A Super Volcano Killed the Neanderthals | Full Science Documentary - Part 2

[@get.factual]

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[@toddtyler6655]

Ty❤❤❤😂❤😂😂😂😂😂😂😂😂😂😂😂😂😂😂😂😂😂😂😂😂😂😂😂😂😂😂😂😂😂😂😂😂😂t😂😂t😂😂😂😂😂😂😂t😂😂😂😂😂😂😂😂😂😂😂😂😂😂😂😂😂😂😂😂😂😂😂😂😂😂😂😂😂😂😂t

[@budawang77]

Much better than expected. Despite the overly dramatic music it was full of great information. Well done.

[@dandrechesterfield5411]

glad im not the only one who notices dramatic music in documentaries

[@winterroadspokenword4681]

Hahaha they must have hired the mission impossible editing team

[@tiedyehobo]

​@@dandrechesterfield5411 no, there's a few other panty waste out there. You're not alone.

[@pvilla24]

@@dandrechesterfield5411 Absolutely. Why producers can't figure out how the silly dramatic music ruins the experience completely.?

[@avivapadrutt7952]

I always loved the books of Mrs Jean M Auel. In her saga many things were described, even before the evidence was found. I highly can recommend it for anyone, who is interested in how are ancestors lived. Thank you for the great documentory.

[@brendadefazio8497]

I'm reading part 3 now. I love the detail of her books. She makes you feel like you are there ☺️☺️☺️

[@barbarabarlow1535]

Clan of the Cave Bear❤

[@Islandgirl2133]

One of my favorite series ever.

[@craigkdillon]

I suspect that the Neanderthal did NOT go extinct in the normal meaning of that word. I think they may have suffered a population collapse for any number of reasons. After which, they did NOT die off -- they were assimilated into the modern human population. That would also explain the fairly high percentage of Neanderthal genome in our DNA.

[@silverwiskers7371]

id be likely to agree indeed, to me it makes more sence that they were absorbed into our dna

[@briangard951]

I think that is what happened too - I have been watching KZbin videos on Neanderthal and it seems logical to me that they interbreed and eventually the Neanderthal traits where diluted into Homo Sapiens genome and became essential not distinct species - but rather modern European humans.

[@meacadwell]

That is one hypothesis scientists have. That Neanderthal lived in several pockets where many died out but other Neanderthals intermingled and were assimilated.

[@craigkdillon]

@@meacadwell I realize that. I was not suggesting that I was the first and only with that idea. It makes the most sense. It explains their demise, and explains why we have 4% our DNA being Neanderthal.

[@TheShootist]

@@meacadwell more than several pockets. neander morphology extremes and dna studies do more than suggest that there were many isolated populations of Homo with thousands or 10s of thousands of years between contact.

[@catw6274]

WoW. This was one of the best documentaries I've ever seen. Absolutely fascinating. Great voice over artist too (so important). I took a geology class over the Summer semester and am just blown away by the entire field. It's amazing what geologists can piece together. So much respect for these scientists. To learn about the actual history of the Neanderthals was incredible, answered a lot of questions for me. Thank you!!

[@cobrick7570]

The only downside to the video was the loud dramatic music. Would have been so much better without it.

[@chrismay25]

@@cobrick7570 the music makes it great to watch while multitasking or just listening while driving without video ;)

[@ekesandras1481]

the voice over was the reason why I almost clicked away. I don't like this sensationalist tone that seems to be a fashion in all American documentaries.

[@craigkdillon]

Geology -- the best way to get stoned.

[@alysononoahu8702]

@@craigkdillon you rock

[@kristinarnesen3152]

If storing fat is a neanderthal tray, I'm probably 99 % neanderthal 😅

[@helenaziegler6005]

Me too 😅

[@mcchuggernaut9378]

This is why I worry about a huge volcanic eruption more than any other potential danger to mankind. Enough ash in the air could halt global food production, and just one failed growing season could wipe out society due to mass starvation. We already have food production problems, can you imagine a world-wide food production halt? All of us are dependent on farming. Most of us produce no food and are entirely dependent on a small number of farmers. Civilization would collapse overnight. Very few of us would survive, and it would be like going back to the stone age. I don't want to live through that. 90% of us would just starve to death.

[@meatavoreNana]

Fat people like me would last longer

[@sarahb.6475]

The southern hemisphere is already suffering cooler temps because of the Jan 2022 eruption of that sea mount (volcano) - what is its name? Tonga? Anyway it erupted and threw a ton of moisture into the air. Causing problems.

[@AndyJK45]

Unfortunately it is bound to happen at some time in the next few hundred thousand years.

[@bastiaanstapelberg9018]

Het is slechts een kwestie van tijd.

[@helentaylor7132]

I worry more about unhinged Putin and his nukes.

[@RichardASalisbury1]

This episode and its predecessor are one of the best documentaries I've seen anywhere: informative, convincing, and moving. To me the Neanderthal have seemed for a long time be little if at all inferior to us, our sadly lost brothers and sisters. Thank you so much!

[@RichardASalisbury1]

@@johnnyjericho8472 Your point would be?

[@arcotroll8530]

@@johnnyjericho8472 Why not? Our DNA is 5% Neanderthal allready anyway. We could very well have co-existed all this time and even mingle into a new human species.

[@mohammadjaveed1354]

Don't worry Now you have 7 billion brothers and sisters.

[@RichardASalisbury1]

@@mohammadjaveed1354 Well, by my lights I have about 8 billion living siblings.

[@timhallas4275]

They certainly were not our brothers and sisters. They donated some DNA to our genome and for that we are indebted, but they were a different species, not much closer to us than the Homo-Erectus, who we have also received some DNA, present in modern day Negros.

[@grandpadavid45]

Awesome program! Thank you for posting.

[@bvalt1]

It actually does explain what happened to the western populations, less resources, and global volcanic winter also impacted their populations. They estimate it as less than 20,000 survived, 30% of their genome now exists in modern humans, so they interbred, and assimilated into human culture, and genetically passed on 30%+ of their genome to us humans, same with the Denisovans, who lived further east near the Himalayas. This is why Sherpa's don't need oxygen to climb Mt. Everest. A higher mammal species which has been separated for less than 1 million years, is actually still the same species, they can and do interbreed on the boderlands of their respective territories, this is why dogs and wolves, and coyotes, and dingos, and African wild dogs can all still interbreed, and still have viable offspring that aren't sterile and can reproduce. They are less than 1 million years removed from their common ancestors therefore they are in fact the same species, as we were with Neanderthals. Like a Mexican Hairless, and an English Mastif are the same species, just widely varied versions of it.

[@satyamdua7632]

Cant say the same species but whatever fits for u !

[@proudamerican7662]

@@satyamdua7632 The story is still developing. As a boy, I learned the Neanderthals were dumb brutes, they went extinct, modern humans were a separate species, therefore, couldn't produce offspring, couldn't speak, but now we are learning the opposite. I know one thing, Neanderthals could survive in an environment that we could only last a few days at best.

[@concernedamerican6961]

Your theory actually makes sense, thanks.

[@ricf9592]

I must have Denisovan DNA. I'm 62 years old and have a VO2 Max of 81.0 mL/kg/min. I barely have to breath.

[@concernedamerican6961]

@@ricf9592 Yikes, how crazy is that? I think Doctors intubate patients at 85-88%. 😮

[@CwL-1984]

if some modern folks have neanderthal DNA doesn't that mean that the neanderthal lives on?

[@ottodidakt3069]

up to 5% of European DNA, up to 2-3% of Asian DNA ... they didn't disappear due to a super volcano or otherwise we wouldn't be here neither ! It remains an un answered question, the mystery grows deeper when you factor in more recent discoveries that suggest they mastered coastal navigation and other unexpected stuff. It seems we didn't kill them off so what was it ?!

[@tarhunta2111]

Of course they live on.Thats what History is all about.

[@amberkat8147]

Some of us have small percentages of Neanderthal DNA, doesn't mean the species as a whole has survived. Just part of their genetic code.

[@anndriggers6660]

Yes it does! That's exactly what it means. It looks to me like the Neanderthals were the most successful hominids in the history of the world!

[@CwL-1984]

@@anndriggers6660 they have use beat by a full million years

[@sheldonwheaton881]

Those archeologists must have gotten a rush when they realized what they had in that cave!

[@bubblesk.9599]

Yup and highest bidder wins.

[@bluenose7984]

We've known for decades that we possess Neanderthal Genes and hence there was interbreeding! It's not a big jump to think we lived side by side.

[@Onora619]

23&Me claims I have an abnormally high amount of neanderthal DNA (like 80% higher than the average 23&Me user) and assuming the test is correct, I'm totally proud to be their descendant now. XD

[@Pepinyo33]

That is really cool :)

[@Taldaran]

95% percenter here. Pleased to meet you cousin!

[@reginaromsey]

More than 99% says twenty three and me. But that is only about 2% of that huge amount of information in my DNA.

[@sarahb.6475]

I have read recently that they were carnivores. And I do best on an almost all meat diet. Just realized now by watching this it could be caused by my DNA! I react to grains, produce, etc. As the years go by there is less + less I can eat without reacting but I do great on grass fed beef / lamb plus organic prunes! I need to check what my % number is on 23+me (as I am lousy at recalling numbers)... But I just don't get sick while on this diet. And on 0 meds at almost 51 YO.

[@PeterMaddison2483]

@@sarahb.6475 Thats amazing. After reading your post, I think we all should have our DNA tested as it may help us live a healthier life like you are.

[@susannewicht7570]

Thank you for this great documentary. It was so fascinating.

[@chrisbassett8996]

it is incredible that the earth can be wiped clean and yet we are still here. the scary part is that it could happen again.

[@TheNelly77]

It WILL happen again. It's only the ego of humans that would think otherwise.

[@tedsell1455]

Needs to Happen Again 😎

[@grs6262]

Will happen again.

[@concernedamerican6961]

It will definitely happen again, it's how this planet rolls. It's a roll of the dice as to which generation of people will be the unlucky ones. The Dinosaur extinction lead to the mammals ruling the earth. It's also why Elon Musk is so focused on setting up a human colony on Mars, he doesn't want human beings to become extinct.

[@rashone2879]

We’re still here because Earth wasn’t wiped clean. Enough survived to carry on, and that’s what would happen again, those who would not survive would be the obese, people who never exercise, as well as all those people dependent on technology to think for them…Alexa, what time is it?

[@kurtfranklin2604]

I had a look on GEDmatch which tells me my DNA was matched with two ancient Neanderthals in Vindija cave in Croatia dated at 38 and 40 thousand years ago (33.16 and 33.25) which gives me a very real connection to their extinction. I don't have a lot of their DNA but I note that as a small framed female I've always been naturally stronger than most people my age and like your description of Neanderthals I do poorly in warm weather and am very adaptable in any situation. I also have a lot of other ancient DNA - I love archaeogenetics. add on: I know what I know by reading or watching video research conducted by professionals, not by guessing and listening to others who don't know anything at all about DNA on a professional level.

[@raysalmon6566]

pretty doubtful there was any connection at all there is way to much said about DNA that doesn't exist

[@raysalmon6566]

@Jon Argentina lots of things are said about BNA that are only assumptions especially that long ago.

[@harrietharlow9929]

How did they find out that it was from Vindija Cave.

[@Drogbeorn]

Kurt is a funny name for a female

[@johnstewart3998]

Ìooooooooooooooooooooooooo

[@TheTir1962]

We didn’t go extinct, we married up and melted into society. Red hair is a beautiful gene!! 😎

[@kevinquist]

LOL. 🤣

[@serena-yu]

That is another live theory, since we found there were likely a lot more modern humans (sapiens) than Neandertals when they co-existed and the gene percentage could probably be just the ratio of Neandertals vs sapiens population when they married and blended up.

[@michaelsimmons261]

Yes Sir! you have got that right!!😀...I can take freezen cold(working in Alaska)and boiling heat(living in Arizona).

[@teoperez203]

@@michaelsimmons261 jajajaaa and we Mexicans too,I'm from acapulco,and I've been singing la bamba in January freezing my booty in Fort McMurray alberta.

[@aurorathekitty7854]

All European and Asian descendents have a small amount of Neanderthal DNA in them.

[@kelliepatrick519]

While visiting Yellowstone National Park in the 70's when I was in my early teens, I remember very clearly arguing with a Park Ranger that the entire area was a huge volcano caldera (It was not publicly known at that time that it was a super-volcano). Either the Park Ranger didn't know, or he didn't want me starting a panic, lol.

[@patricknoveski6409]

Or both. Ha.

[@michaelsimmons261]

I remember looking at a globe of the earth as a child and thinking that the Continents once fit together...recently at age 60 working on a 400ft fish processing vessel in the Pacific going for weeks without seeing land...WOW!

[@walther7147]

We have a lively Hotspot under Germany and only less people want to know that. It can burst any time. There isnt even an evacuation plan.

[@chriscraven33]

Got a F in geography because I said there was one big land mass and then land split apart, like a puzzle, the continents fix together, Pangea. We were told the sun burn hydrogen and the oxygen is going run out.

[@TheShootist]

In 1851, mountain man Jim Bridger described the Yellowstone area to the Jesuit priest Pierre Jean DeSmet. The resulting Bridger-DeSmet map notes a "Great Volcanic Country about 100 miles in extent" between the Firehole River and Yellowstone Lake. Bob Christiansen from the United States Geological Survey discovered the Yellowstone caldera in the 1960s

[@roonilwazlib3089]

Improvise, adapt and overcome... they’re not wiped out, they’re in our genes 🧬

[@mannyk2755]

Only the ones interbred got the genes. The pure breed got wiped out!

[@Hypnobunny1]

Fascinating yet frightening documentary. Brilliantly done 👍

[@jonathanrice1070]

There is some irony to have one’s grandchildren in the very distant future debating about what caused your extinction.

[@stoobydootoo4098]

Not irony - impossibility. If you have grandchildren the species has not become extinct.

[@stephenmcbeancummings7091]

The Neanderthals were some of the toughest smartest most adoptable resourceful creatures the worlds had ever seen until we came along.

[@GoDodgers1]

You should know, you were there.

[@stephenmcbeancummings7091]

@@zipperpillow yes modern humans.

[@stephenmcbeancummings7091]

@@GoDodgers1 of course I do I wrote that what I saw on clash of the caveman.

[@Kush333]

I wouldn't say the smartest. They were cavemen.

[@stephenmcbeancummings7091]

@@Kush333 ep but they were our ancestors cousins.

[@redriver6541]

Thanks for sharing this video with us. You have a fantastic channel.

[@philippeherve901]

Great video answering many questions

[@terryhughes7349]

Incredible documentary. Can't believe there is an Ice Core lab storing all this information.

[@intricatic]

As a Neanderthal myself, I'm terribly mortified at the suggestion that a supervolcano could extirpate us.

[@ciprianpopa1503]

Could?! What wording is that?

[@ΜιχάληςΚουρουπάκης-ι7ν]

What irritates me unimaginably in European and especially American documentaries is the constant repetition of what was said a while ago. Why [in a 50 minutes film] do I have to hear five and six times or more that "a skull was found in the cave and…"? Wouldn't it be better to have a continuous flow of information?

[@jahuti5065]

It's because the original televised version was interrupted by constant commercial breaks and they felt the need to "recap" after each break. This style of documentary is a pain in the fundament.

[@vavilovasvetlana9044]

a strong and great impression of the film.Thanks to the creators of "Science Documentary".

[@mumblesbadly7708]

This supervolcano extinction hypothesis doesn’t explain why Neanderthals who lived west of that event didn’t survive much longer.

[@sandibaker4108]

Due to the explosion, the sun is blocked, water is poisoned. Game became hard to get which lead to cannibalism.

[@george2113]

If the population drops below a critical level, bad genes build up, equivalent to sickle cell anemia and Tay-Sachs disease. fumarase deficiency, an enzyme irregularity that causes severe mental retardation brought on by cousin marriage, doctors say

[@tomhenry897]

Then how did we survive

[@chichodormi4732]

we did not

[@NullHand]

Large volcanic eruptions amplify winter. Places that never had a winter might get one (or several) . Any place that has winter will see worse ones, and a population living where peri-glacial winters are barely suvivable as it is.....

[@TheOriginalHairyMan]

Very well produced documentaries.

[@unicornbunny7866]

Who said the Neanderthals are extinct? The Europeans are the Neanderthals.

[@bleikrsound6127]

As an audio tech., it would be interesting to know how Neanderthals’ voice sounded.

[@earljohnson2113]

They sounded a lot like Jim Nabors. 🤔

[@stevenbalderstone709]

Excellent production, well done!

[@hensonlaura]

Dude, they didn't make it, get real.

[@iftikharawwal6188]

Excellent documentary . Thanks .

[@get.factual]

Glad you liked it!

[@hannobaali_makendali]

@@get.factual NEANDERTALBINO PALEPERS. Ask King BALDWIN IV the LEPER (albino) of Herusalem ??? MICHAEL BRADLEY told us unpleasant TRUTH about Cauc’asian NEANDERTALBINO mutation from MELANDIGENALS in His masterpiece THE ICEMAN INHERITANCE. When NEANDERTALBINOS find those unpleasant TRUTHS they automatically have COGNITIVE DISSONANCE.

[@kellymeggison9418]

I dont personally believe that they disappeared all that quickly, to be honest! I think they were bread out of existence over many thousands of years, living and interacting with Cro Magnon and others for the last 40,000 years of thier lives!

[@sawahtb]

bred. I think they had more than one issue, including inter-breeding. Small population, great distances a part. Bad climate issues. It can add up.

[@anndriggers6660]

I agree. We only find a minuscule amount of human fossils, which only represents a tiny fraction of actual people that lived. Also, we know that we mixed with them immediately upon encountering them so it was probably just a matter of interbreeding to the point of where we are now. What we find in the archaeological record really just represents full-blooded Neanderthals which doesn't say anything, really, except the point at which modern humans came in contact with them. We ARE neanderthal hybrids!

[@carllennen3520]

You do realize that a period is the proper punctuation to end sentences, right? Yelling every sentence just makes you look like a crazy person, yelling nonsense. No one can take you seriously when you do that!!!!!!!!!!

[@kelliepatrick519]

I think so, too. Whenever the first Sapien/Neanderthal hybrids were born, I think later sapiens migrating into those areas interacted with the hybrids and their offspring, not with the last remaining true Neanderthals. I suspect that the hybrids and their descendants were supremely adapted, getting the best gene flow from both groups. [edit: On the other hand, the hybrids and their descendants would likely have lived in the exact area that was covered by the Vesuvius Ash (the middle area between Africa and Europe), so if they were wiped out....?]

[@wadetaylor1299]

@@sawahtb had all them issues but lasted longer than we been here 🤔

[@touchofgrey5372]

When I was in the Navy - Meridian, Ms - (yep, Navy!) this Petty Officer 1st class took me on a trip to find arrowheads, made of stone. I mean, they were like new! I wish I had kept a couple of them.

[@george2113]

That's where the main character in Hell on wheels came from

[@pappy451]

@@george2113 great series ! one of the best IMO .

[@davidnoot4995]

I wonder what other hominids, that were small in number, met their fate from that volcano.

[@lukedarsey4134]

I'm sure the harsh conditions made surviving through their entire childhood much more rare and difficult.

[@jezalb2710]

What makes you say so😃

[@meacadwell]

@@jezalb2710 There are a plethora of reasons why. Depending upon the location, there could be a shortage of food or water so they'd eat anything they could obtain and they still could have died of malnutrition. Or there may not have been enough fuel to stay warm let alone to cook food meaning a greater chance of getting parasites or bacterium when eating raw meat or drinking unsanitary water. If there's not enough water to drink then there's certainly not enough to wash meaning potentially deadly skin rashes could occur or wounds weren't washed so infection or sepsis set in. If getting food was too difficult then possibility people too young were drafted to help hunt, and getting hurt or killed. Or experienced hunters would be more desperate and get themselves hurt meaning one less person available to hunt meaning even less food available. There are so many scenarios possible it's mind boggling any survived at all.

[@jezalb2710]

@@meacadwell it was a rhetorical question

[@meacadwell]

@@jezalb2710 Then you should have said so.

[@margaretnesbeth593]

@@meacadwell if they survived for thousands of years they would have perfected a survival method that served them well throughout that time, so why would they suddenly cave in under the supposed circumstances put forward here, which I dismiss, they did not go extinct, that doesn't make sense, they survived by mixing with homo sapiens, simple.

[@cellgrrl]

My sister's DNA revealed 5% Neanderthal. I thought it was common knowledge that the two groups intermixed.

[@jakechua6360]

Common to Caucasoid u know big nose prominent skull structure

[@paulingvar]

It is approx 2 % in all people outside sub-Saharan Africa

[@CountvonCount33]

So what was your percentage?

[@cellgrrl]

@@CountvonCount33 I have never had a DNA test done. I don't think I have to be equal to my sister, but I am pretty sure I have some Neanderthal.

[@CountvonCount33]

@@cellgrrl Yea ok, I was just curious as to how much gets passed on per person what with you both having the same (I assumed) parents thats all.

[@JanSolo555]

I’m so excited for this documentary, then at about 4:10 or so the narrator said the words, “underwater river.” What river is not under water? I think he should have said subterranean river.

[@amberkat8147]

I think you're right about what they meant in context, but there actually are rivers underwater, of water that is much saltier and thus denser. They look very similar to normal rivers, but I'm not aware of anything that can survive in them. There's bound to be some extremophile that can, but I don't know about them.

[@JanSolo555]

@@amberkat8147 except for the top layer of water molecules, all rivers, fresh water or salt water, are underwater. I am aware of the phenomena you’re talking about.

[@titanrahlgaming]

There are worldwide locations known for underwater rivers, look into them.

[@JanSolo555]

@@titanrahlgaming all rivers are underwater.

[@no_peace]

And fewer people would have understood it

[@romanbennifir6020]

Because Neanderthal haplotypes rarely have deleterious alleles at the same sites that human haplotypes do, they are protective against deleterious human variation, despite the fact that they have a much higher recessive burden than human haplotypes.

[@judyklein3221]

I'm proud to know I have Neanderthal DNA in me. Even the gene for obesity, straight hair and pale skin. I believe they were very admirable people. Thank you for this documentary series.

[@mirandamom1346]

Enjoyed both parts of this documentary. But, oh, that soundtrack 😢!

[@KINGFAROOQ1216]

Also besides volcanic activity in the area they inhabited while having a low population, there was also a asteroid strike around Greenland the YDS extinction, off the top of my head I can't remember if that was the exact one but it was pretty large and would cause more volcanic eruptions. I just like to think given there larger brains and longer run on the planet then our current run, we should think some of them were more intelligent then us and some were not. Chance and luck let's consider more instead of ego. We "outcompeted" them, should be removed from any textbook. I know thanks to the internet our knowledge in the last 20 years skyrocketed but the experts we first used did not have access to this knowledge and still teach silly ideas

[@BenSHammonds]

very enjoyable program, the Carpathian cave and skull are fascinating as is the study from the cores taken beneath that lake in Germany.

[@tazkrebbeks3391]

Okay so Neanderthal and Modern Man lived at the same time may even coexisted in the same caves. So then why would a volcano wipe out only the Neanderthals and not modern human? That doesn't make any sense to me. But what do I know

[@marysueeasteregg]

Two possibilities come immediately to mind; there are probably others. Modern humans could have been more widespread, and thus able to weather the disaster better. And/or modern humans were better able to change/adapt to new conditions. It is my understanding that Neanderthal tool-making was static over the course of their existence, compared to "our" tools, for instance.

[@ahklys1321]

My best guess is that, it was the hybridization that saved all other humans, other that sub Saharan Africans. But the pure humans and pure Neanderthals were essentially wiped out. That's what they seem to be saying??

[@tazkrebbeks3391]

@@ahklys1321 hmm.

[@berightback1381]

Loved watching it. Thanks.

[@thorn.charmer]

This was a fantastic pair of documentaries. I had never heard the theory that they were wiped out by a volcano. I learned so much from this (and I want to learn how to make my own stone knives now lol). Thank you.

[@nickinurse6433]

It's so sad to hear people gush over a doc that takes real science n makes a wrong conclusion. Neanderthals didnt go extinct from a super volcano or we would also have been wiped out as we coexisted

[@bonsummers2657]

There wasn't the obesity epidemic until humans switched to a combination of too much calories from refined carbohydrates, and the ingestion of seed oils,… which majorly got going in the latter 20th century. Before the late 20th century obesity was much less common.

[@DialecticDeveloper]

Interesting how history documentaries always show lots of climate change and storms and often in short time periods, even though no gas-powered vehicles or coal plants existed at that time.

[@proudamerican7662]

Great observation! Humans, however, have caused their own demise by altering their environment. It's fascinating!

[@DialecticDeveloper]

Do you mean by creating hundreds of millions of EV's and turbines in short time that will damage the environment in massive foreseeable & unforeseeable ways?

[@bigsprucerabbitry6238]

And notice how one big volcano can make a whole chunk of humans go poof. Makes you think climate change isn't that great for human survival and we should research possible ways to prevent it...

[@xhaltsalute]

Amazing isn't it?

[@prophetzarquon]

Yeah, the climate change we've initiated is going to make those of the geologic record look mundane by comparison... 20x the output of the world's volcanoes each year, & our rate of increase is still accelerating. Only a truly devastating supervolcano erupting _continuously,_ could outstrip humanity's emissions from the last decade.

[@jamesruscheinski8602]

as interbreeding with Neanderthals helped Sapiens deal with cold; could interbreeding with Sapiens have weakened Neanderthals somehow, similar to diseases killing Native Americans when Europeans arrived?

[@lauriebolles3149]

I have often felt Neanderthal ran in my family you could see it in my father's and brother's eyebrow and nose (just a bit toned down). Our ancestry hailed from Lincolnshire, Swineshead UK.

[@adoreus1258]

Yes, they live in us, and in some more than in others. Just check Nikolai Valuev.

[@Talleyhoooo]

Facial features from Neanderthals wouldn’t be expressed genetically. Sorry to burst your bubble.

[@CountvonCount33]

@@adoreus1258I just looked him up and I see what you mean. Lol!

[@musclecarfan74]

Great 2 part documentary

[@jamesburnett7085]

3:49: "Through an underwater river". Someone please tell me what an underwater river is. I have been in a cave that featured an UNDERGROUND RIVER, but underWATER rivers would have to be underwater. Is this whole cave under water, or what?

[@prophetzarquon]

Yeah, they probably meant "underground river". I think an "underwater river" would be a river that flows through caverns beneath a lake.

[@TUAREGZEPHYR]

Don't put nonsensical music in the background if you want us to listen to what is spoken

[@KaptainKyle_27]

Does anybody know if there is any Gene Sequencing done for the Denisovans?

[@sithlordhibiscus9936]

Some, yes. Found in modern day asians via interbreeding. Associated with high altitude adaptability. But no full specimen has yet to be found.

[@Bitchslapper316]

We only found a few bones from that species but there was DNA and scientists were able to sequence it.

[@nmarbletoe8210]

@@Bitchslapper316 Yes, sequenced full genome at high coverage! The cold preserved it well.

[@Nubiansage1]

One technology that was overlooked, is that Homo sapiens had the Bow and Arrow. Evidence was found in South Africa going back 70,000 years ago.

[@Deebz270]

We call events such as an erruption of a super-volcano - a 'Black Swan Event'... An extra-terrestrial bolide (comet or asteroid impact) would be another example. But Black Swan events tend to be random, rare and mostly unexpected at the time of their occurence, with outcomes that can vary in intensity and impact. A Black Swan event is usually pretty devastating to whatever life succumbs to such an event, yet is regarded as mostly hypothetical... Until it happens thus; such an event could pose an existential threat to all life on Earth, depending upon the size of the event. . Yet a catastrophic event of equal proportions, if not greater than a mere super-volcano erruption, or an ETB impact is in fact underway... The Earth's biosphere is in the early stages of shifting its state of thermoequilibrium from 'ice-house' state (glaciations) to hot-house/greenhouse' state; a complete lack of cryosphere [ice-sheets, glaciers, permafrosts, sea-ice]. As has been clearly pointed-out in this documentary - modern humans (and neanderthalensis) emerged at the height of the last great glaciation period - the pleistocene, the coolest period in Earth's history since the Karoo glacial period - 360-260 Ma [Late Devonian/Carboniferous/Middle Permian], which ironically happened to coincide with the sequestration of vast amounts of carbon in the laying-down and formation of most of the global coal deposits. Those very same fossil-fuel deposits that humans have been burning for the last two millennia, but increased exponentially during the industrial revolution [1750 - 1900] and beyond into the 20th century where other hydrocarbons were refined and preferred; oil and natural gas (CH4). Thus humans have - anthropogenically - released these deposits of sequestered carbon to the modern-day atmosphere in the form of CO2 and other greenhouse gasses [ghgs] and sulphates. It is these emissions that are the primary forcing on atmospheric heat retention and global warming; causing the retreat of the cryosphere and triggering self-reinforcing feedbacks and tipping-points. Humans are thus better equipped to adapt to cool to temperate climatic conditions, than temperate to hot (Greenhouse) conditions, where direct heat exhuastion and wet-bulb (high relative humidity) temperatures will take their toll on all animals - especially humans. Because of the scale of such emissions over humankind's history, particularly driven by the exponential rate of human population expansion and thus civl and economic growth, those emission pathways increased accordingly. Due to dynamic inertia comprising of numerous self-reinforcing feedback loops; oceanic thermal uptake and residence time of ghgs (latency), the anthropogenic global warming trend is now considered - *irreversible* by those not in denial, or addicted to hopium, or faith. Mass Extinction Events [MEE] are a fact of life... And death, on planet Earth and no species is necessarilly immune to such events, least of all puny mammals or large vertebrates. Running parallel and in lockstep with anthropogenic global warming is the current (anthropogenic) MEE; the only MEE to have been driven by one species - Homo sapiens-''sapiens'' [modern 'wise' humans]. It seems quite feasible that the current MEE might even by Earth's FINAL MASS EXTINCTION. Especially when taking into account the anthropogenic legacies... Just imagine all those 440+ nuclear generating plants without mainenance; especially the spent fuel cooling ponds... Then imagine the release of ionizing radionuclides to atmosphere, in so doing depleating the ozone regions; the outcome of which will be the irradiation of Earth's terrestrial and pelagic regions by lethal UV-B/C radiation from insolation [the suns heat/light energy input to the Earth's biospheric system]. Very few if any organisms will survive, at the very least evolution will be reverted to pre-cambrian levels. Quite an 'achievement' to be the only species, that not only knows itself and order of nature to a considerable extent, in so doing, realising that Earth is so-far a rare and unique planet that is known to foster life, yet the only species to have simultaneously and irrevocably affected the Earth's delicate biospheric balance/state of homeostasis AND caused the likely FINAL MEE. We have other medals on our chest, far too numerous to mention... 💀☠💀

[@meatavoreNana]

That caving bit will give me nightmares tonight,,,,No bloody way

[@SyriusStarMultimedia]

You have to be a very brave and special person to walk around an active volcano.

[@southwerk]

Is that a kind way of saying "crazy?"

[@george2113]

Now when you say special. ..

[@darrinwebber4077]

Nah.,. Just got to be careful.

[@mottthehoople693]

what happens if you dont know its a volcano? If I blindfolded you and parked you on a boat in the middle of Lake Taupo what would you think?

[@mottthehoople693]

if a super volcano erupted tomorrow society as we know it would be over...and we wouldnt need to be anywhere near it

[@Baz7575]

great vid , fire the editor

[@oneshothunter9877]

What? Why? Lol 😁

[@jabadabadu7089]

Very pessimistically, we will become extinct at some point. We don't know when that will happen and it doesn't matter. What is important for us as a species is to keep the peace between us and progress itself. But we forget that because we are too comfortable.

[@CountvonCount33]

Totaly agree ....... Comfortable to the point of being near useless in the case of western civilisation. Just a couple more generations and it will be total uselessness.

[@ottobormann]

Climate Change my friend: we are already halfway way to doom ourselves. Climate change will produce new pests, will kill by starvation half of humans and eventually because all the ecosystems are also collapsing by our own making we will go extinct. Only small mamals, like rats will make it thorough also sick and decimated but they will bounce and start evolving again across several millennia.

[@jamesruscheinski8602]

after the supervolcano explosion began killing off Neanderthals, how long was it before Sapiens moved into Europe and took over?

[@StelleenBlack]

What about the pole reversal 42,000 years ago. Didn't that cause other events to happen? And isn't that around the date that Denisovan and Neanderthal went extinct. Also there were 2 terrestrial impacts dated to around 50,000 years ago in Eastern China. A few massive volcanic eruptions. it looked liked several events happened from 40-50K years ago that made them and other species to go extinct. I don't believe one event did it, but over that time a few events happened and their numbers dwindled until the final death knell took the last of them out.

[@officialdropnation]

neanderthals we’re eating humans for breakfast until we completely exterminated them. they ate and r a p e d our women. main stream history wants to erase this because it’s an ugly truth.

[@Bitchslapper316]

I think events like that would have caused hardship and death across equally and wouldn't have specifically targeted neanderthals. My theory is humans and neanderthals seen one another as rival tribes rather then a separate species. We see what often happened in our own history when rival tribes had to compete for resources. Entire cultures have been wiped out.

[@JCO2002]

I assume you're referring to the most recent magnetic pole reversal, not geographic, that happened about 780,000 years ago, not 42,000. It clearly wasn't responsible for the demise of the Neanderthals.

[@TheShootist]

magnetic pole reversals don't actually do anything that you would notice.

[@JCO2002]

@@TheShootist It would mess up my compass :-) But, yeah, I see that nonsense all the time. There seems to be pseudoscience websites that lead people to believe the Earth's geographic poles flipped not that long ago. Ridiculous.

[@marier7336]

Pestera cu Oase... an amazing find ❤

[@Wildkat-1]

This is not true, when my ex-wife was mad at me, she said I was a " Neanderthal " !

[@kingminglam8598]

If it is indeed as the video said that Neanderthals went extinct because they have a more limited geographical range which made them more vulnerable to be wipeout by an unexpected natural disaster, and not because they are in any way less capable than Homo sapiens, then it still begs the question of why was Neanderthals unable to spread as wide as Homo sapiens? Why Homo sapiens were able to spread to all continents and adapt sucessfully, but yet Neanderthals were unable to spread and adapt in a similar manner?

[@willscorner8423]

Maybe they did and just became us. I mean look the homo sapien isn’t that old. Oldest earliest Homo sapiens ever found lived 300000 years ago. Oldest Neanderthal found lived 430000 years ago. Homo Heidelbergensis the common ancestor however just came up around 600 000 to 800 000 years ago. The evolution from heidelbergensis to Neanderthal just took around 200 000-400 000 years. That’s not much. And more than enough time for the Neanderthal to further evolve to what now is us. That explains the difference in our biology, anatomy and skeleton in comparison to an african. Forensics can see if someone is of African lineage/ African or someone from indo european or asian heritage, just by looking at the skeleton like the hip joints to the legs for example or the skull.

[@danieljob3184]

Australian Aboriginals were virtually untouched by this supervolcanic eruption. Nice to know that if Yellowstone pops its top we might go hungry for a bit but will make it! 😃

[@traviskelly4941]

Disappointing verdict on the Neanderthals -- if they survived in southern Spain 15K years after the Italian volcanic eruption, bred with humans, were as smart and adaptable as humans (from part 1), why didn't they repopulate Europe along with modern humans? Something is missing here.

[@lambeausouth1]

Definitely a word of warning! If Yellowstone Erupted tomorrow we'd be toast!

[@wilhelmtaylor9863]

3:00; If you are watching this on youtube, pause the video at 3:00 and take a screen shot of the Neandertal cave. I now have that for my Windows desktop. And yes, I spelled that correctly; I'm German and it's a German name of an area 7km from where I was born. No "h".

[@AllShallBeRevealed1776]

The exact location has been withheld because some people think they’re more important than others.

[@larrywhitlock8755]

...and to protect the bones and other artifacts from mostly peaceful demonstrators.

[@saralotti7174]

You can only go to a Museum to see ancient relics because They Were Taken. And protected. From Those who would smash historical artifacts for religious or political purposes.

[@no_peace]

@@saralotti7174 get over yourself

[@sandycee89]

Incredably fascinating.

[@pruephillip1338]

Wonder if it would be possible for humans to relieve the pressure on these magma chambers?

[@Mrbfgray]

Something like Yellow Stone--how much heat per yr is rising on average? I'd bet an extensive network of geothermal heat collection pipes could indeed remove that energy faster than it's naturally released while creating significant electric power. Seems possible to end the threat. It would ruin the parks attraction in terms of geysers and such but better than the eventual alternative.

[@Bitchslapper316]

@@Mrbfgray Yeah I don't think anyone wants to mess around digging tunnels into a magma chamber.

[@RandomChangeling]

That could be a bad idea, messing around with the supervolcanoes, you could end up setting the whole off.

[@concernedamerican6961]

@@Mrbfgray I think saving humanity is more important than saving a popular tourist attraction by far however thinking we can divert or in some way relieve the steam pressure that builds would be like an ant trying to stop or divert the flow of Niagara Falls.

[@Mrbfgray]

@@Bitchslapper316 Not even possible to "dig into magma chamber" but also wouldn't make a difference if you could, not as tho a tiny crack is going to make a difference to the forces involved. Taking the heat off in solid hot crust ABOVE magma over millennia is possible however.

[@leitmotif4me]

Fascinating content; marred for me by the soundtrack.

[@Sophiedorian0535]

I am afraid that in Europe and Asia, neither Neanderthals and Modern Humans that came from Africa have survived. Only a specific blend of hybrid did. The ‘pure’ Neanderthals and Modern humans, both, lacked the combination of genes and features necessary to maintain a viable population under the harsh climatic conditions after the eruption. In short: it is not that ‘we’ survived and ‘they’ died out. ‘We’ in Europe and Asia are all descendants of the right kind of hybrids to survive in this wrong place at this wrong time. If the two species hadn’t hybridised, both Neanderthals and Modern Humans would have gone extinct in Europe and Asia, at that time … until a new wave of Sapiens from Africa would have ventured North, thousands of years later, to start repopulating these continents afresh.

[@Faelani38]

I totally agree.

[@xZxOxVx]

And where those sapiens came from?

[@GoDodgers1]

I'm sure you know all about it.

[@Bitchslapper316]

I mean we can literally test DNA. It's like %3 neanderthal.

[@ottodidakt3069]

the eruption hypothesis has been way exaggerated, but in any case the N's where far better fit to survive those hard conditions than S's or hybrids !

[@Mř.FęęlBąd]

This is why sherpas in the Himalayas can survive at such high altitudes without oxygen… “No DNA was recovered from the latest find, the researchers said. But they speculate that Denisovans likely lived at this extreme altitude long enough to develop that special genetic adaptation and then passed it on to more modern humans with whom they interbred.” That’s so crazy to me. So some of us have both Neanderthal and Denisovan DNA in us. Who would’ve thought?

[@kevinhoward9593]

what would make the ancient humans go that far into the cave?

[@no_peace]

Religion

[@rpbajb]

They were looking for evidence of even more ancient humans?

[@gordonpkm7560]

survival ..

[@catw6274]

Predators

[@KINGFAROOQ1216]

They could have went in there and lights went out got lost and died whatever I see ancient human remains deep in a cave I always think that the high chance being the probably used fire as a source of light

[@leroyeuvrard5243]

My understanding is that Neanderthals hunted mastodon and other large animals that would stand and fight so the Neanderthals could run up and thrust a spear into the animal. When the large animals died, for what ever reason, the Neanderthals were incapable of hunting smaller game that would run away. Even if they adapted the throwing spears used by Modern Humans, their short muscular bodies could not throw a projectile with the speed and accuracy necessary to bring down deer or other small game. The last stand was at Gibraltar where they hunted seals. The fish bones found at Gibraltar were inside the seals. When the seals stopped coming, the Neanderthals died out. Just my thoughts.

[@brucepeek3923]

No Neanderthals population did not collapse. What happened was that continuous waves of modern humans swept through Eurasia. And as they did, Neanderthals and modern humans intermarried. Their offspring having smaller brains than Neanderthals were more likely to survive childbirth, giving them an advantage to survive. And, because they had lighter colored skins they could make Vitamin D in the low sunlight conditions of the northern hemisphere. Hence they were likely to be healthier than the early modern humans from Africa. best Bruce Peek

[@ferrettisandro985]

Very, very interesting !

[@jimmycranier3668]

These beings back then would not be thinking different species , they would be thinking different clans , so inter breading would not be thought about like that.

[@TheShootist]

Neanderthals are extinct? If 4% of my dna is shared with Neander, I share more Neander dna than I do dna from my 6th great grandfather. I'm certain there is a logical fallacy here somewhere . . .

[@jasonsspecial]

Something (s) benefited the humans migrating out of Africa 70,000 years ago. Disease immunity is probably one, diversity in diet is probably another.

[@jvitiumig3259]

That's the dumbest thing I've ever read

[@StelleenBlack]

There was a pretty large volcano that erupted in NW Africa around 50K years ago.

[@StelleenBlack]

@@zipperpillow Neanderthals and Denisovan were never in Africa, their DNA made it to Africa much later when people migrated back. There have been enough studies to show that they originated in Europe and China, like the Denisovans.

[@ripwednesdayadams]

It’s so cool that humans in 2023 can hold ice that was around when the Neanderthals were alive.

[@markfomenko8873]

We've been living in a geologic and climatic sweet spot for some thousands of years mostly. Climate change will provide challenges but humans will survive. Super-volcanic eruptions may be more challenging. Colonizing space seems more urgent.

[@CountvonCount33]

and when we've colonized space, we'll eventually evolve into something else!

[@fredrikpetersson6761]

High quality production 👌 👏

[@kevinhenderson5520]

This has made me think even more about a lot of those sumerian Gods myths... Neanderthals were larger and probably ten times stronger than we were.. so maybe some of those giant Nephilim myths we're stories of actual interbreeding between the two species... There is also proof that neanderthal ate other human species, and some of those stories attest to that.... Just wondering if we thought of them as God's bcuz they may have a little superior to us in some ways... It also makes me think about the Dolmens all over ancient Europe... I think that they were definitely mentally and physically capable of erecting them

[@twistedmonk778]

Looking forward to the What killed the Homo Sapiens series. oh wait.... :(

[@meatavoreNana]

🤣😂😳 Something to look foreword to.

[@practicalman45]

I'm going to stock up on TV dinners. They probably won't be available again if we have a cataclysmic event.

[@kevinquist]

wait. I thought only my car could change the climate! (sarcasm )

[@johnstojanowski8126]

The volcanic eruption at Campi Flegrei did not cause the Neanderthal extinctions. As others have pointed out, early modern humans would have also been devastated if that were true. The fact that just about all Australian megafauna became extinct at 40K years ago at the same time as the Neanderthals supports my theory which is explained in the book ‘Ice Age Extinctions, A New Theory.’ Yes, the Neanderthals were megafauna, having evolved in a lower surface gravity environment. Surface gravity in a longitudinal region can lower if the Earth’s core elements move off-center. This is what allowed megafauna to develop in that region. When large surface mass (e.g. water transferring to the polar regions) moves to high latitude, the Earth’s core elements (inner core and/or lower core) move off-center, based upon the Law of Conservation of Angular Momentum. The result is a longitudinal gravitational gradient around the globe. When the polar ice melts, as it did around 40 K years ago (see Heinrich Event 4), it rapidly moves water mass to lower latitude and the following occurred: 1. The displaced core elements move back toward centricity increasing the surface gravity in the affected longitudinal region as it did in Australia and Eurasia affecting the megafauna. The Neanderthals were one of the megafauna. 2. The movement of the inner core within the outer core initiated a lava plume at the core/mantle boundary which reached the surface well after the extinctions. This is why the Campi Flegrei eruption took place 39K years ago, approximately 1K years after the extinctions. 3. The above mentioned inner core movement also disturbed the geomagnetic field initiating the Laschamp geomagnetic excursion.

[@mumblesbadly7708]

Uhhh… More recent radiocarbon dating analysis has shown that the Neandethals didn’t survive near Gilbraltar for 15,000 years after that super volcano eruption. They apparently were gone from there much earlier.

[@nmarbletoe8210]

citation? Perusing Finlayson et al 2008, last Neanderthal ~ 25,000 BP

[@mumblesbadly7708]

@@nmarbletoe8210 See the first paragraph of Wikipedia’s article on Neanderthal extinction for citations and links to more recent research (2014 and 2017) that (1) revised the time frame of their extinction in most of Europe to about 40,000 years ago, and (2) only about 3000 years later in Iberia, which is much earlier than the time frame mentioned in that 2008 study.

[@bobyouel7674]

brilliant stuff

[@johnshields6852]

We think we're so intelligent, but the reality is that we're not far removed from them, in geologic time their like great grandparents, there's beings that are 100's of thousands of years beyond our primitive selves, maybe millions of years.

[@januarysdaughter6664]

Could you imagine the bittersweet feeling of auditioning for a Neanderthal roll and getting the part?

[@jamesherron9969]

It’s not obesity epidemic it is a laziness epidemic

[@angelaj8958]

The Hunga Tonga volcano was the largest volcanic eruption of the age, and is causing cooling of the southern hemisphere

[@stevenlester2606]

Oh, please! Not another Yellowstone Spook video! Yellowstone is NOT about to erupt. It’s magma chamber is cooling and solidifying they’ve found. The writers don’t know what they’re talking about concerning the Park. There’s a reason it hasn’t erupted for 640,000 years, which wasn’t of super volcano size when it did. The narrator specializes in sounding over-dramatic, which is why the director used him.

[@TerryTerryTerry]

Need to maintain same title for KZbin ease of continuity between videos