Acid-Base Titration

  Рет қаралды 668,226

Professor Dave Explains

Professor Dave Explains

Күн бұрын

Пікірлер: 270
@BebeZaharasBeignets
@BebeZaharasBeignets 5 жыл бұрын
Professor Dave, you’re a lifesaver. If I get accepted for transfer at my dream university, graduate, then have the life I’ve always wanted I want you to ordain my wedding.
@TheNaikas
@TheNaikas 4 жыл бұрын
Did you?
@omarqacle
@omarqacle 4 жыл бұрын
@@TheNaikas its been a year how he finna do all that in this amount of time
@jubileej1629
@jubileej1629 4 жыл бұрын
@@omarqacle girl u neva know
@marcus9441
@marcus9441 3 жыл бұрын
Update us
@GrandTheftAut0
@GrandTheftAut0 3 жыл бұрын
u marry yet?
@vanityromano3748
@vanityromano3748 4 жыл бұрын
I want to cry with joy at how easily you explained this, thank you for alleviating a huge frustration!!!
@elizabethcolon3181
@elizabethcolon3181 8 жыл бұрын
If you were my real professor i'd have 105 in chem you explain so well give great examples and you make sure we understood what you showed us by making us do an exercise ourselves. What great way of teaching!
@NoviProleterijat
@NoviProleterijat 5 жыл бұрын
@Usern Last You are right! However this is not equal for children or I should rather say not for EVERY child. Guidance is important until a child matures and so the teacher can be a strong factor in the students success.
@chemistrywithcoffee1381
@chemistrywithcoffee1381 4 жыл бұрын
In my 13+ years of experience, I can tell you that some students need more support than the others. World is not fair! But we can make it work by publishing quality videos for the needed.
@PunmasterSTP
@PunmasterSTP 2 жыл бұрын
Hey I know it's been years, but I just came across your comment and was curious. How have your studies been going?
@ivoryas1696
@ivoryas1696 2 жыл бұрын
@@chemistrywithcoffee1381 You know, that's pretty fair.
@marcusayala6933
@marcusayala6933 4 ай бұрын
@@chemistrywithcoffee1381 That's equity, not equality
@hamzamalik8925
@hamzamalik8925 6 жыл бұрын
Brilliant teaching. Really appreciate the thought and effort made into making these videos.
@JasonChanMarioKartProPlayer
@JasonChanMarioKartProPlayer 6 жыл бұрын
Molarity times Volume (MV)before titration= MV after titration 75/1000 x 0.5 = 165/1000 x M M= 0.2272727... This also worked and my teacher told us to use this method
@educationalaccount5963
@educationalaccount5963 5 жыл бұрын
But only for monoprotic substances
@blinkeverlast718
@blinkeverlast718 3 жыл бұрын
i think this only works with niche acid-base titrations? along with dilution problems - c1v1=c2v2
@cheddar6020
@cheddar6020 3 жыл бұрын
Coincidence. Only true when the stoichiometric ratio is 1:1 In fact, his video mistakes this when H2SO4 reacts with NaOH
@pasdpasse439
@pasdpasse439 3 жыл бұрын
@@cheddar6020 It is just an example dude, however I am curious, why wouldn't it react? If I remember correctly, they both are soluble
@wamakamutale4123
@wamakamutale4123 12 күн бұрын
Assuming 1:1 molar ratio. If we balance the equation it's 1:2 giving us 2.784M
@rokotrstenjak1895
@rokotrstenjak1895 Жыл бұрын
you forgot to do molar ratio for the first problem. you should've multiplied the moles of H2So4 by 2 due to the 1:2 ratio. Thank you
@kamogelomokale9183
@kamogelomokale9183 6 ай бұрын
I was also thinking the same thing
@rucio1118
@rucio1118 5 ай бұрын
agreed
@yuiii1193
@yuiii1193 3 жыл бұрын
Wait, did I just finally understand the topic in under 2 minutes and 40 seconds? Yes. Thank you so much prof Dave! You made it so much easier to understand!
@beckya.9594
@beckya.9594 3 жыл бұрын
Thank you for NOT over complicating your explanations. 🙏🏽
@rohmanjakarta9732
@rohmanjakarta9732 3 жыл бұрын
On the example, the mol of base should be two times the acid so the mol of base is 0.0696
@meganxu5475
@meganxu5475 6 жыл бұрын
i want the 5 hour version of the jingle
@yukitai9063
@yukitai9063 4 жыл бұрын
Imagine a yr12 chemistry class in Australia watching someone from the United States.
@kburishkin
@kburishkin 7 жыл бұрын
Your videos are great...I recommend my students to view them quite often. However, in this case it may have been better to use a monoprotic acid in the example...
@incognito7575
@incognito7575 7 жыл бұрын
Yes, this is my concern too.
@lottajarvi476
@lottajarvi476 8 жыл бұрын
Thank you so much, your videos have been super helpful as I have been studying for my big chemistry exam!
@ProfessorDaveExplains
@ProfessorDaveExplains 8 жыл бұрын
my pleasure! you can do it!
@dragon.fromindia3235
@dragon.fromindia3235 2 жыл бұрын
SELL GOLD AND SILVER BUY PLATINUM PRICE IS LOW NOW PROMOTE PLATINUM PRICE IS RISING LIKE GOLD....
@AmanSharma-xz8nz
@AmanSharma-xz8nz 5 жыл бұрын
Sir your video was very helpful I understood everything I wish that u were my chemistry teacher
@rosieleaverton
@rosieleaverton 2 жыл бұрын
I was stressing really bad over my homework because the other resources my teacher gave weren't helping, but your video made it so incredibly clear. Thank you!!
@kripashankarshukla4073
@kripashankarshukla4073 7 жыл бұрын
Sir your theme song and your explanation both are the best.
@aionioshagiazo
@aionioshagiazo 4 жыл бұрын
Hi Prof. Dave, I have a question: Should we not consider the balanced equation of Sulfuric acid and Sodium Hydroxide when we do the calculation? The ratio of acid/base should be 1:2, then the mole of base should be 0.0348 x 2 = 0.0696...please advice thanks!
@ProfessorDaveExplains
@ProfessorDaveExplains 4 жыл бұрын
it's only strongly acidic for the first proton
@aionioshagiazo
@aionioshagiazo 4 жыл бұрын
@@ProfessorDaveExplains Thanks! I am doing Cambridge Chemistry A/AS level review presently... from the other references I gathered, it's a general rule to consider the balanced equation. But I guess, it depends on the curriculum not sure.
@icduay4957
@icduay4957 3 жыл бұрын
@@ProfessorDaveExplains Hi Dave, I love your videos because they're very easy to follow. I would just like to correct this one. It is true that sulfuric acid is strongly acidic for the first proton, but that is relative to water acting as a weak base. In this case, you have a strong base, NaOH, reacting with H2SO4. It is strong enough to ionize the second proton, so the ratio is 1 NaOH : 2 H2SO4. Another example would be titration of acetic acid, a weak acid, to a strong base. You can still remove the proton from the acetic acid even if it is weakly acidic.
@fasc2298
@fasc2298 2 жыл бұрын
@@ProfessorDaveExplains At a glance it seems that the 3.0 M sulfuric acid also as 3.0 N sulfuric acid. but Sulfuric acid is easily deprotonated twice by NaOH, so it is 3.0 M but 6.0 N. Therefore the NaOH would actually be 1.39x2 M. pKas are -2.88 and 1.99. while the second proton is not strongly acidic, its still easily deprotonated by the strong base NaOH. Otherwise would be like saying Acetic acid pKa = 4.75 is not deprotonated by NaOH because its the first is a weak acid... Treating 1M H2SO4 as 1N H2SO4 can have catastrophic consequences :s I also second IC Duays comment.
@raphaelschiess4283
@raphaelschiess4283 Жыл бұрын
@@ProfessorDaveExplains The second proton (the one of Hydrogensulfate) will still react with the hydroxide anions in the solution. Thus, the stochimetric factor of 2 has to be taken into account.
@tunistick8044
@tunistick8044 10 ай бұрын
breef, 1/a.n(titrator)=1/b.n(titratee), such that the formula of both the titrator and the titratee is a.titrator and b.titratee
@lucasvdb981
@lucasvdb981 10 ай бұрын
This is exactly what I was looking for, tysm!
@hanyanhavall3984
@hanyanhavall3984 3 жыл бұрын
Thenk you professor you saved my life i was having a seminar and i got 10/10❤️
@yanapat345
@yanapat345 3 ай бұрын
thanks pookie i missed like a week of school and didn’t even understand this lab
@TheSecretBuster
@TheSecretBuster 8 жыл бұрын
You are my go-to channel for chemistry help! Keep making content they're really informative and helpful! In the future videos, can you please make some on organic chemistry? Such as naming and drawing hydrocarbons in functional groups, or anything related to organic chem. Thank you and keep doing what you do best!
@ProfessorDaveExplains
@ProfessorDaveExplains 8 жыл бұрын
+TheSecretBuster my friend, i have an entire organic chemistry playlist! 38 clips. check it out.
@TheSecretBuster
@TheSecretBuster 8 жыл бұрын
Professor Dave Explains Oh haha just saw them, sorry for the confusion.
@arihantjain2845
@arihantjain2845 2 жыл бұрын
50 ml of a solution which is 0.050 M in the acid HA (pka = 3.80) and 0.10 m in HB (pka = 8.20) is a titrated with 0.2 M NaOH. calculate the pH at the first equivalence point, and second equivalence point. Please explain such question including this!
@nuhiyaather9552
@nuhiyaather9552 7 жыл бұрын
Thanq sir u make the concept very easy to understand with in short time
@Maddie05007
@Maddie05007 8 ай бұрын
For real i couldnt get this concept this clearly anywhere else.🎉🎉
@PunmasterSTP
@PunmasterSTP 2 жыл бұрын
Acid-base titration? More like "This is amazing information!" Thanks for sharing another very high quality video.
@andrewjustin256
@andrewjustin256 8 ай бұрын
1:40 Mr. Dave, perhaps you missed the point on using the stoicheometrical ratios. Besides you did not even balance the equation. Have a look at this: 2NaOH + H2SO4 ---> 2H2O + Na2aSO4 That implies you had to multiply 0.0348mol with 2, then divide with its volume. Because we need 2 miles of the base to neutralize just 1 mole of the acid, suggesting the resilience of the acid. So, 0.0348mol×2= 0.0696mol Then 0.0696mol/0.025L = 2.784M
@sekhar9479
@sekhar9479 8 жыл бұрын
that was quite helpful,keep on making such videos
@matthewgeistfeld4035
@matthewgeistfeld4035 8 жыл бұрын
How is that first math example a 1:1 mole ratio? Wouldn't balancing the equation between the acid and base result in a 1:2 ratio between sulfuric acid and sodium hydroxide? H2SO4 + 2 NaOH --> 2H2O + Na2SO4 Thus making the answer half of what you have listed...
@ProfessorDaveExplains
@ProfessorDaveExplains 8 жыл бұрын
+Matthew Geistfeld it's true i maybe should have used a monoprotic acid, but the Ka for the second ionization for sulfuric acid is tremendously smaller than the first, so it's not at all the same as considering it to be twice the volume of acid.
@incognito7575
@incognito7575 7 жыл бұрын
Thanks!
@eddiekim2475
@eddiekim2475 6 жыл бұрын
Professor Dave Explains I understand this but googling other examples of this same problem they do a 1:2 ratio. Why is that?
@faithjohnson6649
@faithjohnson6649 4 жыл бұрын
How did you get the 11.6mL??
@A-Silver
@A-Silver 4 ай бұрын
hard carry after 8 years, thank you so much!
@ishkil
@ishkil 3 жыл бұрын
I thought the stoichiometric ratio of H2S04 to NaOH is 1:2. why is the moles of acid equal to the moles of base? I'm confused about the conversion part can you pls clarify. thanks!
@nickolasspagnolo7304
@nickolasspagnolo7304 3 жыл бұрын
I think he just made a mistake, I found ratio is 1:2 also.
@JakeArnet
@JakeArnet Жыл бұрын
Very helpful. Thank you for the clear explanation Professor Dave!
@dustindusterooni3601
@dustindusterooni3601 3 ай бұрын
Thanks dave
@missygarrett1338
@missygarrett1338 4 жыл бұрын
One more thing, maybe include the balanced chemical equation too as part of the solution to the proposed problem. :-)
@lanomusambazi8654
@lanomusambazi8654 2 жыл бұрын
I think so too because the stoichiometrical mole ratio in the example for NaOH and H2SO4 is 2 to 1 when the equation is balanced. Therefore the solution should have been 2.784M and not 1.39M.
@lesnerchai2186
@lesnerchai2186 2 жыл бұрын
TRUE, the ans is wrong
@chennnpai
@chennnpai 4 жыл бұрын
It’s so much clearer now that I have gotten your explanation, thank you!
@FatimaHassan-mj8hr
@FatimaHassan-mj8hr 2 жыл бұрын
Thank you, it is really useful
@archiesomaiya
@archiesomaiya Жыл бұрын
You are wrong. Conc of naoh is 2.784 since it's a 1:2 ratio
@emlmm88
@emlmm88 8 жыл бұрын
Also, next semester I'm supposed to take Physical Chemistry. If possible, videos on that would be greatly appreciated.
@bennettegaper4344
@bennettegaper4344 6 ай бұрын
Thank you
@Shykai449
@Shykai449 9 ай бұрын
W you just dropped the exact answer for what i'm gonna need to do for my lab
@missygarrett1338
@missygarrett1338 4 жыл бұрын
Great video but would you please consider updating the graphics to show the proper glassware (change the beaker to an Erlenmeyer Flask) since you need to swirl to mix.
@ProfessorDaveExplains
@ProfessorDaveExplains 4 жыл бұрын
you can do it with a beaker and a magnetic stir bar, actually that's the most common way since it allows for constant stirring
@missygarrett1338
@missygarrett1338 4 жыл бұрын
@@ProfessorDaveExplains but even then the flask is preferred.
@opufy
@opufy Жыл бұрын
I like that method, but I just used good ole c1v1=c2v2
@chemistrywithcoffee1381
@chemistrywithcoffee1381 4 жыл бұрын
I liked the all the video but especially the backgrounds!!!
@alva9690
@alva9690 2 жыл бұрын
FINALLY IVE FOUND CHEMISTRY JESUS!
@mabiakamal9322
@mabiakamal9322 Жыл бұрын
Really good
@SimplyyBravo
@SimplyyBravo Жыл бұрын
its 2am and im on campus a day before the exam but im patting myself on the back for getting the comprehension problem right haha
@xamaadashnuur1648
@xamaadashnuur1648 6 жыл бұрын
Thank u prof u save my day
@allieharuu7308
@allieharuu7308 3 жыл бұрын
Aside from indicators, how could we determine the endpoint of acid-base titrations?
@mattkrier5856
@mattkrier5856 3 жыл бұрын
THANKS FOR HELPING ME MAKE BIODIESEL
@qweboss8784
@qweboss8784 2 жыл бұрын
Iam thinking that 1 mole of H2SO4 reacts with 2 mole of NAOH
@sheepmasterrace
@sheepmasterrace 5 ай бұрын
Shouldn’t you times 2 because there are 2 moles of NaOH for every H3SO4? why isn’t this the case?
@OriganalSEX
@OriganalSEX 11 ай бұрын
professor shouldnt the first example oh H2SO4 + NaOH result with 2.784 M since the H2SO4 is diaprotic?
@endjess4857
@endjess4857 4 жыл бұрын
Thank you for helping me understand this💕
@syedahmed3136
@syedahmed3136 4 жыл бұрын
For NaoH concentration the volume should be (.0116+.025) L not .025L.
@cheddar6020
@cheddar6020 3 жыл бұрын
concentration before the titration.
@ruisir1
@ruisir1 8 жыл бұрын
shouldn't it be 0.0696 mol base?
@ProfessorDaveExplains
@ProfessorDaveExplains 8 жыл бұрын
even though its a diprotic acid, the second proton is nowhere near as acidic as the first, so we are just looking at neutralizing the results of the first deprotonation.
@cheddar6020
@cheddar6020 3 жыл бұрын
@@ProfessorDaveExplains It's 98% as acidic and a balanced reaction will consider both protons.
@lanomusambazi8654
@lanomusambazi8654 2 жыл бұрын
Thank you professor Daves
@IsaacAwad.04
@IsaacAwad.04 3 жыл бұрын
Why i don't understand the will neutralizer 1:58
@Scr1ball
@Scr1ball 7 ай бұрын
professor dave i’m in love with you
@diwakarpatel2051
@diwakarpatel2051 2 жыл бұрын
Sir You are the best teacher
@crieliocriel
@crieliocriel 2 жыл бұрын
i thought the ratio of naoh to h2so4 is 2:1.. from the equation..
@eliashospers4184
@eliashospers4184 2 жыл бұрын
thank you master dave
@rassimsimou1594
@rassimsimou1594 Жыл бұрын
Good
@PartyRick25
@PartyRick25 3 жыл бұрын
Thanks Professor Dave!
@rainsmush
@rainsmush 3 жыл бұрын
pls make on Arrhenius,Bronstein and lewis concept literally need it
@ProfessorDaveExplains
@ProfessorDaveExplains 3 жыл бұрын
check my video on acids and bases
@estelamino6356
@estelamino6356 2 жыл бұрын
THANKS
@pagodnako
@pagodnako Жыл бұрын
Thank you papa susej🙌🏻
@salvy2896
@salvy2896 Жыл бұрын
Why 11.6ml ???
@sicilianotoronto
@sicilianotoronto 5 жыл бұрын
I did M1V1 = M2V2, solved for M2, got the same answer.
@vatsalyatiwarii
@vatsalyatiwarii 5 жыл бұрын
Thanks for the formula
@TheHHPodcast
@TheHHPodcast Жыл бұрын
should it not be 4 significant figures? the 165.0 had 4
@rylietaylor8208
@rylietaylor8208 6 жыл бұрын
You're my literal lord and savior thank you so much
@user-hu1gy2de2u
@user-hu1gy2de2u 3 жыл бұрын
I want to knowWhat are three attributes of a successful titrimetric analysis?
@boashoe
@boashoe 5 ай бұрын
This man is saving my degree 😭
@atharyalajmi670
@atharyalajmi670 6 жыл бұрын
you're a lifesaver​
@omaralslamen
@omaralslamen 6 жыл бұрын
Thank you But can u talk about neutralization titration Pls
@ZeonGenesis
@ZeonGenesis 6 ай бұрын
I still can't fathom how we know when we reach an equivalence point with an indicator, all I get is we just make it change color.. ach.
@Antweezy
@Antweezy 5 жыл бұрын
Agh, the prof wants us to answer concentration of .1M NaOH (which is being titrated INTO KHP soln), how can we do this? It doesn't make sense to figure out M of NaOH instead of M of KHP.
@amnaataha
@amnaataha 4 жыл бұрын
1:35 why is the mol ratio for stoichemetry 1 to 1? Isn't it supposed to be 1:2
@jacipope8289
@jacipope8289 4 жыл бұрын
I'm not an expert by any means, so don't listen to closely to me, but I THINK it depends from substance to substance. The different solutes and solutions have different ratios. (Not 100% sure though, don't @ me if I'm wrong pls)
@willm3027
@willm3027 4 жыл бұрын
You don’t worry about coefficients in molarity. As long as you do Molarity = moles/ liters. If you solve molarity by m1v1= m2v2 then you do worry about coefficients. Don’t use the second method. You’ll be wrong.
@roxyta182
@roxyta182 6 жыл бұрын
Thank you!
@user-by9xx2rz5z
@user-by9xx2rz5z Жыл бұрын
watching before my chemistry exam
@tushhaardesai
@tushhaardesai 4 жыл бұрын
Excellent
@harishbaghel7263
@harishbaghel7263 6 жыл бұрын
Sir I would like to ask as to why the graph of volume of base vs pH is a curve not a straight line??
@ProfessorDaveExplains
@ProfessorDaveExplains 6 жыл бұрын
logarithmic relationship!
@4m0d
@4m0d Жыл бұрын
EPIC VID PROFESSOR
@joelsksksk7500
@joelsksksk7500 3 жыл бұрын
Whats the different between acid-base titration and acidimetry?
@hrishirachchh1947
@hrishirachchh1947 Жыл бұрын
Sir you are like ranbir kapoor.
@HargunKaurSandhuHargun
@HargunKaurSandhuHargun 5 ай бұрын
Bro what where did animal come from? 😂
@emlmm88
@emlmm88 8 жыл бұрын
How many tags do you put on your videos? The quality of them is so often exceptional that something seems amiss.
@nawalzahra3612
@nawalzahra3612 4 жыл бұрын
You are so good 😊 thanku
@vicgervemarlang5181
@vicgervemarlang5181 Жыл бұрын
is the 3.0m H2SO4 the indicator?
@michaelmancano
@michaelmancano 3 жыл бұрын
Brilliant
@imosdefinite
@imosdefinite 2 жыл бұрын
On a titration curve, is base always on the x axis?
@MerlinsFury
@MerlinsFury Жыл бұрын
Brother, the stoichiometric ratio is not 1:1 for NaOH and H2SO4...
@elianeshantalliendoenciso8572
@elianeshantalliendoenciso8572 Жыл бұрын
hi teacher , why 11.6??? please
@hephaestus5521
@hephaestus5521 Жыл бұрын
Why is the conversion factor mol/1L why isnt it 22.4? Pls help
@ProfessorDaveExplains
@ProfessorDaveExplains Жыл бұрын
That's for ideal gases.
@pullagurlayoganandreddy7683
@pullagurlayoganandreddy7683 2 жыл бұрын
wait.....how acid and base can be together they just react right!
@captaininsane1893
@captaininsane1893 4 жыл бұрын
What topic are the calculations from that confused me slightly
@cloudwalker2730
@cloudwalker2730 4 жыл бұрын
When you try to find the point of inflection of the graph......
@chocolatestrawberry5491
@chocolatestrawberry5491 3 жыл бұрын
yes!!!! calculus>chemistry
@earthtoaquila
@earthtoaquila 3 жыл бұрын
I get it but why is it that sometimes you change the volume of the acid to liters and sometimes you leave it as mLs? I googled a few of my practice questions and the way you do it here gives me a different answers than what I find online. Can M also be equal to mol/mL or only mol/L
@ProfessorDaveExplains
@ProfessorDaveExplains 3 жыл бұрын
M is mol/L, it's just that for certain calculations volumes in mL are ok
@shalomagutierrez5710
@shalomagutierrez5710 2 жыл бұрын
wow you look just like Nicholas Megalis
@mow7da7777
@mow7da7777 3 жыл бұрын
Easy and perfect - kuwait
@nhenry621
@nhenry621 8 жыл бұрын
Professor Dave, Do you have videos for biochemistry?
@ProfessorDaveExplains
@ProfessorDaveExplains 8 жыл бұрын
+Nicole Henry those will be coming soon! probably over the summer.
@nhenry621
@nhenry621 8 жыл бұрын
omgg yes please!!! i finish organic this semester and I am scared for biochem
@handsomemonkeyking5299
@handsomemonkeyking5299 2 жыл бұрын
Wow.. So my university just stretched this simple concept out to a 45 minute explanation AND made it unnecessarily confusing.
@huangyipeng1108
@huangyipeng1108 Жыл бұрын
Gigachad teacher
Oxidation-Reduction Reactions
3:52
Professor Dave Explains
Рет қаралды 744 М.
In The Lab: How to do a titration - properly.
13:39
Auckland University of Technology
Рет қаралды 54 М.
Oh No! My Doll Fell In The Dirt🤧💩
00:17
ToolTastic
Рет қаралды 13 МЛН
PEDRO PEDRO INSIDEOUT
00:10
MOOMOO STUDIO [무무 스튜디오]
Рет қаралды 26 МЛН
مسبح السرير #قصير
00:19
سكتشات وحركات
Рет қаралды 11 МЛН
Acids and Bases, pH and pOH
9:01
Professor Dave Explains
Рет қаралды 600 М.
Titration | Acid Base Titration | Chemistry
10:49
Najam Academy
Рет қаралды 242 М.
Is It Possible To Completely Fill a Klein Bottle?
7:01
The Action Lab
Рет қаралды 21 МЛН
Intermolecular Forces and Boiling Points
10:54
Professor Dave Explains
Рет қаралды 2,2 МЛН
Acid-Base Equilibrium
10:27
Bozeman Science
Рет қаралды 469 М.
Le Chatelier's Principle
4:09
Professor Dave Explains
Рет қаралды 1,1 МЛН
Acid Base Titration Problems, Basic Introduction, Calculations, Examples, Solution Stoichiometry
18:35
Setting up and Performing a Titration
6:53
Carolina Biological
Рет қаралды 3,2 МЛН
Acid-Base Reactions in Solution: Crash Course Chemistry #8
11:17
CrashCourse
Рет қаралды 3,3 МЛН
What Are Electrolytes?
7:48
Professor Dave Explains
Рет қаралды 357 М.