowing right? :)

[@jakeyw11]

having a large Hardon Collider is a good way to get kicked out of a wrestling match.

[@khodges72]

Well said

[@DaveAmico]

Thank you for this elegant historical perspective on elementary particle physics. You will do well to squelch the nay sayers, if only to breathe. Although, I'm sure other perspectives are worth a listen.

[@NomadUniverse]

Do your Higgs Analogy now, Brian, and see how much you slow down!!

[@petercnm]

that the Higgs is called the Higgs boson, that's something we cannot change anymore. But if Prof. Cox mentions the theory behind it, i feel it is appropriate to mention Belgian physicists François Englert and Robert Brout, who presented the theory a short time before Higgs, and were awarded the Nobel prize together with Peter Higgs. (actually Robert Brout already passed away by that time). A bit too much of British chauvinis here...

[@sushobhankumarmandal9103]

Had fun the way he introduced massless particle by describing himself as less popular lecturer @21:50

[@mickelodiansurname9578]

Rather counter intuitively had the higgs not been discovered then a new direction in particle physics would probably now be under way. Apart from the obvious which is 'so whats wrong with the standard model' the last few times this happened it led to huge advances in both understanding and discovery and applications. So the finding of the higgs might actually have set some of that back!

[@doc2590]

I heard someone say once. When we understand the rules of the game then we can start playing.

[@hbunnyo]

We knew that energy and mass are the same thing. Only matter is a really dense form of energy. That's what we get from E=mc^2. We don't know why mass can only move very slowly through space-time. What separates mass from energy in this sense? The Higgs Field. To prove that, we need the Higgs particle. Perhaps if we understood it enough we could create a bubble of sorts that can allow mass to move at the speed of light. Probably a whole bunch of other stuff too.

[@IAmTheNoodleFish]

This is completely off topic, but my god, Brian Cox has beautiful hands.

[@frost1947]

I flirted with the idea of gravity having a familiarity with perspective, in a manner, not unlike that of Einstein's relativity, regarding the "pull" or "push" of its effect and evidenced in the recent observation of a reversal in gravity's effect at the periphery of space, would one see a credulity in this?

[@zipsteri]

They are building a special linear accelerator in Japan to specifically rediscover the Higgs boson! Can someone comment on this? thank you.

[@arjanstam78]

Linear?! How long will THAT thing be?! At CERN, they are hoping to find four more, say, Higgs-like particles, and maybe even particles beyond the standard model of particle physics (WIMPs, the elusive dark matter, perhaps), although these might currently be difficult to detect.

[@arjanstam78]

Update on that: You must be referring to the ILC, that *was* planned to be 33.5 km long. www.scientificamerican.com/article/physicists-shrink-plans-for-next-major-collider/

[@MrNINTENDONITUS]

i've different degrees of certainty about everything but i'm entirely certain of nothing, my opinions can always change. i care because i want to know all possible belief systems so as that i can make an informed decision. if what you believe is more plausible to me than what i currently believe then i'd like to know what it is.

[@baruchben-david4196]

It's a shame that all the geniuses who comment here aren't doing science. They could straighten out the confused working scientists and solve all the problems right away.

[@ibizenco]

A Higgs boson sits at a bar, when the phone rings. Says the Higgs boson to the bartender: "If that's a scientist, say you haven't seen me." I wonder which 42 people have 'downvoted' this? (This video, not the joke above.)

[@GuillermoLowe]

Americans.

[@johnward2509]

Don't know, but they must be the ones who constitute THE ANSWER (life, the universe and everything). Don't you scientific lot try to tell me it's coincidence.

[@dd11111]

I don't get the joke would you mind explaining it to me?

[@user-ec6kt2fg7m]

Whahaha

[@user-ec6kt2fg7m]

David Whitehead well it’s as Brian said the Higgs particle was Hypothetical at the time of the video it’s only after that they found it so this joke was perfect at the time of the video but now it’s just a classic since we know It exists. PS:- It’s called god particle, not entirely because churches don’t like but because it’s an abbreviation of Goddamn particle. Since research papers can’t be abusive, hence God particle. Edit: deleted the extra because.

[@jagrcantakeyou]

I'm from your future, and I remember that.

[@imarsenalman]

I get it now, Sheldon Cooper is not crazy after all!